Origin and Migration of Oil: Oil may consist of hydrocarbons that collected from waters containing natural solubilizers

A relationship exists between the composition of crude oil and the solubility of the component hydrocarbons in dilute colloidal electrolyte solutions, suggesting that crude oil consists of hydrocarbons that were once solubilized in formation waters. It is not solubility in ordinary water or solubility in complete soap solution that correlates with the composition of oil but, rather, solubility in soap micelles. Because it implies a possible unloading mechanism, this concept is attractive, for it follows that when a soap solution is diluted with water, the soap micelles disperse and the hydrocarbons solubilized therein appear as discrete, filterable oil droplets. Thus, it would seem that crude oil originates during the compaction of a sedimentary basin by virtue of the fact that sediment hydrocarbons dissolve in waters containing natural solubilizers and then come out of solution as oil droplets. The composition of crude oil as now understood is consistent with this hypothesis. And-most important-it is now possible to formulate meaningful questions, the answers to which, upon investigation in both field and laboratory, will go far toward enabling us to assess the validity of the mechanism presented here. In addition to the implications regarding the composition of crude oil that are inherent in the hypothesis that crude oil collects from aqueous colloidal electrolyte solutions, there are several interesting implications from the geological viewpoint. To mention one, such a mechanism would lend credence to the suggestion that the source beds of petroleum are not necessarily unique accumulations of hydrocarbons in a limited area but, rather, may generally be coincident with the area from which water is expressed into the porous strata that eventually form the reservoirs.     

Tales from a troubled marriage: science and law in environmental policy

Early environmental policy depended on science, with mixed results. Newer approaches continue to rely on science to identify problems and solve them, but use other mechanisms to set standards and legal obligations. Given the important role that science continues to play, however, several cautionary tales are in order concerning "scientific management," "good science," the lure of money, and the tension between objectivity and involvement in important issues of our time.     

沧临输油管道漏油分析

通过管道许用应力计算和管道当量应力、组合应力和稳定性的验算,对发生在沧临输油管道裂口漏油的实例进行了理论分析,结果表明,输油管道的组合应力(σz)为243.5 MPa,大于管道的许用应力([σ])210.6 MPa,且水平直径方向的变形量已超过3%,管道发生断裂是必然的.并指出了同类管道在运行管理中应注意的问题.     

中国古代油料与油脂研究综述

油脂分为动物脂肪与植物油脂,油脂不仅是人类的主要营养品和食物之一,也是重要的生产资料。人类很早就利用油脂满足各种生活需要。动物脂肪首先被广泛应用于烹饪、照明、润滑、仪式活动、艺术等方面。汉代以来,随着油料作物的广泛种植,植物油品种不断增多,生活用油更加多元化。中国古人非常重视油料作物的栽培,在榨油工具方面形成了具有本土特色的多元化的生产技艺,油脂的应用也深入到了生活的方方面面。本文梳理并总结目前古代油脂研究的成果,对减少油料进口、实现粮食供给安全,以及非物质文化遗产的保护等,都具有重要意义。     

Selenium in reducing waters

The analysis of selenium species in reducing waters provides important insight into the element's biogeochemical cycle. The absence of selenate and selenite in reducing waters suggests that some removal mechanism could be operative, but the presence in these waters of about 1 nanomole per liter of dissolved organic selenide indicates that the regeneration of selenium in the form of organic species may be the dominant process. The data demonstrate that the regenerative and biogeochemical cycles of selenium are quite complex.     

东北输油管网泄漏事故分析

分析了东北输油管网30多年来各类泄漏事故的具体原因,提出了按泄漏事故划分泄漏类型的观点。根据泄漏事故随时间变化的走势曲线,将管道整个服役期分为初生期、前亚稳定期、稳定期、后亚稳定期和衰老期。预计今后十年东北输油管网因腐蚀与外力因素引起的泄漏事故将有较大幅度的上升。     

棕榈油分层现象对关键指标的影响及油品温度控制探析

本文以上层、底层棕榈油产品为研究对象,分析了棕榈油分层现象对关键指标的影响。结果表明,棕榈油存储过程中出现的分层现象对产品的碘价、熔点以及密度等特征指标无显著影响,但分层现象对产品的固体脂肪含量和冷冻试验效果影响显著。通过对油罐温度和棕榈油外观的持续跟踪,得到了适合的温度控制措施,将罐温控制在比棕榈油熔点高20~25℃可以有效防止罐内棕榈油结晶分层,保证用油质量。     

大型拱顶钢油罐抽瘪后的修复

以石家庄炼油厂T－202罐的修复为例，探讨了大型拱顶油罐抽瘪后的修复问题，介绍了修复中采用的注水加压法，分析了T－202罐承压环在内压作用下的受力情况，对不举内压力，罐顶承压环的强度进行了校核，通过对T－202罐的修复，说明大型拱顶油罐抽瘪后的采用注水加压法进行修复是完全可行的。