海沧隧道建设中的坍方及处理

厦门海沧隧道在建设过程中曾发生较大规模的坍方.在深入分析坍方原因的基础上,应用Terzaghi公式计算土压力并指导坍方治理,取得了成功,为处理隧道坍方提供了一种思路.     

The collapse of free polymer chains in a network

The conformation of linear polymer chains trapped in a matrix of cross-linked polymer has been measured by neutron scattering. Three regimes were found depending on the length of the linear chain, Nl, with respect to the mesh size of the network, N(c). When N(c) > Nl, the radius of gyration, R(g), of the linear chain is the same as that observed in the uncrosslinked melt. When N(c) < Nl, R(g) shrinks according to the scaling relation R(g)(-1) approximately N(c)(-1) that has been predicted for isolated polymer chains trapped in a field of random obstacles. When N(c) < Nl the linear chains are observed to segregate.     

Climate and the collapse of Maya civilization

In the anoxic Cariaco Basin of the southern Caribbean, the bulk titanium content of undisturbed sediment reflects variations in riverine input and the hydrological cycle over northern tropical South America. A seasonally resolved record of titanium shows that the collapse of Maya civilization in the Terminal Classic Period occurred during an extended regional dry period, punctuated by more intense multiyear droughts centered at approximately 810, 860, and 910 A.D. These new data suggest that a century-scale decline in rainfall put a general strain on resources in the region, which was then exacerbated by abrupt drought events, contributing to the social stresses that led to the Maya demise.     

原状黄土的地区湿陷特性及其潜在湿陷率

对 3个典型黄土地区的原状黄土样在不同湿度状态下的湿陷特性进行了研究 ,探讨了含水率、干密度、压力对黄土湿陷性的影响规律 ,着重从结构性的角度解释了不同地区间黄土湿陷特性的差异。基于不同地区间黄土湿陷特性的差异这一事实 ,提出了黄土潜在湿陷率的概念。结果表明 ,这一概念可用于对黄土湿陷性的分析 ,并能较好地反映不同黄土种类的结构特性。     

The genesis and collapse of third millennium north mesopotamian civilization

Archaeological and soil-stratigraphic data define the origin, growth, and collapse of Subir, the third millennium rain-fed agriculture civilization of northern Mesopotamia on the Habur Plains of Syria. At 2200 B. C., a marked increase in aridity and wind circulation, subsequent to a volcanic eruption, induced a considerable degradation of land-use conditions. After four centuries of urban life, this abrupt climatic change evidently caused abandonment of Tell Leilan, regional desertion, and collapse of the Akkadian empire based in southern Mesopotamia. Synchronous collapse in adjacent regions suggests that the impact of the abrupt climatic change was extensive.     

Pleistocene collapse of the west antarctic ice sheet

Some glacial sediment samples recovered from beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet at ice stream B contain Quaternary diatoms and up to 10(8) atoms of beryllium-10 per gram. Other samples contain no Quaternary diatoms and only background levels of beryllium-10 (less than 10(6) atoms per gram). The occurrence of young diatoms and high concentrations of beryllium-10 beneath grounded ice indicates that the Ross Embayment was an open marine environment after a late Pleistocene collapse of the marine ice sheet.     

Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems

Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the limited perspective of recent observations alone.     

木材皱缩现象中的力学问题探讨

长期以来,木材皱缩现象一直被认为主要是因为木材中液体毛细张力产生的“负压强”压溃细胞壁造成的,该文对此提出了质疑.作者根据YoungLaplace定律设计了一组毛细负压强直接测量试验,发现凹液面上的毛细张力并不能使液体的压强降低.根据水在玻璃表面形成二维冰新结构这一最新发现,对毛细负压强及产生皱缩的主要动力问题提出了一些新的假设.     

The long hangover from the second food regime: a world-historical interpretation of the collapse of the WTO Doha Round

A benchmark question in contemporary food regimes scholarship is how to theorize agriculture’s incorporation into the WTO. For the most part, it has been theorized as an institutional mechanism that facilitates the ushering in of a new, so-called ‘third food regime’, in which food–society relations are governed by the overarching politics of the market. The collapse of the Doha Round negotiations in July 2008 makes it possible, for the first time, to offer a conclusive assessment as to whether this is the case. Using a broadly conceived world-historical framework, this article contends that the WTO is more appropriately theorized as a carryover from the politics of the crisis of the second food regime, rather than representing any putative successor. The Doha Round’s collapse in Geneva in July 2008 should put an end to speculation of a WTO-led transformation of global food politics towards unfettered market rule; the supposed basis for a neo-liberalized ‘third food regime’. Consequently, it is through analysis of the factors that framed the Doha Round’s collapse, rather than in the WTO itself, that provide insights into the defining elements of a new global politics of food.     

Glacier surge after ice shelf collapse

The possibility that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will collapse as a consequence of ice shelf disintegration has been debated for many years. This matter is of concern because such an event would imply a sudden increase in sea level. Evidence is presented here showing drastic dynamic perturbations on former tributary glaciers that fed sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula before its collapse in 1995. Satellite images and airborne surveys allowed unambiguous identification of active surging phases of Boydell, Sj?gren, Edgeworth, Bombardier, and Drygalski glaciers. This discovery calls for a reconsideration of former hypotheses about the stabilizing role of ice shelves.     

Wake collapse in a stratified fluid

A two-dimensional model is used to obtain quantitative data on characteristics of turbulently mixed wakes of bodies submerged in stratified fluids (more dense below than above). The time between turbulent mixing and maximum expansion of the wake before vertical collapse starts is 0.44 T, where T is the local V?is?l?-Brunt period. Time after mixing for maximum rate of horizontal spreading is about 2.0 T. The average V?is?l?-Brunt period for the oceans and atmosphere is discussed. It is predicted that the wake collapse phenomenon is not unusual in these environments. The characteristic time for the most active phase of vertical wake collapse should be between a few minutes to several tens of minutes. Qualitative observations of aircraft vapor trails tend to confirm that the phenomenon does occur at full scale.     

Source analysis of the Crandall Canyon, Utah, mine collapse

Analysis of seismograms from a magnitude 3.9 seismic event on 6 August 2007 in central Utah reveals an anomalous radiation pattern that is contrary to that expected for a tectonic earthquake and which is dominated by an implosive component. The results show that the seismic event is best modeled as a shallow underground collapse. Interestingly, large transverse surface waves require a smaller additional noncollapse source component that might represent either faulting in the rocks above the mine workings or deformation of the medium surrounding the mine. Seismic moment tensor results for nuclear explosions, explosion and other mining cavity collapses, and tectonic earthquakes are compared, and the separation of the different populations indicates that the seismic moment tensor may be used for source-type discrimination.     

Hydrophobic collapse in multidomain protein folding

We performed molecular dynamics simulations of the collapse of a two-domain protein, the BphC enzyme, into a globular structure to examine how water molecules mediate hydrophobic collapse of proteins. In the interdomain region, liquid water persists with a density 10 to 15% lower than in the bulk, even at small domain separations. Water depletion and hydrophobic collapse occur on a nanosecond time scale, which is two orders of magnitude slower than that found in the collapse of idealized paraffin-like plates. When the electrostatic protein-water forces are turned off, a dewetting transition occurs in the interdomain region and the collapse speeds up by more than an order of magnitude. When attractive van der Waals forces are turned off as well, the dewetting in the interdomain region is more profound, and the collapse is even faster.     

Sudden productivity collapse associated with the Triassic-Jurassic boundary mass extinction

The end-Triassic mass extinction is one of the five most catastrophic in Phanerozoic Earth history. Here we report carbon isotope evidence of a pronounced productivity collapse at the boundary, coincident with a sudden extinction among marine plankton, from stratigraphic sections on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. This signal is similar to (though smaller than) the carbon isotope excursions associated with the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary events.     

冻土区埋地油气管道管沟融陷机理

为了治理冻土区埋地油气管道管沟融陷工程病害,通过对管道病害现场调查,结合现场地质勘探、含水量试验测试及管周土体温度监测,分析了融陷病害的发生机理,并结合管沟融陷形成因素,提出了相应的防治措施。结果表明:冻土区埋地油气管道管沟融陷病害的发生与地层土质、土体含冰量、冻土类型、管道热扰动及施工方式等因素有关;冻土区埋地油气管道的敷设应选择合理的施工季节,综合分析冻土环境因素,确定合理的管道埋设深度,设置管道隔热保温措施,加强管道运行状态监测和科学管理,从而保证管道安全运行。研究成果可为冻土区埋地油气管道的设计、施工及安全运营提供借鉴。