PLINs基因对脂质的调控及其潜在的育种价值研究进展

周脂素蛋白家族（Perilipins,PLINs）有PLIN1、PLIN2、PLIN3、PLIN4和PLIN5 5种蛋白，该蛋白家族定位于脂滴（Lipid Droplets,LDs）表面，与其他分子相互作用介导脂质的合成与分解。PLIN1可调控脂肪的蓄积，也是脂肪细胞分化的标志物之一。PLIN2是脂质蓄积最重要的调节因子之一，可促进脂质合成，抑制LDs中主要脂质甘油三酯（Triglycerides,TG）和胆固醇酯（Cholesterol Ester,CE）的分解。PLIN3是中性脂质形成的关键基因。PLIN4参与脂肪细胞分化，还可修补脂滴形态的缺陷。PLIN5在LD积累与缓解脂毒性中起关键作用。本文综述了近年关于PLINs家族调控脂质的研究现状及其在畜禽上的应用，旨在阐述其在畜禽生物育种中的潜在育种价值。     

脂滴包被蛋白(perilipin)研究进展

脂滴是脂肪细胞的主要成分,它占据了脂肪细胞的大部分空间,是中性脂质的主要贮存场所.脂滴包被蛋白(perilipin)作为一种重要的脂肪代谢相关蛋白包被于脂滴的表面,perilipin在脂肪代谢调控中起到"分子开关"的作用,对脂滴的代谢具有重要的调控作用.然而perilipin的表达和活性又受到很多因素的调控,如肿瘤坏死...     

脂滴发育中代谢相关的结构蛋白研究进展

一般认为脂滴是脂肪细胞中甘油三酯的贮存器,但近来研究发现细胞中脂肪的运输贮存与动员分解都是以脂滴为核心完成的,种种现象揭示了脂滴在细胞内并不仅仅是一个简单的能量贮存器,而更多地扮演着一个多功能细胞器的角色。通过对脂滴结构进行分析发现,脂滴以中性脂肪为核心,表面覆盖单层磷脂结构并镶嵌多种功能蛋白,即脂滴相关蛋白。脂滴相关蛋白以不同形式协同脂滴参与调控脂代谢、膜转运及信号转导等多个生理过程。根据蛋白承载功能的不同,可大致将其分为三大类：脂滴结构蛋白、脂滴代谢相关蛋白与脂滴转运蛋白。其中,结构蛋白如PAT家族蛋白、CIDE家族蛋白等在脂滴发育代谢的调控与信息传递介导中发挥着重要作用,此外,还有激素敏感脂肪酶、脂肪甘油三酯水解酶与Rab蛋白等代谢与转运蛋白通过不同形式参与脂滴发育。目前,脂滴相关蛋白新种类与具体作用机制仍在不断探索中。作者就细胞中脂滴与脂代谢及脂滴相关蛋白的研究进展做一综述。     

动物脂滴结构及功能研究进展

脂滴是脂肪组织的基本单位,是维持脂质和能量稳态的一种动态细胞器,脂滴相关蛋白参与调控胞内脂类代谢、膜运输以及信号传导等多个生理过程.脂滴在动物各个组织器官中的功能不尽相同,可通过营养及生理手段调节畜禽外周组织中的脂滴变化,进一步影响畜禽胴体性状及肉品质.本文简述了脂滴的生物学结构、脂滴蛋白分类、脂滴重塑、脂滴生物学功能...     

脂滴包被蛋白基因对猪肌肉发育的影响

PLIN(perilipin,脂滴包被蛋白)是脂滴表面含量最多的一种蛋白,被认为是影响猪生长、胴体及肉质性状的重要候选基因。PLIN基因几乎在所有组织中均有广泛表达,对脂肪组织中甘油三酯的分解和储存具有重要的双重调控作用,主要调控类固醇激素合成前体、胆固醇酯的分解;通过调节脂肪酶的功能和脂肪沉积来影响肌肉的生长发育并能影响高氧化能力组织内的线粒体功能。本文综述了猪PLIN基因背景、基因结构及组织分布情况,并对近年来PLIN基因对猪肌肉发育影响的研究进行了总结,解析其在骨骼肌发育差异调控网络中的地位和作用,为家猪生产性状改良提供理论依据。     

脂滴功能及其与卵母细胞成熟和胚胎发育的关系研究进展

脂滴不仅是真核细胞内贮存甘油三酯和胆固醇酯等中性脂质的重要细胞器,也是细胞代谢和细胞器质量控制的中心调控者,参与细胞能量代谢、类固醇激素合成、内质网应激、线粒体功能以及生物膜结构形成等过程的调控。目前认为脂滴合成于内质网,并以出芽的方式进入细胞质。脂滴是呈动态分布的细胞器,其数量、大小以及分布受细胞获得营养物质和代谢状态影响。众所周知,哺乳动物卵母细胞含有脂滴,且卵母细胞中含有足够数量的脂滴与卵母细胞成熟和早期胚胎发育密切相关。更重要的是,最近的研究表明,脂滴在胚胎附植着床过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,即使卵母细胞中脂滴含量较低的哺乳动物,维持适量的脂滴对早期胚胎发育也很重要。因此,本文综述了脂滴的合成与分布,分析了脂滴的主要功能,重点阐述脂滴在动物卵母细胞成熟和早期胚胎发育期间的关键作用,并讨论脂滴卵母细胞和胚胎内脂滴含量与胚胎滞育持续时间的关系,以期为通过调控脂滴代谢而增强卵母细胞质量和胚胎发育能力,进而提高动物繁殖性能提供理论基础。     

脂滴包被蛋白的结构、功能及其与脂类疾病关联的研究进展

脂滴包被蛋白(Perilipin,PLIN1)是PAT蛋白家族成员之一,其特异性地表达于脂滴表面,并受多种转录因子的调控。PLIN1在调控脂肪细胞基础脂解和激素刺激脂解的过程中发挥着重要作用,并且与Fsp27协同作用共同促进脂滴融合。此外,PLIN1还参与机体能量代谢、炎症反应等生物学过程,与多种脂类疾病的发生和发展有重要联系。本文对PLIN1的命名、结构、表达调控、功能以及与相关疾病的关系进行综述,着重总结PLIN1发挥功能的分子机制,为PLIN1的深入研究提供参考。     

动物细胞脂滴及其生物学功能研究进展

脂滴作为一个独立的细胞器,其在细胞脂质代谢、缓解应激反应、调节基因表达以及对抗细菌感染等方面发挥的作用已日益引起人们的关注。随着研究的不断深入,人们对脂滴生物学功能的认识越来越清晰,但也仍存在很多问题尚待阐明。本文就近年来动物细胞脂滴基本结构、特性及其生物学功能的相关研究进展进行综述,旨在为后续研究提供参考。     

脂联素与其受体的结构及在脂类代谢中的作用机制

脂联素（AdipoQ）是一种主要由脂肪组织分泌的内源性细胞因子,在调节脂类代谢中发挥重要作用。AdipoQ首先与其受体[脂联素受体1(AdipoRl)和脂联素受体2(AdipoR2)]位于膜外的C端结合,再通过AdipoQ受体N端与信号接头蛋白结合,进而激活下游腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)等多条信号通路,促进脂肪酸氧化,抑制脂质合成,从而调节脂类代谢。本文就AdipoQ及其受体的结构、信号接头蛋白和AdipoQ对动物脂质代谢的调节机制进行综述。     

高脂饲料在脂质代谢研究中的应用进展北大核心

高脂饲料是脂质代谢研究中的常见类型饲料,可用于诱导啮齿类动物发生脂质累积,构建食源诱导疾病模型。高脂饲料对阐明脂质代谢类疾病的发病机制具有重要作用,也可用于研究鱼类脂质代谢调控方法,开发促进鱼体生长、缓解脂质累积的鱼类饲料。因此,高脂饲料在脂质代谢研究中发挥重要作用。文章总结了高脂饲料的组成、制备方法和种类,阐述了高脂饲料在脂质代谢研究中的应用前景,为鱼类养殖中深入开发应用高脂饲料提供参考。     

Research Progress on Metabolic Related Structural Proteins in Lipid Droplet Development

Generally, lipid droplets are storage of triglycerides in adipocytes, but recent researches indicate that the transport, storage and steatolysis mobilization of fat in the cells are all based on lipid droplets, various phenomena reveal that lipid droplets is not only a simple energy storage in cells, but also more of a multifunctional organelle. By analyzing the structure of lipid droplets, it has been found that with neutral fat as the core, lipid droplets are covered with single phospholipid and embedded with a variety of functional proteins, which are referred as lipid droplets associated proteins. Lipid droplets associated protein correlated with lipid droplets are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, membrane transport, signal transduction and other physiological processes in different forms. It can be divided into three categories according to the different bearing capacity of proteins, including lipid droplet structural protein, lipid droplet associated protein and lipid transport protein. Among them, structural proteins, such as proteins in the PAT family and CIDE family proteins, play important roles in the regulation of lipid droplet growth and metabolism.In addition, hormone-sensitive lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase and Rab protein, as well as other metabolism and transport proteins are suggested to be involved in lipid droplets development through different forms. At present, new types and mechanisms of lipid droplets related proteins are still being explored. This review is to address the research progress of lipid droplets, lipid metabolism and lipid droplets related proteins in cells.     

饥饿诱发成脂分化C2C12细胞中脂滴形态重塑

试验旨在探究短期饥饿处理对成脂分化C2C12细胞中脂滴生长发育的影响,为阐释及利用补偿生长机制奠定基础。通过胰岛素等激素混合物诱导C2C12细胞成脂分化,将成脂分化12 d的C2C12细胞分为两组：对照组（Control）,高糖培养24 h;饥饿处理组（FAST）,无血清低糖培养24 h。通过BODIPY染色和甘油三酯测定观察脂滴形态变化,并使用Western blotting方法测定脂滴表面结构蛋白perilipin1-5表达量的变化。结果显示,C2C12细胞成脂诱导12 d,可以使细胞达到较好的充脂状态。通过无血清低糖饥饿处理后,成脂分化C2C12细胞中甘油三酯含量极显著下降（P<0.01）;脂滴平均尺寸极显著减小（P<0.01）,脂滴平均数量极显著增多（P<0.01）;脂滴表面结构蛋白出现变化,perilipin2、perilipin5表达极显著上调（P<0.01）、perilipin3表达显著上调（P<0.05）。综上,无血清低糖处理可以诱发脂滴形态重塑,改变脂滴表面结构蛋白的表达。     

Starvation Caused Lipid Droplet Remodeling in Adipogenic Differentiation C2C12 Cells

This study was aimed to explore the effect of short-term starvation treatment on the growth and development of lipid droplets in adipogenic differentiation C2C12 cells,provide the foundation for the interpretation and utilization of compensatory growth mechanisms.Adipogenic differentiation C2C12 cells were divided into two groups:Control group,high glucose treatment for 24 h,and starvation treatment group (FAST),serum-free and low-glucose medium starvation treatment for 24 h.The morphological changes of lipid droplets was observed by BODIPY staining and triglyceride determination,and Western blotting was used to determine the change of the expression level of perilipin family protein (perilipin 1-5) on the lipid droplet.The results showed that C2C12 cells induced adipogenesis for 12 days,which could make the cells reach a better fat-filling state.After treatment with serum-free and low-glucose starvation,the levels of triglycerides in adipogenic differentiation C2C12 cells decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01),the size of lipid droplets decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01),and the number of lipid droplets increased extremely significantly (P<0.01).The perilipin protein on the lipid droplets was changed,the expression level of perilipin2 and perilipin5 were extremely significantly up-regulated (P<0.01),and the expression level of perilipin3 was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05).In summary,serum-free and low-glucose starvation could induce the remodeling of lipid droplets and change the expression level of perilipin proteins on the lipid droplets.     

Study on Development of Broiler Liver Lipid Droplet during Embryonic Period

This study was aimed to explore the developmental change of lipid droplet in liver of chicken embryos.120 fertilized eggs were incubated, and 6 embryos were selected randomly every day and their livers were removed for measuring the formation and development of lipid droplets from E7 to E21 during the incubation.The methods of frozen section and Sudan Ⅲ staining were used. The results showed that:①Lipid droplets emerged early on the 9th day of chicken embryos incubation (E9). The quantities and sizes of lipid droplets became more and larger with the increasing of chicken embryos age. ②Quantities of lipid droplets in every hepatic lobule decreased from central veins to the margin of hepatic lobule along hepatic cords before E18, while more lipid droplets distributed at the margin of the liver than that in the center of liver after E18. ③The quantities and sizes of hepatic lipid droplets were significant difference during the three stage of E9-E14, E15-E17 and E18-E21 (P<0.05). The average sizes of hepatic lipid droplets were 3.2, 5.7 and 10.8 μm, respectively, and their average numbers were 67,327 and 397 n/mm², respectively. In conclusion, the quantities and sizes of hepatic lipid droplets became more and larger with the increasing of chicken embryos age.     

肉鸡鸡胚肝脏中脂滴的发育研究

为了探索鸡胚肝脏脂滴的发育规律,选取120枚受精蛋,分别在孵化的第7~21天（E7~E21）每天随机选取6枚蛋,收集鸡胚,采集鸡胚肝脏,采用冰冻切片、苏丹Ⅲ染色观察鸡胚肝脏脂滴的形成和发育特点。结果发现：①鸡胚发育到E9胚龄,肝细胞内开始出现脂滴,且随着胚龄增加,脂滴的数量不断增多,脂滴的大小不断增大;②E18胚龄以前,肝脏脂滴的分布从中央静脉开始沿肝索到肝小叶边缘数量逐渐减少,E18胚龄以后,肝脏边缘脂滴数量较肝脏中央的多;③肝脏脂滴的发育分为E9~E14、E15~E17和E18~E21 3个阶段,而且后一个阶段脂滴的数量和体积均显著大于前一个阶段（P<0.05）,脂滴的平均大小在E9~E14、E15~E17和E18~E21 3个阶段分别为3.2、5.7和10.8 μm,平均数量分别为67、327、397个/mm²。以上结果表明,随着鸡胚的发育,肝细胞内脂滴数量增加、体积变大。     

Expression of Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) in Porcine Oocytes During Maturation

Perilipins have been reported to limit the interaction of lipases with neutral lipids within the droplets, thereby regulating neutral lipid accumulation and utilization. This study aimed to identify the location and expression of PLIN1 and PLIN2 in porcine oocytes during maturation. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), immunostaining and Western blot methods were used to characterize the expression and distribution patterns of PLIN1 and PLIN2 in porcine oocytes. The results showed that PLIN1 was not detectable in porcine oocytes. PLIN2 and BODIPY 493/503‐detected neutral lipid droplets appeared identical distribution patterns and extensive colocalization in both GV and MII porcine oocytes. PLIN2 protein expression was higher in GV oocytes than that in MII oocytes (p < 0.05), although PLIN2 mRNA expression was similar in both groups. These findings suggested that PLIN2 was a major lipid droplet‐associated protein in porcine oocytes.     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白基因的过表达对促进牛胎儿成纤维细胞脂肪形成的影响

为了研究固醇调节元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element binding factor 1,SREBP1)基因的表达与细胞脂肪形成的关系,本研究构建了pEGFP-C1-SREBP1重组质粒,利用脂质体介导法将重组质粒pEGFP-C1-SREBP1及pEGFP-C1空质粒转染至牛胎儿骨骼肌成纤维细胞培养48 h,实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting分析目标基因表达水平的变化,并采用油红O染色检测细胞内脂滴。结果发现,pEGFP-C1-SREBP1重组质粒转染细胞内SREBP1 mRNA的表达水平显著高于空白对照组和阴性对照组(P<0.05);SREBP1蛋白也出现明显上调;空白对照组和pEGFP-C1阴性对照组细胞内均未见有红染细胞,而pEGFP-C1-SREBP1重组质粒转染组中出现了清晰的红染细胞。说明SREBP1的表达可促进牛胎儿骨骼肌成纤维细胞脂肪合成,证实牛胎儿成纤维细胞中SREBP1表达和脂滴形成之间存在直接关系。     

A scanning electron microscopic study on the difference between white and brown adipose tissues in the rat.

Lipid globules in the white and brown adipose tissues in the rat were well preserved with prolonged postfixation in OSO4. The difference between the surface of white adipose tissue and that of brown adipose tissue was observed in such a way that the surface of the brown adipocyte was lumpy owing to the presence of intracellular lipid globules, and that the surface of the white adipocyte was considerably smooth. After the matrix of lipid globules was dissolved during specimen preparation, the subgranules embedded in the matrix were disclosed on the inner surface of the lipid globules. The cut surface of the white adipocyte contained a large lipid droplet and the amount of cytoplasm was poor, whereas the brown adipocyte had several lipid droplets and many small granules in the cytoplasm.     

脂肪酸结合蛋白7的研究进展

脂肪酸结合蛋白7(FABP7)是脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABPs)家族成员之一,FABP7基因对大脑发育及中枢神经系统的调节至关重要。同时,FABP7位于脂质代谢的经典通路PPAR通路中,在脂质代谢、基因调控、细胞生长和分化过程中发挥重要的作用。目前,关于FABP7基因的研究主要集中于大脑发育及中枢神经系统的调节,对于家畜脂质代谢分子机制方面的研究相对较少。本文对FABP7的结构、分布及其在脂质代谢、神经系统和癌细胞增殖相关研究进展进行阐述,为今后利用FABP7基因相关育种研究提供参考。