膨化鱼料加工质量的影响因素和关键控制点

<正>膨化鱼料的质量控制,从饲料配方的优化设计开始,到控制粉碎粒度和混合均匀度的综合效果;从对膨化机供料均匀性的保证,到调质系统温度、湿度的控制效果;从膨化机主机螺杆结构设计,到出料系统切刀、模板、模头的优化设计;从膨化腔内加入蒸汽量     

挤压膨化的新技术与应用

文章介绍了食品以及饲料行业挤压膨化技术的新进展。采用强调质技术是提高挤压机产量的有效方法,提出了挤压过程的稳流剪切技术和出料过程的稳流技术概念,通过模块化螺杆的组合来优化挤压工艺参数,还介绍了超临界二氧化碳挤压膨化技术在食品行业中的研究进展。     

蒸汽调制和冷却过程中温度——水分不均匀现象监测与对策讨论

用红外热成像技术监测分析了调质后粉料温度、制粒机出口颗粒温度和冷却机下料口不同位置的饲料温度和分布,发现调制后的粉料温度存在巨大的温度变异,调质后粉料中经常出现低温湿料团。冷却器出料口从边缘到中心的温度分布和水分含量并不均匀。通过数据采集系统记录了冷却器开始排空时的温度变化过程,指出排空时料温上升的现象。对这些变异提出了改进意见,并对逆流冷却自动控制系统的建立提出设想。     

光波导阵列电光扫描器的扫描光束边瓣压缩研究

本文针对扫描光束旁瓣压缩的需要,研究了非均匀光波导阵列结构的优化设计。借鉴微波阵列天线优化设计思想,单元间距采取三种不同分布,利用Matlab编制遗传算法优化程序,对不同情况下的非均匀光波导阵列结构进行优化计算,并分析了旁瓣压缩效果。仿真结果表明采用非均匀光波导阵列结构可有效降低旁瓣电平。     

某四缸柴油机排气歧管流场分析及结构优化

利用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)软件对某四缸柴油机排气歧管内部流场进行分析,发现排气歧管进口、出口及主体转弯处均存在气体流速过高,弯管处存在较大涡流等现象。基于对内流场涡流及速度不均匀处的分析,对排气歧管进行结构优化,使流场速度分布更加均匀,模型改进后1号进口条件的出口质量流率从0.210kg/s提升到0.410kg/s,2号进口条件的出口质量流率从0.330kg/s提升到0.383kg/s,故可有效改善气体排出状况。     

膨化羽毛粉的加工技术及营养价值评定

通过对羽毛杆水解－膨化联合加工技术研究,生产质量稳定的膨化羽毛粉。结果表明：膨化羽毛粉的氨基酸消化率为86．25％,代谢能为13．29MJ／kg,达到了常用蛋白质饲料的可消化率要求。优化工艺参数和膨化助剂的应用,使胱氨酸得到有效保护,也解决了直接膨化产量低的问题。     

猪舍风速影响因素的试验研究

风速作为衡量通风系统优劣的重要指标,其在通风系统设计过程中极为重要,但不同因素对猪舍风速的影响鲜有研究,导致优化舍内风速时无理论依据。为探究不同因素对猪舍风速的影响,本文以某妊娠猪舍为研究对象,通过现场实测的方法,分别对比了风机百叶窗、过滤网和防风布袋对舍内风速的影响。结果表明,相较于清洗百叶窗,清洗过滤网、拆除风机百叶窗和拆除防风布袋能明显提升舍内风速,进而增大风冷效果,改善夏季猪只生长环境。     

基于FLUENT的南疆地区日光暖棚肉牛舍冬季温度场模拟及环境评价

日光暖棚牛舍由于造价低,经济效益好等原因,在我国应用非常广泛。该牛舍通过结构设计,已基本解决夏季舍内环境调控问题,但冬季存在舍内气流分布不均匀,温度较低,湿度、二氧化碳浓度较高等问题,导致肉牛生产性能降低,包括料肉比减少、日增重下降等。为了研究日光暖棚牛舍内主要环境参数在不同时间段和不同高度上的时空分布规律,以指导该牛舍结构和环境调控系统的优化设计,本文在现场实测的基础上,采用计算流体动力学CFD(Computational fluid dynamics)方法对牛舍内温度场进行模拟和分析,并对温度、湿度、CO_2浓度、NH_3浓度在牛舍内不同高度和不同时间实测值进行方差分析。冬季塑料薄膜覆盖牛舍主要调控因素为湿度和CO_2浓度。该牛舍内最需要环境调控的位置是距离地面3m高度处,时间是0:00～4:00。该研究可为日光暖棚牛舍结构和环境调控系统优化设计提供理论依据。     

影响调质器调质效果的主要因素

调质是制粒或膨化不可缺少的工序,没有良好的调质系统,就没有优良制粒或膨化效果。调质技术就是指粉料在高温、高压下通入饱和蒸汽,使其熟化的过程。调质可以提升饲料成型能力,改善颗粒质量,提高颗粒饲料的耐水性,     

不同加工工艺饲料对彭泽鲫生长性能、抗氧化、免疫和消化能力的影响

为探究膨化、颗粒等不同加工工艺的饲料对彭泽鲫长性能、抗氧化、免疫、消化能力的影响,使用同一配方不同加工方式制备的膨化饲料和颗粒饲料,按每日4次投喂初重为（38.71±0.17）g的彭泽鲫56 d,试验分为膨化组、交替组、颗粒组。膨化组全程投喂膨化饲料,交替组第1、3、5、7周投喂膨化饲料,第2、4、6、8周投喂颗粒饲料,颗粒组全程投喂颗粒饲料。结果显示：膨化组增重率较交替组、颗粒组分别增加9.01%和32.34%(P <0.05),交替组增重率较颗粒组增加21.4%(P <0.05)。膨化组特定生长率较交替组、颗粒组分别增长6.86%和23.86%(P <0.05),交替组特定生长率较颗粒组增加15.91%(P <0.05)。膨化组饲料系数较交替组、颗粒组分别降低9.93%和17.58%(P <0.05),交替组饲料系数较颗粒组降低8.48%(P <0.05)。膨化组、交替组的水分较颗粒组分别降低了4.38%和4.06%(P <0.05)。膨化组、交替组的粗蛋白质较颗粒组提高8.49%和9.54%(P <0.05)。膨化组、交替组的粗脂肪...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.