同源四倍体茄子育种的选择Ⅱ.株形 指数的遗传多样性及其相关选择

摘要：同源四倍体茄子育种选择的较底世代﹙C5代﹚株形和结果正常的植株比例很低﹙9.19%﹚,3个不同母本系的12个株系株形指数平均为0.4779,株形指数的广义遗传率 h2B = 96.39% ±3.52%,株形指数与植株平均结果数呈极强的负相关性,遗传相关系数rg=-0.9989,相关遗传力hxy= -95.22%。随着轮回选择世代的增加以及选系遗传稳定性的增强,株形指数不仅与植株总产量呈现强的直线正相关性﹙rg=0.8871,hxy=86.18%﹚而且也与早熟性——前期产量呈现强的正相关性﹙rg=0.9592,hxy=93.64%﹚。植株高度、茎粗、株幅、叶形指数、始花节位等表型性状与株形指数间存在着极显著的遗传相关性,其相关遗传力及间接选择效率：叶形指数＞株幅＞始花节位＞茎粗＞株高。其中株高、茎粗及始花节位为负值,叶形指数与株幅为正值,与选择方向相同。 关键词：四倍体;茄子;株形指数;遗传多样性;相关选择     

优良海滩植被——厚藤

厚藤又名马六藤,旋花科多年生草本植物。原产海南各地海滨,广布于热带沿海地区。生长势强,叶片碧绿,几乎全年有花,尤以夏秋最甚,是优良的海滩地被植物。全株无毛,茎平卧,叶厚纸质,叶片大小及形状因生长条件不同而异,甚至同一株上叶形也会有卵形、椭圆形、圆形、肾形或长圆形的变化,长3.5～9厘米,花冠紫色或深红色,漏斗     

如何预防黄瓜“花打顶”

冬季及早春大棚生产黄瓜时常会出现"花打顶"的生理现象,即蔓生形黄瓜在正生长期限内,植株生长点分化为多个雌株停止伸长生长及增加叶片数量,成为有限生长型,轻则在个别株上出现,重则棚室内的全部植株都会出现"花打顶",给黄瓜生产造成灾害,从而给     

水稻花器官发育的分子机理

在水稻上,花器官发育是从营养生长转向生殖生长的重要阶段,也是繁衍后代的必然过程,因此是生物学研究的重点与热点。通过对拟南芥、金鱼草等植物的研究,人们了解了植物花器官发育的某些重要特征,克隆了许多相关基因。本文综述了植物花器官发育的ABCDE模型,较详细地总结了参与水稻花器官发育的MADS-box基因及其功能,并介绍了近年来报道的一些水稻花器官突变体及相关基因。     

观叶秋海棠新品种选育

<正>观叶秋海棠因其丰富的叶色、奇特的叶形深受消费者喜爱。结合市场需求,培育株形紧凑、叶色丰富、叶形奇特、叶片肉质的秋海棠新品种成为育种者的目标。云南省农业科学院花卉研究所从2014年10月底开始收集秋海棠种质资源,现已收集73个秋海棠种类,其中     

独本菊矮化环绕技巧

为了控制独本菊的生长高度,通常要将扦插时间推迟到6月下旬至7月上旬。扦插太早株高不易控制,太晚又不利于养分积累,稍有不慎便会影响菊花的生长和发育。我摸索出一种矮化环绕栽培法,可成功地解决上述难题,扦插时间可提前到6月上旬,比通常扦插的早出花20～30天。而且育出的菊花叶片肥大,株形紧凑,节间均匀,具有提早现蕾、花朵健壮、脚叶翠亮不易脱落等优点。     

套筒栽培蟹爪兰

蟹爪兰通常采用扦插和嫁接两种方法繁殖、栽培。采用前者,虽不易烂茎,但株形低矮,不美观;采用后者(以三棱箭或仙人掌作砧),株形虽较好,但花期前后如遇低温霜冻,极易烂茎死亡。为此,3年来笔者试用扦插加套筒法栽培,取得成功。不仅生长强壮,不易烂茎,而且株形美观,花多色     

水稻叶形相关调控基因研究进展

叶形是塑造水稻“理想株型”的重要组成部分,主要包括叶长、叶宽、叶色、叶厚、卷曲度、叶倾角、披垂度等性状,对于水稻光合作用、抗逆性、优质高产具有重要意义。本研究综述了水稻不同叶片形态特征及其生理状态对植株生长和产量的影响,分析了近年来叶片形态建成相关分子机制研究进展,可促进水稻叶形种质资源收集、创制和利用,为水稻叶形分子机理研究和“理想株型”育种提供思路,有助于更好地开展叶形分子标记辅助选择,提高育种效率。     

白蜡属植物的开花特性和动态观察

研究花器官形态结构和开花特性,为白蜡授粉受精提供理论依据。本研究选取了3个白蜡品种（‘鲁蜡2号’、‘鲁蜡5号’和‘金箭’）,对其开花特性、花器官构造进行观察。结果表明,白蜡品种雄株花期为11～13天,开花时间比雌株早13～15天;雌株‘鲁蜡2号’的花期为5～6天。3个白蜡品种的小花密集,开花后苞片2裂,花萼钟状4深裂,无花冠。雄花开花后露出舟形花药,花丝极短。雌花苞片开裂后露出雌蕊,柱头成熟时两裂,呈粉红色,花柱极短。扫描电镜下的3个白蜡品种苞片和花萼表面均有盾毛分布,不同品种间盾毛的形态有差异;‘金箭’、‘鲁蜡5号’的花药与花粉结构无显著差异;‘鲁蜡2号’整个雌蕊表面都有不规则褶皱分布。本研究可为进一步开展白蜡属植物的育种和种质资源创新利用研究提供参考。     

棉花生长发育与产量形成模拟模型(CGSM)研究

以太阳辐射、气温为驱动变量,建立了棉花生长发育与形态发生及产量形成的动态模拟模型(CGSM)。模型通过太阳辐射能利用率的变化,逐日模拟出棉田当日生产的净生物量,并分配到各个器官分别生长,从而可得到各所需时间的单位面积总干重、茎枝总重、总叶重、蕾花铃总重和叶面积系数等;根据棉花生长所经历的温度,可模拟株高、主茎叶数、果枝数、果节和蕾铃发生与分布并可在计算机上显示出生长期内任意时刻的彩色棉株图。经检验证明,本模型基本上能较准确地模拟高产棉花的生长发育动态,可在一定的程度上为生产管理决策提供参考。     

雄安新区气候特征及变化趋势分析

为了更好地为雄安新区的规划和建设提供气候服务,本文以雄安新区3个国家气象站建站至2018年的逐日气象观测资料,系统分析了雄安新区的基本气候特征及其变化趋势;并采用2009—2018年精细化陆面同化数据和气候变化预估数据,分析了雄安新区最近10年以及未来10年降水量和气温的空间分布特征。结果表明：雄安新区平均年降水量480.8 mm,降水集中在6—9月;1961—2018年,雄安新区平均年降水量总体呈减少趋势,其中夏季减少趋势明显,而秋季增多趋势较为明显;预计未来10年,雄安新区大部分地区降水量增加。雄安新区年平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温分别为12.6、18.7、7.3℃,年内（1981—2010年平均）,雄安新区7月份气温最高,1月份最低;1961—2018年,雄安新区平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温总体均呈升高趋势,其中春季和冬季升温明显,其次为夏季,而秋季气温变化趋势不明显;预计未来10年,雄安新区气温将明显上升。雄安新区年平均日照时数2335.2 h,年内,春、夏季日照时数相对较多,秋、冬季日照时数相对较少;1968—2018年,雄安新区年日照时数总体呈减少趋势,其中秋季减少速率最快,春季相对最慢。雄安新区年平均风速1.7 m/s,年内,4月平均风速最大,1、8、12月相对最小;1961—2018年,雄安新区年平均风速总体呈减小趋势,其中冬季减小速率相对最大,夏季最小。     

青海牧草对气候变化的响应

为更好地了解气候变化对牧草的影响,采用线性趋势法和相关性分析,研究青海牧草的高度、覆盖度、产量、返青期和黄枯期以及影响因子。结果表明,6—8月牧草的高度和覆盖度均以不同的速率呈上升趋势,6月和7月的牧草产量以不同的速率呈增产趋势,8月的牧草产量呈减产趋势。返青期以-0.65 d/10 a的速率提前,枯黄期以0.15 d/10 a的速率推迟,牧草生长期延长;其中班玛、甘德、久治、玛沁、海晏、清水河、天峻和同德地区的牧草生长期延长,其他地区的牧草生长期缩短。冬季气温、6月下旬气温和8月风速是影响沱沱河地区牧草的主要因子;9月蒸发、秋季最低气温和6月≥10℃的积温是影响甘德地区牧草的主要因子;气温、2月0 cm地温和9月≥0℃的积温是影响天峻地区牧草的主要因子。     

不同大豆品种品质分析

对20个不同大豆品种的种子蛋白质、脂肪以及大豆异黄酮含量进行了测定,并对种子贮存蛋白中的醇溶蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白分别进行了提取和电泳分析,从中筛选出7个高蛋白品种,4个高脂肪品种,6个高大豆异黄酮品种,2个高蛋白高大豆异黄酮的双高品种,1个高脂肪高大豆异黄酮的双高品种,1个高蛋白高脂肪高大豆异黄酮的三高品种。通过电泳分析得到4个优质蛋白品种,两个豆腐专用品种。将蛋白质、脂肪、大豆异黄酮含量的测定与电泳方法结合,可以成为筛选优质蛋白质兼用性品种的快速简便方法。     

High-throughput field crop phenotyping: current status and challenges

In contrast to the rapid advances made in plant genotyping, plant phenotyping is considered a bottleneck in plant science. This has promoted high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTP) studies, resulting in an exponential increase in phenotyping-related publications. The development of HTP was originally intended for use as indoor HTP technologies for model plant species under controlled environments. However, this subsequently shifted to HTP for use in crops in fields. Although HTP in fields is much more difficult to conduct due to unstable environmental conditions compared to HTP in controlled environments, recent advances in HTP technology have allowed these difficulties to be overcome, allowing for rapid, efficient, non-destructive, non-invasive, quantitative, repeatable, and objective phenotyping. Recent HTP developments have been accelerated by the advances in data analysis, sensors, and robot technologies, including machine learning, image analysis, three dimensional (3D) reconstruction, image sensors, laser sensors, environmental sensors, and drones, along with high-speed computational resources. This article provides an overview of recent HTP technologies, focusing mainly on canopy-based phenotypes of major crops, such as canopy height, canopy coverage, canopy biomass, and canopy stressed appearance, in addition to crop organ detection and counting in the fields. Current topics in field HTP are also presented, followed by a discussion on the low rates of adoption of HTP in practical breeding programs.     

Predicting the relative effectiveness of direct versus indirect selection for oat yield in three types of stress environments

Summary In breeding crop varieties for stress environments, it must be decided whether to select directly, in the presence of stress, or indirectly, in a nonstress environment. The relative effectiveness of these two strategies depends upon the genetic correlation (r _g ) between yield in stress and nonstress environments and upon heritability in each. These parameters were estimated for grain yield of 116 random oat lines grown in nonstress, P-deficient, N-deficient, and late-planted environments. Estimates of r _g between yield in nonstress and yield in P-deficient, N-deficient, and late-planted environments were 0.52±0.24, 1.08±0.16, and 0.06±0.24, respectively. No consistent relationship between heritability and environment mean yield was observed. Direct selection in the presence of stress was predicted to be superior for yield in low-P and late-planted environments, but indirect selection in high-N environments was predicted to be as effective as direct selection in producing yield gain in low-N environments. These results confirm that neither high-yield environments nor environments in which the heritability of yield is maximized are necessarily optimum when the goal is to maximize yield gain in stress environments.Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011; USA, Journal Paper no. 13101. Project 2447.     

强、中、弱筋小麦籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质积累和淀粉体发育的比较

以强、中、弱筋小麦品种烟农19、扬麦16和宁麦13为试验材料,研究了籽粒中淀粉和蛋白质积累动态及差异,比较了三者胚乳细胞中淀粉体发育的异同。结果表明,小麦成熟籽粒中总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量由高到低依次为宁麦13、扬麦16、烟农19。蛋白质含量积累变化“V”形曲线,表现为烟农19>扬麦16>宁麦13。在籽粒发育过程中,胚乳中大、小淀粉体的发生具有严格的时序性,发育前期大淀粉体比例高,后期小淀粉体比例高。3种类型小麦相比,细胞中大淀粉体数目由多到少依次为烟农19、扬麦16、宁麦13,而小淀粉体数目的排序恰好相反。总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累量均呈“S”型曲线变化,积累速率呈抛物曲线变化,积累量和积累速率表现为烟农19>扬麦16>宁麦13。在成熟胚乳细胞中烟农19大淀粉体多,小淀粉体少,且结合紧密,而宁麦13大淀粉体少,小淀粉体多,胚乳结构疏松。扬麦16结构介于两者之间。     

Influence of Biopost and Organo upon Flue-cured Tobacco Grown on Semigley. II. Chemical Composition of Tobacco Leaf and Changes in the Chemical Soil Complex

The paper deals with the results achieved in investigating the effects of biopost and organo, in comparison with stable manure and mineral fertilization as well as one with the other, on the chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaf and on the changes in the chemical soil complex. Investigations were carried out on semigley in the central Drava Valley in Northern Croatia. While biopost is an organic fertilizer, organo is defined as an organic-mineral fertilizer since, in addition to an organic component, it also contains a mineral component. Both fertilizers affected the chemical composition of tobacco leaf, though they were applied in relatively small quantities. This was primarily reflected in a reduction of nicotine content and an increase in the content of reducing sugars in comparison with mineral fertilizing, though not always proportional to the rate applied. Here, biopost showed a certain advantage over organo.
The calcium content in tobacco leaf does not indicate any marked influence of the fertilizing treatments tested in the trial. Existence of such a relation seems more likely in the case of magnesium, while in the case of potassium, fertilizing with this bioelement had the crucial role with regard to its content in tobacco leaf.
As regards the changes in the chemical soil complex, the effect of the tested fertilizers, depending on the parameters studied, was either non-existent or very slight.     

Macro-nutrient Status of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea Grown Under Swedish Conditions

Concentrations and amounts of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in shoots, vegetative and generative plant parts in B. napus and B. juncea and nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus were studied in a field experiment at Uppsala, Sweden. Concentrations in vegetative plant parts were, except for Ca in B. napus, highest at the beginning of the season, and N and K were higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. The higher N concentration in vegetative parts (leaves, stems and pods) in B. napus was probably due to differences in growth pattern between the species. Seed concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and, most pronounced of all, S were higher in B. juncea. Nutrient amounts were, with the exception of K, throughout the season higher in B. juncea than in B. napus due to a higher dry matter production. Nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus was highest during the rosette stage for all nutrients. During flowering, the inflow decreased for N and K and increased for P and Ca. After root growth had stopped, no net inflow of K and S was found and inflow rates of other nutrients were at very low levels.     

黄淮大豆主产区大豆胞囊线虫生理小种分布调查

大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)在黄淮地区普遍发生,调查小种分布情况,确定优势小种对抗病育种有重要意义。2012-2015年,取样调查黄淮地区6个省份土样,利用Riggs模式鉴定生理小种,绘制黄淮地区SCN生理小种分布图,并与文献报道结果对比,探讨黄淮地区SCN生理小种类型及其分布规律。结果表明,该病害在黄淮大豆主产区均有分布,在采集受SCN感染的322份土样中,112份被鉴定出生理小种类型,包括1号、2号、3号、4号、5号、6号和11号小种。其中,57份为2号小种,占样本总体的50.9%;26份土样为5号小种,占23.2%;11份土样为4号小种,占9.8%,1号、3号、6号和11号小种分别占总体的4.5%、5.4%、4.5%和1.8%。依据不同生理小种在各省发生频率由高到低的顺序,河南分布5号、2号、3号、11号小种;河北分布2号、5号、6号、3号、4号小种;安徽分布2号、5号、6号、3号小种;山西分布2号、4号、5号、1号、3号、11号小种;山东分布2号、3号、5号、1号、6号小种;江苏分布2号、5号、1号小种。以上结果表明,2号小种是目前黄淮海地区的优势小种,其次是5号小种,致病力最强的4号小种主要分布在山西省。在黄淮海地区,抗线虫育种目标应以抗2号生理小种为主,兼抗5号小种,部分地区应以兼抗2号和4号小种为主。在黄淮地区3号、6号和11号小种是新发现的小种。与2001-2003年调查结果比较,黄淮海地区大豆胞囊线虫生理小种组成及分布有一定的改变。     

黄河三角洲盐渍棉花施用氮、磷、钾肥的效应研究

为探讨盐渍土抗虫棉施用NPK肥的效应及其营养生理机制,指导滨海盐渍土抗虫棉合理施肥,在黄河三角洲盐渍土低、中、高盐棉田种植转Bt基因抗虫棉鲁棉研28,研究N、P、K肥配合施用对其养分吸收利用、Na⁺吸收积累、光合速率、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,N、P肥配合,尤其是N、P、K肥配合施用显著增加了低、中、高盐田棉花的N、P、K养分吸收量,减少了Na⁺吸收积累量。低、中、高盐田棉花的N、P、K养分农学利用效率均以NPK配施的处理较高,氮养分农学利用效率分别为0.20、1.95和2.07 kg皮棉 kg^–1 N,磷养分农学利用效率分别为0.87、8.35和8.71 kg皮棉 kg^–1 P,钾养分农学利用效率分别为0.26、2.89和3.77 kg皮棉 kg^–1 K。N、P、K肥配合施用还维持了较高的棉株叶面积、叶绿素含量和净光合速率。低、中、高盐田棉花的生物产量和皮棉产量也均以NPK配施的处理较高,皮棉产量分别增产2.53%、28.67%和30.47%。中、高盐棉田的施肥效应明显好于低盐棉田。表明根据盐碱程度分类合理施肥是减轻盐渍土营养障碍、改善棉花营养、提高养分农学利用效率和棉花产量的有效途径。