微喷带灌溉下带长对小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响

为探讨测墒补灌下微喷带灌溉在小麦节水灌溉中的应用,在带宽80 mm下设置60 m(T1) 、80 m(T2) 和100 m(T3)3个带长处理,研究了微喷带灌溉下带长对小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响。其中,T1处理沿畦长方向设置0~6 m(A)、14~20 m(B)、34~40 m(C)、54~60 m(D)4个取样区段,T2处理在T1处理的基础上增设74~80 m(E)取样区段,T3处理在T2处理的基础上增设94~100 m(F)取样区段。结果表明, T1处理拔节期和开花期灌水后不同取样区段0~60 cm土层土壤质量含水量均无显著差异;T2处理拔节期灌水后表现为A、B、C、D>E,开花期灌水后表现为A、B、C>D>E;T3处理拔节期和开花期灌水后均表现为A、B、C>D>E>F。小麦拔节至开花期耗水量、耗水强度和耗水模系数均表现为T3>T2>T1,开花至成熟期耗水量、耗水强度和耗水模系数均表现为T1、T2>T3。小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率均表现为T1、T2>T3,灌溉水利用效率表现为T1>T2>T3。综上来看,在带宽80 mm条件下微喷带灌溉的带长为60 m时小麦产量和水分利用效率最高,而且水分分布均匀,应用效果最优,带长80 m的效果也较好。     

越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

为了解越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响,于2013-2014年小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,在大田条件下,依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌。设置5个试验处理,即全生育期不灌水（W0）、越冬期不灌水（W1）、越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量70%（W2）,越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量75%（W3）及越冬期+拔节期+开花期各灌溉60 mm（W4）,其中W1、W2和W3处理在越冬期补灌基础上于拔节期和开花期分别补灌至土壤相对含水量的65%和70%,对不同水分条件下冬小麦叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、干物质积累、籽粒产量和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明,小麦各生育期总灌水量为W4＞W3＞W2＞W1＞W0。在灌浆中期,小麦旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0,拔节期、开花期和成熟期干物质积累量表现为W4＞W2＞W3＞W1＞W0;W2处理开花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率与W4处理无显著差异,均显著高于W0、W1和W3处理;各处理籽粒产量表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0;水分利用效率表现为W2＞W1、W3＞W4＞W0。依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌,小麦越冬期土壤目标相对含水量达70%的W2处理的补灌水量低于W3和W4处理,籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优,分别为8 864. 46 kg·hm^-2和22.14 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,是高产节水的最佳灌溉处理。     

开花期土壤水分含量对不同穗型小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响

为明确开花期土壤含水量对不同穗型小麦品种花后光合特性及籽粒产量的调控效应,在大田条件下,以中穗型品种济麦229和大穗型品种泰山27为材料,设置3个水分处理[开花期不灌水(W0)、开花期0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%(W1)和85%(W2)],研究不同土壤水分含量对小麦光合特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:(1)两个小麦品种W1处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量和净光合速率在开花后7～35 d均显著高于W2处理,W0处理最低。(2)两品种开花后21～35 d的籽粒灌浆速率均表现为W1W2W0。(3)两品种的单位面积穗数在不同处理间均无显著差异,千粒重均表现为W1W2W0;济麦229的穗粒数表现为W2W1W0,籽粒产量表现为W1、W2W0;泰山27穗粒数表现为W1、W2W0,籽粒产量表现为W1W2W0;两品种的水分生产效率均表现为W1W0、W2。(4)开花后旗叶的叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、开花后14～21 d的籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重均表现为泰山27显著高于济麦229;在W1条件下,泰山27开花后21 d的叶绿素相对含量和净光合速率比济麦229分别高9.25%和12.80%,千粒重和产量显著高于济麦229。因此,综合考虑籽粒产量和水分生产效率,泰山27为高产节水品种,且在小麦开花期将0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%可同步实现小麦高产和节水。     

限水减氮对高产麦田群体动态和产量形成的影响

为解决河北省水资源匮乏和麦田施氮量偏多问题,于2013~(-2)014和2014~(-2)015年度,在河北省石家庄市藁城区分别设置限水灌溉的单因素试验和限水减氮的二因素裂区试验,研究了限水减氮对河北省高产麦田群体动态和产量的影响。结果表明,在2013~(-2)014年度,限水灌溉处理(拔节期45mm、开花期30mm、灌浆期30mm,春季总灌水量105mm)与节水灌溉对照(拔节期60mm、开花期60mm,春季总灌水量120mm)间小麦叶面积指数、光能截获率、生物产量、穗数和穗粒数差异均不显著;限水灌溉的千粒重显著增加,籽粒产量为10 081.08kg·hm~(-2),水分利用效率为27.98kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。在2014~(-2)015年度,限水灌溉处理中W3处理(拔节期37.5mm、开花期15mm、灌浆期15mm,春季总灌水量67.5mm)的叶面积指数、光能截获率与节水灌溉对照(拔节期67.5mm、开花期67.5mm,春季总灌水量135mm)无显著差异,穗数和穗粒数有所降低,但千粒重显著增加,籽粒产量8 903.70kg·hm~(-2),比节水灌溉对照减产7.95%,生物产量降低7.15%,但水分利用效率和灌水利用效率分别提高9.28%和84.10%,且未显著增加0~140cm和0~200cm土层贮水的消耗,是本试验条件下保证高产高效的最佳限水灌溉模式。120、180和240kg·hm~(-2)的3个施氮水平间各指标差异均不显著。综合节水高产和减氮增效的现状,以小麦拔节期灌水37.5mm、开花期15mm、灌浆期15mm的灌溉模式结合生育期施N 120kg·hm~(-2)为本试验条件下的最优限水减氮组合。     

测墒补灌条件下不同穗型小麦耗水特性和同化物积累与分配研究

为了解测墒补灌对小麦水分利用和干物质积累与分配的影响及与品种类型的关系,在田间条件下,以中穗型品种青农2号和济麦22、大穗型品种山农23和山农30为材料,设置小麦全生育期不灌水(W0)、节水灌溉(W1)和充分灌溉(W2)3个水分处理(W1处理拔节期和开花期0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量分别补灌至65%和70%,W2分别补灌至85%和90%),研究了不同土壤水分下两种穗型小麦耗水特性和同化物积累与分配。结果表明,两种穗型小麦的W1处理灌水量及其占总耗水量的比例显著低于W2处理;60～140 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著低于W0处理,高于W2处理。W1处理开花前营养器官贮藏干物质在开花后向籽粒的转运量和对籽粒产量的贡献率均低于W0处理,而开花后干物质对籽粒产量的贡献率及成熟期干物质在籽粒中的分配量和分配比例均高于W0处理,W2处理的上述指标与W1处理均无显著差异。两种穗型小麦W1处理的籽粒产量高于W0处理,与W2处理无差异;W1处理水分利用效率和灌水利用效率高于W2处理。W1处理下两中穗型品种灌水量及其占总耗水量的比例和土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例的平均值分别比两大穗品种的平均值低4.95%、2.77%、7.15%和3.54%;两个中穗型品种开花前营养器官贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量和贡献率比两个大穗型品种平均值分别高61.68%和70.33%,开花后干物质向籽粒的转运量、贡献率和成熟期干物质在籽粒中的分配量的平均值比两大穗型品种的平均值分别低13.88%、9.97%和18.08%。     

灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶渗透调节、光合速率及产量的影响

为了解灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶水分生理特性和产量的影响,于2009-2010年度在田间栽培条件下,以2个小麦品种济麦22和洲元9369为材料,采用测墒补灌的方法研究了不灌水(W0)、拔节期0～140cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至75%+开花期补灌至70%(W1)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至70%(W2)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至75%(W3)4个不同灌水处理下小麦旗叶渗透调节、光合速率和籽粒产量的差异。结果表明:(1)W3处理的小麦旗叶相对含水量、水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于W1和W2处理;济麦22旗叶相对含水量低于洲元9369,旗叶水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于洲元9369。(2)W3处理下穗数和千粒重显著增加,但穗粒数显著低于W1处理,以高的灌水量和耗水量获得最高籽粒产量,水分利用效率无显著变化。济麦22籽粒产量、穗数、千粒重、耗水量和水分利用效率均显著高于洲元9369,穗粒数低于洲元9369。本试验条件下,在拔节后8d和开花后8d0～140cm土层平均土壤相对含水量补灌至75%,是兼顾节水和高产的最优处理。     

灌水模式对冬小麦花后光合、产量及水分利用的影响

为筛选出商丘地区冬小麦高产和水分高效利用的适宜灌水模式,2011-2013年在大田条件下,以周麦18为试验材料,以全生育期不灌水作为对照(W0),研究了拔节期灌水120mm(W1)、孕穗期灌水120mm(W2)、拔节期和孕穗期各灌水60mm(W3)、拔节期和灌浆期各灌水60mm(W4)以及拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期各灌水40mm(W5)五种灌溉模式对冬小麦花后旗叶光合、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,小麦灌浆前期(开花后15d)旗叶净光合速率日变化呈现双峰曲线,分别在11:00和15:00达到峰值。灌水促进了花后旗叶光合作用,净光合速率平均增加145.9%。与W0处理相比,灌水处理在2011-2012和2012-2013年总耗水量分别增加13.8%和18.6%,土壤贮水消耗量和降水量占总耗水中的比例分别下降了60.6%、12.4%和46.2%、15.6%。灌水增加了籽粒产量和水分利用效率,其中在平水年型(2011-2012年)下,W3处理的产量和水分利用率最高,较W0处理分别增加27.5%和8.8%;在丰水年型(2012-2013年)下,以W1处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,较W0处理分别增加65.6%和36.4%。     

拔节期和开花期测墒补灌对邯麦16号小麦产量及耗水特征的影响

为给邯郸地区小麦节水栽培提供依据,于2016-2017年选用高产小麦品种邯麦16号进行大田试验,设置了3个测墒补灌处理(分别用W70、W75和W80表示,W70处理拔节期、开花期的0～40 cm土层目标相对含水量均为70%,W75处理均为75%,W80处理均为80%),以全生育期不灌溉W0和当地常规灌溉WN为对照,研究了拔节期、开花期测墒补灌对邯麦16号小麦产量及耗水特征的影响。结果表明,与WN处理相比,W75处理的总灌水量明显降低,土壤水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例明显提高,促进了小麦对土壤水的利用;W75处理的总耗水量明显下降,籽粒产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、灌溉效率均显著增加。开花期依据土壤含水量补灌至目标相对含水量为75%的水分管理措施,较传统灌溉明显降低了总耗水,同时提高了小麦产量和水分利用率,实现了高产、节水及水分高效利用,是本试验条件下最优测墒补灌处理。     

不同播种方案下补灌对冬小麦水分利用和产量的影响

为明确不同的群体结构下冬小麦的合理补灌水时间和数量,于2018-2019年冬小麦生长季,通过裂裂区试验,以品种为主区,选用大穗型品种山农23和中多穗型品种山农29;以播种方案(播期+种植密度)为副区,设10月5日播种+基本苗120×10~4株·hm~(-2)(适期精播,A1)和10月12日播种+基本苗240×10~4株·hm~(-2)(晚播增密,A2)两个水平;以补灌方案为副副区,设拔节期和开花期补灌使0～20 cm土层土壤相对含水率达100%田间持水率(W1)和拔节期补灌使0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水率达100%田间持水率(W2)两个水平,分析了拔节期和开花期补灌对不同播期和种植密度下冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在A1条件下,与W2处理相比,W1处理显著降低了小麦对土壤贮水的消耗,增加了对补灌水的利用,提高了自群体总茎蘖数量达到最大值至开花期的分蘖消亡速率,增加了成熟期群体干物质积累量,显著提高穗粒数、千粒重、水分利用效率和灌水生产效率;在A2条件下,与W2处理相比,W1处理提高了拔节至开花期间的分蘖消亡速率、成熟期群体干物质积累量、穗粒数、籽粒产量和灌水生产效率,显著增加小麦对土壤贮水的消耗量和农田耗水量。上述结果说明,拔节期和开花期补灌使麦田0～20 cm土层土壤相对含水率达100%田间持水率,提高了两种播种方案下大穗型和中多穗型小麦品种的穗粒数、千粒重和灌水生产效率,尤其提高了适期精播小麦的水分利用效率和晚播增密小麦的籽粒产量,是调控不同群体结构下冬小麦实现高产和高水分利用效率的最优补灌方案。     

推迟拔节水对冬小麦群个体结构特征和产量的影响

为了明确河北省限灌1水条件下推迟拔节水对小麦群个体结构和质量的影响,于2019-2020年以衡观35和藁优2018为供试材料,全生育期仅灌1水,设置3个灌水时期,分别在拔节期（T1）、拔节后6 d（T2）和拔节后12 d（T3）灌水60 mm,分析推迟拔节水后冬小麦个体结构、群体大小、冠层光分布、花后各叶层衰老以及产量的变化。结果表明,随灌水时期的推迟,两品种上三叶的长度和面积、穗长、株高、穗数、开花期至花后21 d的叶面积指数、冠层光合有效辐射总截获率以及旗叶层光合有效辐射截获率都呈降低趋势,但倒2叶及以下各层的光合有效辐射截获率呈上升趋势。T2和T3处理冠层中下部叶片受光条件的改善显著延缓了叶片SPAD值的衰退,T1处理的倒2叶SPAD值在花后21 d时开始显著低于推迟灌溉处理,倒3叶、倒4叶和倒5叶SPAD值均在开花期时已显著低于推迟灌溉处理,T1处理叶片的早衰使其LAI在花后28 d时低于T2和T3处理。最终T2处理依靠较优的冠层光分布和个体叶片质量获得了最高的籽粒产量,藁优2018的T3处理产量也显著高于T1处理,但衡观35的T3处理因穗数过少,导致产量低于T1处理。拔节后6 d灌溉同步提升了小麦群个体质量,是本试验条件下的最优处理。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.