九个黄淮和长江中下游冬麦区的优质冬小麦品种在晋中麦区的生育及品质表现

为拓宽山西优质小麦品种资源,采用田间试验,分秋播(2010年9月28日)和春播(2011年2月28日)两个播种时期,研究了来自黄淮冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区的9个优质小麦品种在晋中晚熟冬麦区的农艺、产量及品质性状表现。其中黄淮冬麦区品种为烟农19(冬性,强筋)、淮麦18(半冬性,中筋)和宁麦9号(冬性,弱筋),长江中下游冬麦区品种为镇麦168(春性,强筋)、皖麦33(春性,强筋)、宁麦13(春性,弱筋)、扬辐麦2号(春性,弱筋)、扬辐麦4号(春性,弱筋)和扬麦15(春性,弱筋)。结果表明,烟农19和淮麦18在晋中麦区秋播可正常越冬,并获得相当的产量,且烟农19的成穗数和产量高于淮麦18;9个引进小麦品种在晋中麦区春播均可抽穗成熟,但因2010-2011年度秋冬春三季连旱,所有品种在苗期到拔节期受旱,因而均未能获得较高的籽粒产量。烟农19和淮麦18的籽粒产量和品质秋播明显高于或优于春播。总体来看,在晋中麦区,烟农19和淮麦18适宜通过秋播种植加以利用,扬辐麦2号、宁麦9号有望通过春播种植加以利用。     

江苏省小麦品质性状分析及其分布探讨

为及时掌握江苏省不同生产区域小麦主推品种及新审定品种的品质状况,评价和筛选优质高产品种,针对2014—2015年大面积推广和引进的15个小麦品种的品质性状进行分析。结果显示:1)各参试品种间品质性状差异较大,其中,差异较大的是面团稳定时间和沉淀时间,其次是软化度、评价值、沉降值、湿面筋与蛋白质,差异较小的是面团吸水力、出粉率与容重。2)淮北麦区优于淮南麦区,其中淮北麦区新育成的淮麦33和徐麦32达到优质强筋小麦的标准,淮南麦区大面积推广的宁麦13号达到优质弱筋的标准。此外,本文还对江苏小麦品质改良的主攻方向,优质小麦区域化种植和产业化开发等问题进行了探讨。     

灌溉方式对不同筋力型小麦品种品质性状的影响

为给专用型小麦优质高产栽培提供理论依据和指导,以强筋小麦品种郑麦9023、豫麦34和弱筋小麦品种太空5号、豫麦50为材料,研究了灌溉方式对小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、面团流变学特性和拉伸参数的影响。结果表明,不同灌溉方式对4个小麦品种的容重、沉降值、湿面筋含量、出粉率、面团粉质参数和拉伸参数均有显著影响,但4个品种表现有所不同。随浇水量的增加,4个小麦品种容重均逐渐降低,而湿面筋含量均逐渐升高;太空5号沉降值逐渐降低,而其他3个品种的差异不显著;郑麦9023、太空5号和豫麦50出粉率呈增加趋势,而豫麦34出粉率逐渐降低。灌溉方式对豫麦34和豫麦50面团粉质参数的影响均显著,而仅对郑麦9023的形成时间、稳定时间和弱化度以及太空5号的弱化度影响显著。除豫麦34的延伸性和拉伸面积之外,灌溉方式对4个小麦品种的拉伸参数影响显著。在本试验条件下,W4（浇越冬水＋拔节水）是郑麦9023获得优质的最佳处理,W4和W5（浇越冬水＋灌浆水）是豫麦34获得优质的最佳处理,而W3（浇灌浆水）和W5是太空5号和豫麦50获得优质的最佳处理。在实际生产中,应结合品种的需水特性,并统筹考虑水氮交互,制定优质专用型小麦品种的灌水方案。     

2006-2014年我国小麦品质在年度和品质区之间的变化

为了解我国小麦在年度间和品质区之间的品质变化,对2006-2014年我国10个品质区637个小麦品种6 339份样品的籽粒品质、面粉品质和面团流变学特性进行测定与分析.结果表明,(1)我国小麦籽粒蛋白质含量较高,平均达13.94％,湿面筋平均含量为30.4％;但蛋白质质量一般,沉淀指数平均值为32.1mL,稳定时间平均值为5.8 min,相对美国硬红冬小麦较低.(2)年度间小麦品质呈规律性偏态分布,平均值在年度间变化无规律;从品质类型看,强筋、弱筋小麦比例在减少,中筋小麦比例在增加.(3)品质区之间小麦质量差异较大,东北、北部和西北春麦区、华北北部强筋麦区、黄淮北部强筋与中筋麦区、黄淮南部中筋麦区蛋白质数量性状高于长江中下游中筋与弱筋麦区、四川盆地中筋与弱筋麦区和云贵高原麦区;蛋白质质量性状表现较为复杂,其中长江中下游中筋与弱筋麦区小麦稳定时间一般,但最大拉伸阻力较高,华北北部强筋麦区、黄淮北部强筋与中筋麦区和黄淮南部中筋麦区小麦稳定时间较高,但最大拉伸阻力一般;各品质区以中筋小麦为主.我国小麦总体质量表现为中等水平.小麦品种类型结构的变化是导致年度间小麦质量以及品质区小麦质量变化的重要原因,北方强筋麦区优质强筋小麦品种和南方弱筋麦区优质弱筋小麦品种减少,反映了强调产量、大力推广高产品种的生产实际情况.     

贵州小麦品质与生态效应研究

为给小麦优质生产品种的合理布局提供依据,以8个小麦品种为材料,对贵州小麦品质与其生态效应进行了初步研究.结果表明,贵州省生态环境对小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量影响较大,而沉淀值与面团稳定时间受小麦基因型的影响较大.贵州属强筋、中筋、弱筋小麦的混作区,东西两端属中筋、弱筋小麦混作区,中部属强筋、中筋小麦混作区,弱筋小麦所占比例最大,其次是中筋小麦,强筋小麦所占比例最小.不同品种在不同地区小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、面团稳定时间差异明显,其中面团稳定时间是影响小麦籽粒品质的限制性指标.弱筋小麦面团稳定时间与小麦拔节至成熟期的日较差、总降雨量呈二次曲线关系,日较差和总降雨量最优取值分别为8.55℃和404.375 mm,与日平均最高温度、日平均温度呈显著正相关,与总日照时数呈显著负相关.     

生态条件和施磷量对四川不同筋力型小麦籽粒产量与蛋白质品质的影响

为探索四川小麦主产区中强筋小麦产量与品质协同的技术途径,以四川省育成的6个代表性小麦品种（中强筋：蜀麦482、玉脉1号、蜀麦969;中筋：内麦9号,川麦55、绵麦37）为材料,于2013-2014年在眉山市仁寿县（川中丘陵麦区）和成都市温江区（川西平原麦区）2个生态点,研究了不同施磷量（0、75、150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）对小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质品质的影响。结果表明,生态点、施磷量、基因型显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量,其中,小麦籽粒产量、穗数、蛋白质含量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量受生态条件的影响最大,面筋指数受基因型的影响最大。仁寿点的穗数及产量均显著低于温江点,但蛋白质含量、沉淀值及湿面筋含量显著高于温江点。仁寿点整体适合中强筋小麦生产,其中,蜀麦482蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值达到强筋小麦标准,玉脉1号达到中筋小麦标准。温江点除玉脉1号沉淀值、湿面筋含量偏高外,其余品种均属于弱筋小麦范畴。增磷可提高丘陵旱地小麦产量,显著提高蛋白质含量,促进川中丘陵旱地小麦的优质高产。研究认为,川西平原地区适宜于发展弱筋小麦生产,川中丘陵适宜发展中强筋小麦生产,适宜的品种为蜀麦482、玉脉1号,配合施用75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2可促进丘陵旱地小麦产量与品质的协同。     

陕西关中小麦品种(系)籽粒品质性状研究

为了给小麦品质评价、品质改良、育种目标制定、优质小麦区划和生产基地建设提供理论依据,对参加关中地区小麦品种区域试验的9年163个品种(系)的籽粒品质性状进行了研究。结果表明,关中地区小麦品种(系)籽粒的千粒重、容重、硬度、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量均较高,但沉淀值较低,蛋白质的质量较差;面团的稳定时间短,软化度较高,评价值较低;关中地区能达到强筋小麦品种标准的品种(品系)仅占8．59％,中筋品种(系)占55．83％。关中地区的小麦品种选育工作还应在提高产量水平的同时,加强对沉淀值和面团稳定时间的选择,以满足优质小麦生产和食品加工对强筋小麦品种的需求。     

黄淮冬麦区小麦品种品质改良现状分析

为了解近年来黄淮冬麦区小麦品种品质改良概况,本文对2000-2009年黄淮冬麦区324个区域试验参试品种（系）的容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋、沉降值、吸水率、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力等品质性状进行了总结,结果表明：黄淮冬麦区小麦籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋平均含量较高,黄淮南片冬水组、春水组和黄淮北片水地组三组参试品种在这两个指标上都达到强筋小麦审定标准,但是面筋强度较差,蛋白质质量不高,表现为稳定时间、沉降值、拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力等性状的值都偏低,特别是黄淮北片在这几个性状值上都低于黄淮南片,导致北片的品质水平低于南片。近年来本麦区加强了对这4个性状的改良,各性状值稳中有升。因此,着重加强蛋白质质量的改良,各个性状综合平衡发展是当前黄淮麦区品质改良的重点。     

氮肥运筹对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响

为筛选不同筋型小麦高产优质栽培的适宜施氮量和施氮比例(基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥),以强筋小麦济麦20、中筋小麦保麦1号和弱筋小麦扬麦15为材料,在高产栽培条件下研究了施氮量及施氮比例对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量或提高小麦生育中后期施氮比例,均能提高三种筋型小麦产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间和稳定时间。三种筋型小麦采用适宜的氮肥运筹均可协同提高产量和改善品质。本试验条件下,强筋小麦济麦20达到高产优质的最优组合为施氮量225kg·hm-2、施氮比例3∶1∶3∶3;中筋小麦保麦1号为施氮量270kg·hm-2、施氮比例3∶1∶3∶3;弱筋小麦扬麦15为施氮量180kg·hm-2、施氮比例5∶1∶2∶2或施氮量225kg·hm-2、施氮比例7∶1∶2∶0。     

2006-2016年河南省小麦区域试验品种（系）的品质性状分析

为了解近年来河南省小麦品种的品质现状及变化规律,对2006-2016年河南省小麦区域试验的749个参试小麦品种（系）的籽粒品质和面粉加工品质指标进行分析。结果表明,参试小麦材料的籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量平均值均较高,能达到或接近强筋小麦的要求,但是稳定时间相对偏低。随年份的推移,容重、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量平均值均呈下降趋势,硬度、吸水率、稳定时间和沉淀指数均呈上升趋势,说明河南省参试小麦品种（系）籽粒的蛋白质质量在逐渐提高。容重、硬度、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量达到国家强筋和中强筋小麦标准的品种较多,稳定时间达到弱筋和中筋标准的品种较多,说明供试小麦品种品质结构发展不平衡。河南省2006-2016年度区试品种（系）以中筋品种为主,其次为中强筋、强筋和弱筋。因此,当前河南省小麦品质改良的重点仍是蛋白质质量的改良、各品质性状平衡协调发展。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).