不同烟草种质材料在水分胁迫下的生理反应

采用盆栽控水试验,初步研究了在水分胁迫下烟草的生理反应及其与抗旱性的关系。结果表明,烟草各生理指标对水分胁迫反应灵敏。在水分胁迫下光合速率下降26.6%~81.1%,蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降23.3%~69.4%,27%~78.7%,胞间CO2浓度上升5.4%~62.8%。试验在水分胁迫下测定了11个烟草种质材料的相关生理指标,由此可划分出不同抗旱性能的材料。     

小麦幼苗水分胁迫应答基因表达谱分析

利用抑制差减杂交技术,分别构建小麦幼苗在水分胁迫1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h条件下的cDNA文库,得到6 733条EST序列。通过对这些序列的组装、比对、注释和分类,初步构建了小麦不同水分胁迫条件下的应答基因表达谱,发现水分胁迫应答基因表达的时间特性及4种表达模式。在648个已知功能注释的uni-gene中,6.17%属转录因子类基因,2.16%为蛋白磷酸酶类基因,4.01%是蛋白激酶类基因,19.90%为避免损伤和修复蛋白类基因,2.0%为大分子保护因子类基因,9.11%为膜蛋白类基因,这些基因可能是抗旱相关的重要基因。     

不同干旱胁迫方式对小麦水分关系和光合作用的影响

离体气干使小麦叶片很快遭受水分胁迫,叶片不产生渗透调节作用,水势和膨压降低较快,从而使叶片净光合率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶肉CO_2导度(G’m)迅速降低;土壤干旱下,叶片水势降低较缓慢,并产生不同程度的渗透调节作用,使膨压得到部分维持,Pn、Gs和Gm’降低幅度减小.两种方式干旱胁迫下,陕合六号叶片持水力和渗透调节大于郑引一号,Pn、Gs和G’m都明显高于郑引一号.因此,陕合六号小麦有较强的耐旱性.     

多胺延缓水分胁迫下小麦幼苗衰老机制的探讨

研究了在土壤自然干旱的水分胁迫条例上，干旱诱导的小麦叶片衰老与小麦叶内源多胺水平之间的关系，结果表明，土壤干旱胁迫促进小麦幼苗衰老，不同处理产内源多胺水平与水分，蛋白质和核酸代谢之间存在一定的相关性，较高的内源多胺水平有利于小麦叶片在水分胁迫过程中保持较好的水分状况，延缓蛋白质和核酸的降解。     

小麦不同生育期水分胁迫对产量的影响及干旱诊断方法初探

两年的盆栽试验表明,小麦孕穗期对水分胁迫最为敏感,其次为开花期.干旱主要是通过减少籽粒数来影响产量的.用红外测温仪测定干旱麦田和湿润麦田的叶丛温差,是诊断小麦干旱之简便而有效的方法.     

水杨酸对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为了明确水杨酸对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗的保护机制,筛选其有效增强小麦幼苗抗旱性的最适施用浓度。选用小麦品种洛旱6号为试验材料,采用室内水培法,观测并测定小麦幼苗在20%聚乙二醇（PEG）胁迫下经不同浓度水杨酸（SA）处理后的形态及生理指标。结果表明,水分胁迫下,外源SA能够提高小麦幼苗可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和氨基酸含量,增强超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,降低超氧阴离子自由基（O₂ ^—.）、双氧水（H₂O₂）含量,减少丙二醛（MDA）积累,促进小麦幼苗地上部生长。施用SA可通过提高小麦幼苗渗透调节能力和抗氧化酶活性来降低活性氧产生速率,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,维持细胞膜的稳定性,缓解水分胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,本试验条件下以0.6mmol/L SA的效果最好。     

水分胁迫下一氧化氮对小麦幼苗根系生长和吸收的影响

以25%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱, 利用一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside, SNP) 处理小麦幼苗, 探讨外源NO对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗根系生长和吸收的影响。结果表明, 50 mol L^-1 SNP可增加小麦主根长度及侧根数目, 分别比对照增加11.94%和83.78%。同时, SNP可使水分胁迫下小麦的根系活力提高55.88%, 根系K⁺ 的含量提高42.52%。膜片钳全细胞电流显示, SNP处理可增强小麦根细胞质膜内向K⁺ 电流, 而NO的专一清除剂c-PTIO可以逆转SNP的上述效应。因此认为, 外源NO可通过提高小麦根系活力, 增强根细胞质膜内向K⁺ 通道的活性, 从而促进根细胞对K⁺ 的吸收以适应水分胁迫。     

水分胁迫下葡萄糖对小麦幼苗光合作用和相关生理特性的影响

以15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫,以不同浓度外源葡萄糖(Glc)处理小麦幼苗,探讨外源Glc对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗生长发育和光合特性的影响。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片水势和光合作用,抑制植株的生长,而水分胁迫下外源Glc处理能明显增加叶片水势和光合色素含量,并使水分胁迫和水分胁迫后复水处理条件下,小麦幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)显著升高,而使蒸腾速率(T_r)下降。同时,外源Glc处理显著提高了水分胁迫下叶片中可溶性糖和脯氨酸的积累,促进不定根和侧根的生长,植株干重比单一干旱处理提高14.32%~40.39%。由此表明,水分胁迫下外源Glc通过促进小麦根系生长和提高叶组织的渗透调节能力,改善叶片的水分状况,提高了叶片的光合功能,促进小麦幼苗的生长,降低了水分胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

干旱胁迫对不同冬小麦品种幼苗期生理特性的影响

研究小麦幼苗时期生理指标等方面的抗旱特性,为今后抗旱小麦新品种的培育提供基础的理论依据。选用5个肥水类型不同的小麦品种,在20% PEG-6000(w/v)水分胁迫条件下,研究不同冬小麦品种幼苗时期的生理抗旱特性,并对幼苗期抗旱生理指标与抗旱指数做了相关性分析。结果表明,在20%的PEG-6000(w/v)渗透胁迫后,5个小麦品种渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均上升,且上升的程度与抗旱性一致;胁迫条件下保护酶系统SOD和POD活性均降低,其中POD活性呈先上升后降低的趋势;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高。与高肥水品种相比,‘青麦7号’和‘鲁麦21’的可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高,随胁迫时间延长增加的幅度大;MDA含量积累的速度以及SOD、POD活性降低的速度较为缓慢。其中,可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性以及POD活性与抗旱性鉴定指标抗旱指数存在极显著相关性,可以作为小麦抗旱性鉴定的早期生理指标。     

萝卜幼苗在盐胁迫下的生理响应研究

旨在研究不同强度的盐胁迫对萝卜幼苗的影响及其生理响应机制,为萝卜的抗盐机制研究和耐盐品种的选育做一些前期研究。在人工基质培养条件下,通过往营养液中加入Na Cl,配置成不同浓度盐溶液(0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L),以此模拟盐胁迫逆境。在幼苗生长方面,随盐分的升高,叶片鲜重、地上部鲜重等7个指标出现明显下降,在盐浓度超过100 mmol/L以后,这些指标都与对照有显著性差异;而地下部鲜重、地下部干重2个指标随盐分增加出现了先升高后下降的趋势。幼苗期的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随盐分升高表现为先降低,后升高,最后再降低的规律。相对叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)呈现升高趋势,可溶性蛋白含量呈现升高趋势,但在200 mmol/L浓度下,迅速下降。盐胁迫抑制萝卜幼苗的生长,并且逆境强度越强,抑制越明显。抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量在盐胁迫下起到了维持细胞膜稳定的作用;相对叶绿素、丙二醛的含量能较好地反映出幼苗受盐害的程度。     

离体小麦叶片干旱胁迫过程中水分生理性状的变化

１９９０,１９９１和１９９３三个年度应用不同基因型,供水,密度和施氮水平在不同生育期对小麦叶片防体失水过程中叶水势,自由水和束缚水量含量及相对电导率等水分生理性状指标变化进行了同步测定分析,研究发现,随离体叶片水分胁迫增强,离体叶片的偿速率的变化与其它水分生理性状的变化基本一致,研究还表明,在失水过程中束缚水含量增加,且基因型间存在差异,可能影响离体叶片失水过程。     

不同种源马尾松幼苗对低磷胁迫的生理响应

对四川眉山(SM)、贵州孟关(GM)、广西桐棉(GT)、福建龙岩(FL)、福建武平(FW)、江西崇义(JC)及湖南汝城(HR)等7个种源的马尾松幼苗在轻度、中度和重度低磷胁迫下生理生化响应进行了研究.结果表明,在低磷胁迫下,不同种源马尾松幼苗叶绿素(a+b)含量呈下降趋势,其中FW下降幅度最大(65.0％),FL降幅最小(20.5％),而类胡萝卜素含量在低磷胁迫下变化较小;随低磷胁迫程度的增加,整体上马尾松幼苗可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐减少,游离脯氨酸含量则变化较复杂.其中,在重度低磷胁迫下,GT可溶性糖含量增加最大,较对照增加了38.9％,GM种源可溶性蛋白含量降幅最大,降低了49.5％,FW种源脯氨酸含量增加最大,为对照处理的3.5倍;MDA含量、POD、SOD及CAT活性等均在低磷胁迫下呈上升趋势,其中,SM种质在不同低磷胁迫间MDA含量无显著差异.除GT、JC及HR外,其余种源马尾松在轻度和中度低磷胁迫下根系活力上升.以上结果表明,马尾松通过降低叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量以及根系活力,增加MDA、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量,提高POD、SOD、CAT活性来应对低磷胁迫.     

盐和水分胁迫对不同荞麦品种生理特性的影响

以甜荞（平荞2号）和苦荞（黔苦2号）为实验材料,研究NaCl和等渗PEG对荞麦根系活力、质膜透性、MDA含量及净光合速率的影响。低盐度处理时两种荞麦根系活力明显增强,苦荞增加幅度较大,甜荞根部和叶片质膜透性及MDA含量明显增加,苦荞叶片净光合速率明显增加;高盐度处理时两种荞麦根系活力仍保持较高的水平,甜荞根部和叶片质膜透性及MDA含量增加幅度明显大于苦荞,甜荞叶片净光合速率明显下降且下降幅度明显大于等渗PEG处理,而苦荞叶片净光合速率与对照无明显差异。说明质膜透性、MDA含量和净光合速率是荞麦抗逆性敏感生理指标,苦荞的耐胁迫性大于甜荞。     

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Hexaploid and Tetraploid Wheat to Drought Stress

An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of two hexaploids viz., C 306 (water stress tolerant) and Hira (water stress susceptible), and two tetraploids, HW 24 (Triticum dicoccum) and A 9‐30‐1 (Triticum durum) wheat genotypes to water stress under pot culture condition. Water stress was imposed for a uniform period of 10 days at 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) and observations were recorded at 60, 70 and 80 DAS. Total dry matter and plant height were recorded at harvest. Water stress caused a decline in relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, membrane stability and nitrate reductase activity and increased accumulation of proline at all stages and abscisic acid (ABA) at 80 DAS in all the genotypes. Both the tetraploids showed a lower reduction in RWC and highest ABA accumulation under water stress. Among the hexaploids Hira showed the most decline in RWC and the lowest ABA accumulation. The tetraploids also showed comparatively higher carotenoid content and membrane stability, closely followed by C 306, while Hira showed the minimum response under water stress. Nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content under irrigated conditions were highest in Hira but under water stress the lowest per cent decline was observed in C 306, followed by HW 24, A 9‐30‐1, and Hira. Proline accumulation under water stress conditions was highest in hexaploids C 306 and Hira and lowest in tetraploids HW 24 and A 9‐30‐1. Tetraploids HW 24, followed by A 9‐30‐1 maintained higher plant height and total dry matter (TDM) under water stress and also showed a lower per cent decline under stress than hexaploids C 306 and Hira. From the results it is clear that proline accumulation did not contribute to better drought tolerance of tetraploids than hexaploids. It is also apparent that water stress tolerance is the result of the cumulative action of various physiological processes, and all the parameters/processes may not be positively associated with the drought tolerance of a particular tolerant genotype.     

水分胁迫对不同抗旱性燕麦品种根部生理特性的影响

为了了解燕麦抗旱生理机制,以抗旱性不同的燕麦品种‘蒙燕1号’和‘坝莜3号’为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,研究拔节期和抽穗期水分胁迫对不同抗旱性燕麦品种根部生理特性的影响。结果表明,在拔节期抗旱品种‘蒙燕1号’在重度胁迫下根部可溶性蛋白合成受抑制,弱抗品种‘坝莜3号’在中度胁迫下就受到抑制,在抽穗期随着水分胁迫加剧,弱抗品种‘坝莜3号’可溶性蛋白含量下降幅度大于抗旱品种‘蒙燕1号’;在2个生育时期,可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和相对电导率均随胁迫梯度加剧而升高;重度胁迫下丙二醛(MDA)在拔节期和抽穗期,‘蒙燕1号’分别上升了39.79%、14.88%,而‘坝莜3号’分别上升了188%、45.98%;在拔节期重度胁迫下,‘蒙燕1号’的POD活性上升27.4%,而‘坝莜3号’上升了98%;抽穗期,在中度胁迫下‘坝莜3号’品种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降33.16%,而‘蒙燕1号’品种仍维持较高水平仅下降4.05%。综合分析表明,拔节期,中度胁迫下抗旱品种‘蒙燕1号’的根部生理特性受影响较小,具有较优的抗旱生理特性。     

4个品系橡胶树实生苗叶片及根系对水分胁迫的反应

运用聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫的方法,研究了水分胁迫对不同品系橡胶树根系水流导度（Lpr）、根系活力和叶片水分饱和亏缺变化的影响。结果表明：水分胁迫对橡胶树根系水力学导度、根系活力和叶片水分饱和亏缺产生明显影响,随着水分胁迫时间的延长,根系水力学导度逐渐下降,根系活力呈现先增加后下降,叶片水分饱和亏缺逐渐增加的趋势。从橡胶树根系水导与根系活力在水分胁迫下的下降程度和叶片维持水分平衡的能力来看,GT1对水分胁迫的抵御与适应能力相对较强,其次是PR107﹥RRIM600,PB86忍耐水分胁迫最弱。     

Effect of Water Stress on Physiological Attributes and their Relationship with Growth and Yield of Wheat Cultivars at Different Stages

The effects of water stress on physiological attributes of drought‐sensitive (Kalyansona) and drought‐tolerant (C‐306) wheat cultivars were studied in a pot experiment. Water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation at boot and anthesis stages. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor potential (measured with pressure chamber and osmometer), as well as leaf diffusive resistance, leaf transpiration rate and leaf‐to‐air transpiration gradient (measured with a steady‐state porometer) were measured diurnally. Growth and yield parameters were recorded after harvesting of the crop. Triplicate data were analysed using a completely randomized design and correlations amongst these parameters were computed. Water stress was found to reduce diurnal leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential in both the genotypes but leaf osmotic potential was significantly higher in the drought‐tolerant cultivar C‐306 than in the drought‐sensitive cultivar Kalyansona. Positive turgor was recorded in both the genotypes under water stress and non‐stress conditions. Water‐stressed plants showed significantly lower turgor potential than control plants. In diurnal observations, water‐stressed plants exhibited significantly higher leaf diffusive resistance in both genotypes at both stages. The diffusive resistance of C‐306 was predominantly higher than that of Kalyansona. Water stress decreased leaf transpiration rate at both stages but the reduction was higher at the anthesis stage. The leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient was much higher in C‐306 than in Kalyansona at the boot stage but at the anthesis stage genotypic variation was non‐significant. The capacity to maintain cooler foliage was lower at the anthesis stage than at the boot stage in both the cultivars. Shoot dry weight, number of grains, test weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased to a greater extent when water stress was imposed at the anthesis stage, while imposition of water stress at the boot stage caused a greater reduction in plant height and number of tillers. Similarly, water stress caused a smaller reduction in growth, yield and yield attributes in C‐306 than in Kalyansona. In general, the correlation coefficient of grain and biological yield with water potential and its components was positive and highly significant. Similarly, turgor potential was also correlated positively and significantly with grain yield at both the stages, but with biological yield it was significant only at the anthesis stage. A negative and significant correlation was obtained for diffusive resistance and leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient with grain yield at the boot and anthesis stages. The rate of transpiration was also positively and significantly correlated to grain and biological yields at both the stages. Amongst the yield attributes, number of leaves and number of tillers were positively correlated at the anthesis stage, whereas leaf area and shoot dry weight were significantly correlated with grain and biological yields at both the stages.