具有仿生条纹结构的内燃机活塞疲劳特性回归分析

活塞不仅是内燃机的主要运动部件而且工作环境最为恶劣。该文通过对活塞形态的改进,来提高活塞减磨、降阻的效用,以延长活塞的疲劳寿命。首先针对内燃机实际工况确定机械和热边界条件,然后对活塞进行热-机耦合仿真分析,观察其应力、应变和变形情况。受到与内燃机活塞运动情况接近的土壤动物蚯蚓的减阻、耐磨体表结构的启发,根据受试活塞外形尺寸,将宏观形态的仿生条纹和通孔设计加工在活塞裙部表面,以达到减磨、散热、提高活塞疲劳寿命的目的。活塞热-机耦合分析结果表明其整体受力为不均匀分布,基于此该文改进研究了变尺寸排布的仿生条纹深度、宽度、列间距。采用三水平三因素正交表制定9种仿生活塞试验方案,采用部分正交多项式回归设计对仿生活塞热-机耦合分析和疲劳寿命预测结果进行对比并优化仿生结构。选取3个最优活塞和标准活塞进行台架试验。最终发现仿生活塞比标准活塞疲劳寿命平均提高了8.8%,磨损量平均减小了90%,顶部温度平均降低了5%。该研究为活塞形态优化改进和延长内燃机整机疲劳寿命提供了参考。     

发动机液压自由活塞下止点运动机理

为实现对单活塞液压自由活塞发动机工作频率的精确控制,掌握液压自由活塞下止点运动规律是基础,基于系统基本原理,研究了活塞下止点运动规律的数学模型。通过建立数学仿真模型和试验系统,研究了液压自由活塞在下止点的运动规律及其影响因素。结果表明,活塞下止点运动过程包括反向加速和正向减速过程,活塞到达下止点后的反弹距离主要由该过程决定,活塞下止点运动过程中的反向加速力来自泵腔和压缩腔压力。系统压缩腔压力变化规律可控是工作频率精确控制的基础,压力变化规律控制要考虑活塞运动状态和单向阀的阀芯动作规律的影响。     

自由活塞发动机进气及压缩终了缸内气体流动特性分析

为组织好自由活塞发动机缸内气体流动,以提高可燃混合气混合质量,进而改善发动机燃烧质量,依据自由活塞运动特点,建立自由活塞发动机系统仿真模型,采用数值模拟方法对进气冲程和压缩冲程缸内流场进行仿真研究。分析结果表明,在进气冲程和压缩冲程时间之和一定情况下,进气冲程活塞运动快慢对进气终了缸内工质运动强度影响不大;快速压缩可提高压缩终了缸内工质运动强度,压缩终了单位质量湍动能在压缩冲程时间占进气冲程时间与压缩冲程时间总和45%时高达4.883 m2/(s2·kg),比压缩冲程时间占进气冲程时间与压缩冲程时间总和55%时高40%。采用慢进气快压缩的活塞运动规律,增大了压缩终了缸内流场运动强度,有利于火焰传播。该研究为组织缸内气体流动提供参考,对提高发动机性能具有重要意义。     

柴油机活塞二阶运动对内冷油腔机油振荡流动与传热的影响

柴油机活塞的二阶运动不仅影响活塞侧击力、摩擦磨损、机油耗和漏气量,而且还对活塞内冷油腔内机油的振荡流动与传热性能产生影响。在活塞动力学与运动学分析的基础上,结合活塞内冷油腔内的振荡传热性能模拟试验结果,采用计算流体力学仿真方法,建立了包含往复运动与二阶运动的计算流体力学仿真模型,研究了活塞二阶运动对内冷油腔内机油的振荡流动与传热性能的影响规律。研究结果发现,二阶运动的径向运动主要影响内冷油腔中机油的振荡流动,偏摆运动主要影响内冷油腔的瞬时换热性能。二阶运动使内冷油腔的瞬时充油率降低,循环平均降低4.6%。对油腔壁面的瞬时换热性能影响很大,最大的变化幅值为24.9%。对于整个换热过程,虽然充油率降低,但平均换热系数变化不大。因此,二阶运动对内冷油腔综合换热性能的影响可以忽略不计。该研究可为耐高温高强度铝合金活塞的设计提供理论和技术参考。     

活塞弹性变形对活塞二阶运动及裙部润滑特性的影响

为揭示活塞弹性变形对活塞二阶运动及裙部润滑特性的影响规律,基于有限元法建立活塞和缸套的结构动力学模型,耦合活塞二阶运动方程及裙部流体动力润滑模型,分析活塞弹性对活塞二阶运动和裙部润滑特性的影响。结果表明:不同曲轴转角下活塞主、次推力面的变形不同,做功行程中变形明显,而且最大变形量出现的区域随曲轴转角的变化而改变;考虑活塞弹性变形后,活塞二阶运动一般比不考虑活塞弹性变形有所增加,在压缩和做功行程中增加明显;活塞裙部的最小油膜厚度增加,而总摩擦功耗降低,做功行程中两者变化明显;油膜压力场峰值出现位置及油膜压力分布规律改变,油膜压力场峰值减小。该研究为活塞裙部型线设计及配缸间隙选择提供参考。     

基于CFD的离心泵优化设计与试验

为了提高离心泵的效率,以叶轮效率最大为优化目标进行优化设计。对叶轮进行参数化设计,以实现叶轮几何形状的自动控制以及为优化计算提供优化变量。选择控制叶片积叠线周向定位的2个参数作为优化变量,以?3°～3°作为优化变量的约束范围。利用人工神经网络的学习功能,建立了目标函数与优化变量之间的映射关系。采用遗传算法寻找目标函数的最优值,得到优化变量约束范围内的最优叶轮模型。数值计算结果表明：在设计流量点1 200 m3/h时,优化后叶轮的效率较优化前提高了4.02个百分点,离心泵的效率提高了4.41个百分点,扬程提升了2.63 m。针对非设计工况点性能改善不明显这一问题,对原始蜗壳进行重新设计并与优化叶轮组合进行数值计算。在设计工况点效率提高了1.59%,在1.2倍设计工况点处效率提升了9.93%,在1.4倍设计工况点处效率提升了8.83%;较原始叶轮与原始蜗壳的组合,在设计工况点泵的效率提高了6%,在1.2倍设计工况点点效率提高了9.2%,在1.4倍设计工况点点效率提高了8.59%。优化拓宽了水泵运行的高效区,增强了泵的运行稳定性,离心泵的性能得到了优化,叶轮与蜗壳之间的匹配更合理。该研究对离心泵的优化设计提供了参考。     

基于离散时间纹波控制的太阳能最大功率点跟踪算法

为了提高光伏太阳能转换率,拓展传统纹波控制技术的应用,该文提出了离散时间纹波控制算法,通过对纹波控制技术的离散化处理,将最大功率点跟踪控制问题转换为离散采样-控制问题。以太阳能板输出电压为状态量,在其处于极大值和极小值时对系统进行采样;随后采取离散时间纹波控制算法使系统快速追踪到系统的最大功率点。该文在Simulink系统中对离散时间纹波控制算法进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,在1 000和200 W/cm2,25℃的条件下,算法均可以快速准确地追踪到太阳能系统的最大功率点,追踪精度高达96%;在外部环境由1 000变为200 W/cm2时,系统能够在0.1 s内准确地追踪到新的最大功率点。     

灌溉输配水系统明满流的全隐式耦合模拟及验证

准确合理地模拟具有自由表面的渠/管道明流和具有压力的管道满流运动过程,是设计、评价和管理灌区输配水系统的基础.为此,该文基于Preissmann窄缝法的概念,采用Saint-Venant方程组描述灌溉输配水系统的明满流过程,在交错空间离散单元格上,建立了基于全隐式标量耗散有限体积法的明满流耦合模拟模型.借助标准的室内物理模型观测数据和石家庄冶河灌区山尹村试验站野外原型观测数据,对模型的模拟效果进行了验证.结果表明,与基于显式向量耗散有限体积法建立的模型相比,该文建立的明满流耦合模拟模型具有类似的模拟精度,但水量平衡误差在室内和野外试验条件下仅为前者的13%和1.2%,且计算效率提高了约5.2倍;与基于四点偏心有限差分法建立的模型相比,模拟精度显著提高,水量平衡误差在室内和野外试验条件下仅为前者的7.6%和0.6%,且效率提高了1.3倍,故该文建立的模型有效克服了已有模型无法统一模拟精度和效率的缺陷,更适于实际工程问题,为灌区输配水系统的设计优化和管理评价提供了数值模拟方法.     

基于膨胀比的自由活塞发动机理想热力循环分析

为提高传统发动机的热效率,降低燃料消耗成本,减少尾气排放,该文建立了基于增压中冷和Atkinson循环的四冲程自由活塞发动机理想热力循环模型,着重分析了膨胀比对自由活塞发动机热力过程的影响,提出了膨胀极限的概念,通过数值模拟方法对膨胀比与发动机热效率关系进行了仿真研究和试验验证,结果表明,通过增大膨胀比可使发动机的热效率提高10%;膨胀终了温度降低500K以上。研究结果可为自由活塞发动机在混合动力车辆上的应用提供参考。     

比例施肥泵吸肥活塞结构优化与试验

为了提高比例施肥泵的注肥精度,该研究分析了吸液活塞的工作原理,采用二次回归正交组合试验对关键结构参数进行优化,以吸液活塞下端直径、泄流槽宽度以及泄流槽深度为变量,以注入流量为响应指标,建立多元回归模型,并通过试验进行验证。结果表明：在不同压差和设定肥液注入比例下,比例施肥泵的实际肥液注入比例均低于设定肥液注入比例。压差在0.15 MPa以下时,随着设定肥液注入比例的升高,实际肥液注入比例与设定肥液注入比例的偏差减小,采用较高的设定肥液注入比例有利于提高注肥精度。吸液活塞下端直径、泄流槽宽度、泄流槽深度对注入流量都有显著影响（P＜0.01）。注入流量随着吸液活塞下端直径和泄流槽深度的增大而先升高后降低,随泄流槽宽度的增大而增大。对注入流量的影响顺序从大到小依次为泄流槽宽度、泄流槽深度、吸液活塞下端直径。优化后的吸液活塞下端直径为16.6 mm、泄流槽宽度为5.5 mm和泄流槽深度为3.7 mm,工作压差为0.05、0.10和0.15 MPa时的注肥精度分别提高了3.33、1.67和7.29个百分点。研究结果可为比例施肥泵的优化设计及实际应用提供理论支持。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.