“螨虱灵+贝尼尔+伊维菌素”联合用药对牛场寄生虫驱除效果观察

文章通过"螨虱灵+贝尼尔+伊维菌素"联合用药方案,观察试验对牛体内外寄生虫的驱除效果。结果可见:"螨虱灵+贝尼尔+伊维菌素"联合用药组,用药后血液原虫的(在用药后7天与30天)感染率减少到50%与0%;线虫的感染率(在用药后7天与60天)减少到10%与0%。体表寄生虫的感染率(在用药后7天与20天)减少到10%。     

牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术试验示范

为评价埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂的驱虫效果与对牦牛线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范应用效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的牦牛150头,设埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/kg体重剂量组和埃谱利诺菌素注射剂对照组,进行驱虫效果评价;按0.5mg/kg体重剂量进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益。结果:药效试验中埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5 mg/kg对牦牛消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为96.7%和99.3%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和97.8%;0.6 mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0%;0.4mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为83.0%,减少率为90.4%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为76.7%和88.9%。在冬季应用埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂按0.5 mg/kg体重剂量对牦牛进行规模防治技术示范,近期防治示范群牦牛消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为96.7%,虫卵减少率为97.7%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为93.3%和97.6%。远期防治效果达88.5%。同期检查未防治对照组牦牛虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加。埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg剂量试验组给药后第1d牦牛体表的牛颚虱活力减弱;第3d牛颚虱大部分死亡干瘪,部分虫体处于麻痹状态,活力较差;第7d检查牛颚虱全部死亡干瘪,杀灭率达100%;0.4mg/kg剂量,第3、7d检查杀灭效果次于上述剂量。而未防治的对照组牦牛上述外寄生虫活力旺盛,感染情况与给药前无明显变化。检查技术示范群比未示范群每头成年牦牛平均多增重或少减重5.76kg、幼年牛成活率平均提高2.51个百分点。结果表明该防治技术对牦牛主要寄生虫病高效安全低残留,效益显著。     

吐尔尕特口岸区域牛、羊体内寄生虫调查研究

为掌握吐尔尕特口岸区域内牛、羊体内寄生虫情况,采用常规剖检法,对吐尔尕特口岸范围内的6头牦牛、14只绵羊作为调查对象进行体内寄生虫检查,经检查绵羊感染寄生虫13只,从绵羊体内检出寄生虫9种,感染率92.8%,牦牛感染寄生虫6头,牦牛体内检出4种,感染率100%。证明口岸区域内牛、羊寄生虫感染率较高,其中牛、羊棘球蚴、细颈囊尾蚴、肝片吸虫为人畜共患病,对今后进一步加强口岸范围内动物寄生虫病的疫情监测和当地牛羊出口检验检疫工作提供了依据。     

依普菌素搽背剂对牦牛寄生虫的驱除效果研究

为选择适应于高寒牧区放牧牦牛大群驱除体内外寄生虫的理想剂型,在青海玉树曲麻莱牦牛养殖户选取120头0.5、1.5岁牦牛随机分为3组,其中试验1组(50头)用依普菌素搽背剂按0.5mg/kg体重剂量经背部皮肤浇泼给药,试验2组(50头)用伊维菌素注射剂按0.2mg/kg体重剂量经皮下注射给药,试验3组为空白对照组。对三组各20头1.5岁牦牛给药前和给药后20d时消化道线虫虫卵进行粪检,同时对药物的安全性进行评价;翌年5月底对全部试验牛进行牛皮蝇蛆驱除效果检查。结果显示,试验1、2组消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为90%和85%;虫卵减少率分别为98.74%和98.77%;1、2组对牛颚虱杀虫率均达100%,对照组体内外寄生虫均无明显变化;两试验组牦牛皮蝇蛆病治愈率均为98%,而对照组的感染率为100%,平均感染强度为10.9(2~21)。依普菌素搽背剂对牦牛皮蝇幼虫的驱虫率达99.54%。结果表明,依普菌素搽背剂0.5mg/kg剂量安全,驱虫效果可信,可在高寒牧区牦牛体内外寄生虫驱虫工作中推广应用。     

用虫克星片防治牛皮蝇

牛皮蝇是严重危害牦牛的一种寄生虫病,以往用倍硫磷防治,使成年牦牛的感染率得到了有效控制,但此药对草木有污染,国家禁用.且应用此药,幼年牛的感染率仍然呈上升趋势.从2000年10月份开始,用虫克星片对1～2岁幼年牦牛进行防治牛皮蝇试验效果观察.现报道如下.     

青海部分地区牛羊蜱等外寄生虫调查

为了了解青海部分地区牛羊外寄生虫的感染情况,我们用随机抽样法对海晏等8县(市)的55头牛和119只羊进行了调查,结果发现6种外寄生虫,属于2纲3目4科4属,感染率分别为草原革蜱21.43%,牛颚虱15.80%,牛皮蝇(蛆)57.14%;羊的草原革蜱44.25%,羊蜱蝇46.22%,足颚虱37.5%,绵羊颚虱16.07%。     

青海省海南州兴海县牦牛寄生虫病流行情况调查

为了摸清青海省海南藏族自治州兴海县牦牛寄生虫感染现状,进而更好地为防治牦牛寄生虫病提供依据,采用寄生虫学完全剖检法、触摸法、血清学检查法和粪检法等方法,对兴海县12头牦牛进行寄生虫区系调查。结果显示:共检出寄生虫70种,隶属于4门6纲14目22科32属,其中线虫36种、绦虫蚴3种、绦虫2种、吸虫5种、原虫16种、节肢动物7种。优势虫种为奥利春细颈线虫、普通奥斯特线虫、达呼尔奥斯特线虫、草原革蜱、尖交合刺细颈线虫、牛颚虱、和田古柏线虫、珠纳(卓拉)古柏线虫、武威鞭虫、中华皮蝇蛆、美丽筒线虫、斯氏奥斯特线虫、艾氏毛圆线虫、牛毛细线虫、黑山古柏线虫、栉状古柏线虫、牛仰口线虫、辐射食道口线虫、肝片吸虫、牦牛住肉孢子虫。结果表明:兴海地区牦牛寄生虫混合感染多种内、外寄生虫,感染率高。     

青海省牛隐孢子虫感染状况的调查研究

对青海省牦牛、奶牛和黄牛的281份牛粪样进行隐孢子虫检查,发现隐孢子虫感染率为36.65%,其中牦牛为39.74%、黄牛为35.00%、奶牛为32.73%。犊牛感染率高于成年牛,暖季感染率高于冷季。     

榆林某牛场肉牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

研究旨在了解榆林某牛场肉牛寄生虫感染情况。试验随机采集54份榆林某牛场肉牛新鲜粪便,通过饱和食盐水漂浮法、离心沉淀法、斯陶尔氏虫卵计数法对该牛场肉牛寄生虫感染种类、感染率及感染强度进行检测。结果显示,该牛场肉牛寄生虫感染率为53.7%,其中犊牛寄生虫感染率为92.9%,成年牛寄生虫感染率为40.0%。肉牛感染线虫、绦虫、吸虫、球虫的感染率分别为42.6%、25.9%、0、40.7%,线虫、绦虫、球虫的平均感染强度分别为434、90、264个/g,且存在混合感染,两重感染率为33.3%,三重感染率为11.1%。研究表明,该牛场内感染寄生虫种类以线虫和球虫为主,不同年龄肉牛寄生虫感染率存在差异,犊牛感染率远高于成年牛。该牛场应加强对寄生虫病的预防和治疗。     

天祝白牦牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了了解天祝白牦牛肠道寄生虫感染情况,笔者拟采用离心沉淀法、饱和盐水漂浮法及抗酸染色法对天祝3个采样点共252份白牦牛粪样展开调查。结果显示:天祝白牦牛肠道寄生虫感染率达100%,混合感染率达68.5%。共检出3种肠道寄生虫,以球虫与圆线虫为优势虫种,其感染率分别为75.4%和87%,且犊牛球虫感染率较成年牛高。阳性粪便中虫卵与卵囊均以轻度感染为主。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.