Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum...     

Milkweed seed wing removal to improve oil extraction

Milkweed is now being grown commercially mainly for the production of floss used as hypoallergenic fillers in pillows and comforters. More recently, the use of milkweed seed oil in soaps and personal care products is being explored. The oil used in this effort was obtained by screw pressing whole milkweed seeds. The milkweed seed has a considerable amount of paper-thin wing around the edge of the hull. The light wing contributes greatly to the low bulk density of the seeds and the efficiency of oil extraction. This study explored the feasibility of removing the wings from the seeds to reduce the amount of material going into oil extraction. Hand-fractionation of the seeds showed that the wings, hulls, and kernel accounted for 12.2%, 51.2%, and 36.5% of the seed weight, respectively. The wing contained 1% of the total oil. Most of the oil is in the kernel (73%), but a significant amount is also found in the hulls (22.4%). Mechanical removal of seed wing was evaluated using an impact huller. Seeds (1 kg) with 4%, 7.2%, and 10% moisture were passed through the huller running at 1250 and 1750 rpm impeller speeds. The seeds discharged from the huller were screened to separate the intact seeds and partially dewinged seeds, dewinged seeds, and fines. Seed wings were effectively removed at seed moisture contents and impeller speed combinations of 7% and 1250 rpm or 10% and 1700 rpm. This was verified using 100 kg seeds. Removing the wings reduced the weight of the seeds by 13%, reduced the volume by 46%, and increased the bulk density by 63% while losing less than 5% of the total oil. The oil content of the dewinged seeds was 16.6% higher than the whole seeds. These reductions in seed weight and volume can significantly increase the output of the oil extraction equipment.     

90份油棕种质资源主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为了对油棕种质资源进行深入、高效的利用,本研究对新引进的9个油棕品种,90份油棕种质资源的20个农艺性状进行田间观测和记录,分析其遗传多样性及亲缘关系。结果表明：90份材料果穗重的遗传多样性指数最高（3.26）,最小的为果实形状（0.865）。不同性状的变异系数不同,最大的为果穗重（43.99）,茎高的变异系数最小（10.41）。通过主成分分析提取了5个主要因子,分别为株高、果穗重、果实总重量、果肉含油率及种仁含油率,累计贡献率为70.272%。通过聚类分析,将供试材料分为4大类群,其中类群I的36份油棕材料总体表现为矮株、矮茎、产油量高、棕榈油品质较好的品种,是选育高含油量、高品质棕榈油的理想材料。     

Quality attributes and storage stability of locally and mechanically extracted crude palm oils in selected communities in Rivers and Bayelsa States,Nigeria

The effect of different extraction methods on the qualityof crude palm oil processed using traditional (local) and mechanical methods in selected areas of Rivers and BayelsaStates and their storage stability were investigated.Certain quality determining parameters such as free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), saponification value (SV),moisture, impurities and volatile matter (MIV) content weredetermined prior to and after storage for three months. The free fatty acids (FFA) ranged from 7 to 19 percent, peroxidevalue (PV) ranged from 3 mEq/kg to 6 mEq/kg and moisture, impurity and volatile matter (MIV) ranged from 0.21 to 0.64 percent for locally extracted crude palm oil samples and mechanically extracted crude palm oil samples. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the FFA of samples A and E before and after storage for 3 months. Also two of thelocally extracted crude samples (A and E) stored better whileone of the samples (D) showed a high level of deteriorationas shown in its high levels of FFA, PV and IV values. SamplesA and E resulted in a better quality of oil in terms of FFA (av. 7.25%) and PV (av. 4.5 meg/kg) when compared to the mechanically extracted one (sample C) with FFA (10.0%) and PV (5.78 mEq/kg). However, all the locally and mechanically extracted crude palm oil samples could not meet the industrial and international standard quality for crude palm with FFA (2–5%) and PV (2–3.5 mEq/kg). Among the three different storage containers used under different storage conditions, plastic containers (PC) resulted in a better storage stability of the crude palm oils in terms of FFA, SV, and IV than transparent bottles stored on shelves (TBS) and amber-coloredbottles stored on the bare floor (BPF).     

Degradation of ricin in castor seed meal by temperature and chemical treatment

Oil from the seed of the castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is an important commodity for a number of industries, ranging from pharmaceuticals to renewable energy resources. However, the seed and subsequent seed meal contain ricin (RCA₆₀), a potent cytotoxin, making it an unusable product. In order to investigate the efficiency of previously researched methods of reducing the toxicity of the meal, cold-pressed oil extracted seed meal known to contain ricin was boiled in the presence of 50 mM calcium hydroxide (pH 12.5). However, boiling of this seed meal in the presence of calcium hydroxide produced no significant difference from boiling alone. Therefore, heat and chemical treatments were performed to determine their effects on the denaturation of the ricin within whole seed, milled un-extracted seed, and cold-pressed extracted seed. Boiling and autoclaving showed varying degrees of effectiveness depending on the sample type. Ricin within the cold-pressed extracted meal was rendered unresponsive to antibody probing after 10 min of boiling or autoclaving. In contrast, treatment of cold-pressed extracted meal with 8 M urea and 6 M guanidine–HCl for 60 min produced no observable reduction in the response of the ricin to the antibody. Critically, hot pressing of the castor seed produced meal that exhibited no reactivity with the antibody, indicating that the ricin had been denatured during the oil extraction. By removing the toxic component of the castor meal, this by-product could create a new commodity from the production of castor oil, thereby making castor oil production more profitable.     

Synthesis of a base-stock for electrical insulating fluid based on palm kernel oil

This report presents a method for synthesizing base-stock for green industrial product from a vegetable oil with a high composition of unsaturated fatty acids. Epoxy methyl ester of palm kernel oil was synthesized from laboratory purified palm kernel oil using a two-step reaction and the products were used as a base-stock for green electrical insulation fluid. Epoxidized palm kernel oil was first prepared through epoxidation reaction involving purified palm kernel oil, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of amberlite as catalyst which lasted for 4 h. It was then followed by transesterification reaction involving the epoxidized product and methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst to synthesize the corresponding epoxy methyl ester. The thermal and electrical breakdown properties of the epoxy methyl ester demonstrated significantly improved properties for its use as raw material for bio-based industrial products such as electrical insulation fluids.     

Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of palm amino acid surfactant using response surface methodology (RSM)

Amino acid surfactants are high-value surfactants which have excellent emulsifying characteristics and minimal toxicity to the living body. Enzymatic synthesis of palm kernel amino acid surfactant was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using palm kernel olein (PKO) and l(+)-lysine catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. The reaction was performed in batch mode stirred tank reactor (STR) with one multi-bladed impeller. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the interactive effects of various parameters. The parameters were temperature (A): (40.00–70.00 °C), impeller speed (B): (100.00–400.00 rpm), substrates ratio (C): (1.00–4.00 mmol) and enzyme amount (D): (5.00–8.00 g). The optimum condition derived via RSM at fixed reaction time of 24 h was temperature; 47.50 °C, impeller speed; 323.96 rpm, substrates ratio; 3.25 mmol and enzyme amount; 7.25 g. The experimental yield was 89.03% under the optimum condition, which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 93.77%.     

Microwave pretreatment: A clean and dry method for palm oil production

The present study shows that microwave pretreatment coupled with solvent extraction is a clean and dry process for the production of crude palm oil (CPO). The results indicate that palm fruits microwave heated for 3 min achieved oil yield comparable to the conventional and commercial palm oil milling process with an average of 20%. Fatty acid composition (FAC) of the CPO produced shows an increment in lauric acid (C12:0) as the duration of microwave exposure increases. Due to the absence of wet-heat treatment or sterilization process, the resultant palm oil also exhibits desirable and very low free fatty acid (FFA) (0.26%) and moisture content (0.05%). The current approach has also provided surprisingly high vitamin E and carotenes content. The highest concentration of vitamin E (2345 ppm) and carotene content (1585 ppm) was recorded for palm fruits subjected to microwave for 2 min. It shows that under the investigated conditions in the present study, the quality of CPO produced using microwave treatment coupled with hexane extraction possesses superior qualities compared to the conventional palm oil milling process.     

超临界CO_2提取人参籽油工艺研究及人参籽油脂肪酸组成分析

该研究以人参籽为原料,采用超临界CO2流体技术萃取人参籽油,通过正交试验优化了萃取人参籽油工艺参数,再将其与通过冷榨法及溶剂法提取的人参籽油进行对比,测定和比较了不同工艺制取的人参籽油的脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,在萃取压力26MPa、萃取温度50℃、萃取时间2 h工艺条件下,人参籽油得率为16.2%。经检测,人参籽油脂肪酸组成为不饱和脂肪酸占99%以上,其中油酸含量极高,可达73.93%。通过不同制取方法所得到的人参籽油的脂肪酸组成分析表明,超临界CO2萃取法与溶剂萃取法所提取人参籽油的脂肪酸明显多于压榨法的脂肪酸成分;且超临界CO2萃取法具有无有机化学试剂残留的明显优势,因此,是未来人参籽油提取中可以应用的一种绿色环保的提取工艺和技术。     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cuphea seed oil

Cuphea seed oil (CSO) is a potential domestic source of medium chain fatty acids. Although CSO has been obtained using solvent extraction and screw pressing, both methods suffer from disadvantages. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction is a promising alternative extraction technology. It is a very effective means to extract vegetable oils, non-toxic, non-flammable, easy to separate from extracts (i.e., no solvent residues) and there are no solvent disposal costs. This research compared SC-CO₂ and soxtec petroleum ether for the extraction of CSO. The CSO yield for the petroleum ether was 29.7% while the SC-CO₂ was 28.1%. The free fatty acid content for the SC-CO₂ extract was only 8.8% while the petroleum ether extract was 15.0%. The acid values were also much higher for the petroleum ether extract (i.e., 29.8) than for the SC-CO₂ extract (i.e., 17.4). The Gardner color of the SC-CO₂ extract was determined to be 2+ while the color of the petroleum ether soxtec extract could not be determined because it was very dark due to the presence of chlorophyll. Although the two extraction methods differed slightly in their individual fatty acid compositions, the magnitudes of the differences were inconsequential. This research demonstrated that CSO can be effectively extracted using SC-CO₂ at a relatively low temperature and pressure (i.e., 50 °C and 20.7 MPa) to give a very high quality oil. Cuphea seed oil's status as a specialty oil and its corresponding higher value make its extraction using SC-CO₂ an economically viable option.     

Determination of oil palm fresh fruit bunch ripeness—Based on flavonoids and anthocyanin content

Non-destructive and real-time oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) grading systems are of major exploratory concern for researchers in the oil palm industry. The objective is to reduce time, labour, costs, and most importantly, to increase the oil extraction rate, in order to achieve a good quality of palm oil at a more acceptable price. This research investigates the potential of flavonoids and anthocyanins as a predictor to classify the degree of oil palm FFB ripeness. This paper also discusses the relationship between these predictors and the ripeness categories period. One hundred and eighty oil palm FFB samples were collected from a private plantation in Malaysia, according to three maturity categories i.e., ripe, under-ripe, and over-ripe. Each sample was randomly scanned 10 times, both front and back using a hand-held Multiplex^®3 multi-parameter fluorescence sensor. The results show that flavonoid and anthocyanin content decreased from immature to over mature oil palm FFBs. Overall, the relationship using Pearson's correlation between flavonoids and anthocyanins was r² = 0.84 and the most outstanding relationship accuracy was at the over-ripe stage, at 90%. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and pair-wise testing proved that both predictors gave significance difference between under-ripe, ripe, and over-ripe maturity categories. This shows that both predictors can be good indicators to classify oil palm FFB. Classification analysis was performed by using both predictors together and separately through several methods. The highest overall classification accuracy was 87.7% using a Stochastic Gradient Boosting Trees model and with both predictors. The other classification methods used either independent or both predictors together and gave various results ranging from 50 to 85% accuracy. This research proves that flavonoids and anthocyanins can be used as predictors of oil palm maturity classification.     

Extraction of pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) seed oil by full pressing

Pennycress is currently being developed as an oilseed crop for biofuel production. Pennycress seeds harvested from a field near Peoria, Illinois, provided our first opportunity to conduct an oil extraction study on a pilot scale. The goals of this study were to determine the effects of seed moisture and cooking on the pressing characteristics of pennycress seeds and to evaluate the quality of the oils extracted. Pennycress seeds (60 kg) with 9.5 and 16% moisture contents (MC) were cooked and dried (82–104 °C) using a steam-heated 3-deck laboratory seed cooker. The residence times were varied to produce cooked seeds with MCs ranging from 1.0 to 13.0%. The cooked seeds were pressed immediately using a heavy duty laboratory screw press. Pressing rate, press load, and residual oil in the press cakes were determined. The oils extracted were analyzed for solids content (foots), free fatty acid (FFA) content, color, and phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) contents. Pressing uncooked pennycress seeds with 9.5% MC produced press cake with 10.7% oil (db), extracting 75.1% of the oil in the seed. Cooking and drying the seeds between 3 and 4% MC provided the highest oil recovery at 86.3 and 88.0% for seeds with 9.5 and 16% starting seed MC, respectively. The pressing rates and press loads at these MCs were similar. Compared to the oil from uncooked seeds, the oils from cooked seeds had higher foots (1.55–1.73% vs. 0.52%), slightly higher FFA contents (0.40–0.46% vs. 0.30%), and slightly higher red values in AOCS RY color scale (4.1R–6.2R vs. 2.4R). Cooking increased the phosphatide content but the amount was still comparable to degummed oils. The sulfur levels in the expelled oil were higher than the amounts found in rapeseed oil and varied considerably depending on the seed moisture and the extent of cooking employed.     

Newly synthesized palm esters for cosmetics industry

Palm esters were synthesized through enzymatic transesterification of various palm oil fractions with oleyl alcohol using Lipozyme RM IM as the catalyst. At the optimized alcoholysis reaction condition, after 5 h reaction time all palm oil fractions exhibited a high percentage yields of esters (>80%). Simultaneous differential scanning calorimeter-thermal gravity analysis showed a high thermal stability profile of palm esters. Other physicochemical properties of palm esters such as refractive index, density, surface tension, slip melting point, saponification value, iodine value and acid value were analyzed following standard test methods modified from the American Oil Chemists’ Society standards. The dermal irritation assay of palm oil esters shows the non-irritancy of the esters with a Human Irritancy Equivalent (HIE) score below 0.9. Furthermore, an increase in skin hydration of 40.7% after 90 min after application in an acute moisturizing test, has proven the suitably of palm oil esters to be used in the cosmetics formulation.     

Seed oil extraction using a solar powered screw press

An efficient and economical oil expression system that can operate on solar power in rural areas of underdeveloped and developing countries is needed. Recent improvements in both oil extraction and solar energy technologies have indicated the possibilities for fabricating oil extraction equipment. Thus, the objective of our study was to develop a simple oil expression unit capable of producing high quality oil based on solar energy in remote rural areas. A photovoltaic (PV), batch operated, low-pressure oil press, using a 190 W, 12 V dc motor, was designed, fabricated, and tested using coconut and groundnut as the raw material. Samples used in the study were ground to particle size between 500 μm and 2 mm and were pressed at 12 ± 1% moisture content. The press was evaluated based on the oil extraction efficiency (OEE), power consumption, and oil quality. The press had an average OEE of 73% for coconuts and 70% for groundnuts after 12 min of pressing. The oil expression efficiency was characterized by three main stages namely delayed, rapid, and retarded. The power consumption was affected greatly by the pressing time, with power consumption increasing with an increase in the pressing time. The specific energy consumption was found to increase significantly after 8 min of pressing and correlated with the compaction of the cake, which resulted in more power being required to express the entrapped oil. The expressed oil was fresh, free from foots, and of high quality with an average moisture content of 0.015% for coconut oil and 0.019% for groundnut. Analyses showed that the viscosities were 42.1 MPa s (coconut oil) and 59.1 MPa s (groundnut oil), at 25 °C. Overall, the press performed well and was comparable in performance to other types of presses.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acrocomia aculeata</Emphasis> Kernel Oil on Adiposity in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

The macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is native of tropical America and is found mostly in the Cerrados and Pantanal biomes. The fruits provide an oily pulp, rich in long chain fatty acids, and a kernel that encompass more than 50% of lipids rich in medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). Based on biochemical and nutritional evidences MCFA is readily catabolized and can reduce body fat accumulation. In this study, an animal model was employed to evaluate the effect of Acrocomia aculeata kernel oil (AKO) on the blood glucose level and the fatty acid deposit in the epididymal adipose tissue. The A. aculeata kernel oil obtained by cold pressing presented suitable quality as edible oil. Its fatty acid profile indicates high concentration of MCFA, mainly lauric, capric and caprilic. Type 2 diabetic rats fed with that kernel oil showed reduction of blood glucose level in comparison with the diabetic control group. Acrocomia aculeata kernel oil showed hypoglycemic effect. A small fraction of total dietary medium chain fatty acid was accumulated in the epididymal adipose tissue of rats fed with AKO at both low and high doses and caprilic acid did not deposit at all.     

Chemical composition and profile characteristics of Osage orange Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) Schneider seed and seed oil

Studies were conducted on the properties of seeds and oil extracted from Maclura pomifera seeds. The following values (on a dry-weight basis) were obtained for M. pomifera seed, respectively: moisture 5.88%, ash 6.72%, oil 32.75% and the high protein content 33.89%. The carbohydrate content (20.76%) can be regarded as a source of energy for animals if included in their diets. The major nutrients (mg/100 g oil) were: potassium (421.65), calcium (218.56) and magnesium (185.00). The physicochemical properties of the oil include: the saponification number 174.57; the iodine value 141.43; the p-anisidine value 1.86; the peroxide value 2.33 meq O₂/kg; the acid value 0.66; the carotenoid content 0.59 mg/100 g oil; the chlorophyll content 0.02 (mg/100 g oil) and the refractive index 1.45. Polymorphic changes were observed in thermal properties of M. pomifera seed oil. This showed absorbency in the UV-B and UV-C ranges with a potential for use as a broad spectrum UV protectant. The main fatty acids of the crude oil were linoleic (76.19%), oleic (13.87%), stearic (6.76%) and palmitic acid (2.40%). The polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) LLL, PLL, POL + SLL, OLL, OOL (L: linoleic acid, O: oleic, P: palmitic acid and S: stearic acid) acids were the major TAGs found in M. pomifera seed oil. A relatively high level of sterols making up 852.93 mg/100 g seed oil was present. The sterol marker, β-sitosterol, accounted for 81% of the total sterol content in the seed oil and is followed by campesterol (7.4%), stigmasterol (4.2%), lupeol (4.1%) and Δ⁵-avenesterol (3.2%). The seed oil was rich in tocopherols with the following composition (mg/100 g): α-tocopherol 18.92; γ-tocopherol 10.80; β-tocopherol 6.02 and δ-tocopherol 6.29. The results showed that M. pomifera seed oil could be used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food products.     

橡胶种子活性物质探讨

采集海南省各地42个品系的橡胶种子,用乙醚提取其种仁,得油状物含量在38%～52%之间,经高效气相色谱—质谱—计算机,随机分析12个品系的油状物,平均含有饱和脂肪酸25.24%,非饱和脂肪酸74.52%。饱和脂肪酸是豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,非饱和脂肪酸中油酸21.55%、亚油酸35.25%、α-亚麻酸17.72%。分析了30个品系种子中的豆甾醇和谷甾醇,结果有27个含甾醇类化合物高于大豆,最高含量达12.02%,是大豆含量的29倍多。      

Properties of sugar-snap cookies as influenced by lauric-based shortenings

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of different lauric-based shortenings with varying solid fat content (SFC) on sugar-snap cookie dough properties and cookie quality. Shortenings were produced by blending high oleic sunflower oil, palm kernel oil and palm stearin in different ratios, obtaining shortenings with different SFCs. It was observed that the SFC of the shortening largely influences the rheological properties of the cookie dough. At small deformations, fat crystals add elasticity to the dough; while at large deformations, fat-structure is disrupted, and it does not contribute to dough hardness. Fats with intermediate SFCs decrease dough resistance due to an enhanced shortening ability. Nevertheless, this effect is only obtained when shortening is homogeneously distributed in the dough. The SFC of the shortening influences dough and cookie structure by preventing gluten polymerization which was observed by a decrease in cookie break strength. A prerequisite for this effect is that shortening is finely dispersed in the dough. Good quality cookies were obtained using lauric-based shortenings, and best results were obtained with SFC between 20 and 25%. Higher SFC (around 45–50%) led to the production of unacceptable sugar-snap cookies.     

Composition and physical properties of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oils

The fatty acid profiles and tocopherol and phytosterol contents of crude oils of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) are reported, along with yields from the corresponding seeds. The physical properties of these oils were also determined, which included oxidative stability, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, low temperature fluidity, specific gravity, acid value, lubricity, and iodine value. The oil content of dried cress and field pennycress seeds was 22.7 and 29.0 wt%, respectively. The primary fatty acids found in cress oil were oleic (30.6 wt%) and linolenic acids (29.3 wt%), whereas field pennycress oil was principally composed of erucic (32.8 wt%) and linoleic (22.4 wt%) acids. Cress oil contained high concentrations of γ- (1422 ppm) and δ- (356 ppm) tocopherols, whereas α-tocopherol (714 ppm) was the primary tocopherol discovered in field pennycress oil. The overall tocopherol concentrations of cress and field pennycress oils were 1799 and 851 ppm, respectively. The primary phytosterols elucidated in cress and field pennycress oils were sitosterol and campesterol, with avenasterol also present in significant quantity in cress oil. The total phytosterol concentration in cress oil (14.41 mg/g) was greater than that in field pennycress (8.55 mg/g) oil. Field pennycress oil exhibited excellent low temperature fluidity, whereas cress oil was more stable to oxidation and over a range of temperatures displayed lower kinematic viscosities as well as a higher viscosity index. The acid and iodine values of field pennycress oil were lower than those for cress oil, but both oils had excellent lubrication properties.