科尔沁沙地典型玉米农田土壤呼吸特征及其影响因素

以科尔沁沙地典型玉米农田为研究对象,采用动态密闭气室法(Li-6400,USA)测定分析了土壤呼吸速率日动态和季节动态变化及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率日动态在晴朗天气条件下表现为平缓的单峰曲线,最大值和最小值分别出现在14:00~18:00和2:00~6:00;季节动态最高值出现在雨热同期的夏季,日平均值达到7.490μmolCO2·m-2·s-1。(2)指数模型能较好的描述温度对于土壤呼吸日动态和季节动态的影响。(3)土壤呼吸速率与近地表气温的相关性最强,对15cm土壤温度的变化最敏感。(4)生物因子对土壤呼吸的季节变化起着重要作用,根系生物量与土壤呼吸速率呈三次关系(R2=0.880,P0.05)。     

新疆南部农田裸地土壤呼吸变化特征

于2012-06-28-2013-01-08在新疆焉耆盆地设置农田裸土桶装培养试验,采用动态密闭气室法(Li-8100,USA),监测地表温度和土壤呼吸地表通量的日变化和季节变化.试验包括3个处理:原土、含1.25％和2.5％玉米秸秆的混合土.结果表明:①土壤呼吸速率日变化特征均呈单峰型曲线,最高值出现在12:00-16:00,最低值在5:00-7:00.②土壤呼吸速率季节变化特征为:夏季最大,冬季最小.其中,在夏季有2个峰值:出现在7月中下旬和8月中下旬.通过相关性分析发现:3个处理土壤呼吸速率与地表温度的相关性在夏季均不显著(P＞0.05),在秋季均呈极显著相关(R2＞0.90,P＜0.01),在冬季均呈显著相关(R2 ＞0.40,P＜0.05).夏季和冬季的土壤呼吸温度敏感性(用Q10值表示)分别为1.21 ～1.52和1.65 ～2.25.     

下辽河平原不同生态系统土壤呼吸动态变化

利用长期定位试验对下辽河平原农田生态系统、人工林生态系统和草地生态系统等土壤呼吸状况进行了分析,探讨了不同生态系统土壤呼吸强度的季节变化规律及其主要影响因素。结果表明:下辽河平原不同生态系统土壤呼吸强度季节动态变化趋势基本一致,土壤呼吸强度高峰首先出现在水、热条件适宜的夏季,而后在秋季由于有机物归还量增加,且水热条件亦较适宜的情况下再一次出现高峰;在农田生态系统中,施肥可明显增强土壤呼吸作用,两年平均土壤呼吸强度NPK+M与NPK分别比CK处理提高70%和40%;在草地生态系统中,有机物料归还和人类活动是影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,其强度变化顺序为:每年收获移出荒地裸地;人工林生态系统虽有一定有机物料输入,但其数量有限,呼吸强度低于农田生态系统和草地生态系统。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸特征及影响因素分析

土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环研究的关键环节,是大气CO2的重要来源,文中以冬小麦农田为研究对象,利用ACE土壤呼吸自动监测系统,研究了冬小麦农田土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤水分和光合有效辐射的变化特征、相互关系以及碳释放量。结果表明:1)土壤呼吸日变化呈现"单峰型",最大值出现在13:00左右,最小值出现在夜间;2)土壤呼吸日变化表明土壤呼吸与土壤温度(0-10cm)和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤水分的关系不确定;3)土壤呼吸季节变化表明土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤水分和光合有效辐射无显著相关关系;4)冬小麦农田碳释放量168gC·m-2·a-1。     

重构土体土壤呼吸及其水热影响因子日变化特征

选取荒石滩地4种重构土体作为研究对象,应用土壤碳通量测量系统(LI-8100),对重构土体土壤呼吸和水热影响因子进行原位监测,分析了重构土体土壤呼吸的日变化情况。结果表明,4种重构土体土壤呼吸在观测期间的日变化均呈现单峰曲线,最低值出现在6∶00或20∶00,最高值出现在10∶00、12∶00或14∶00。4种重构土体土壤呼吸值在8月份和12月份分别达到试验观测期间最大值和最小值,其中,添加蛭石、页岩、沙和砒砂岩重构土体的最大值分别为9.88、10.47、14.94μmol·m^-2·s^-1和12.19μmol·m^-2·s^-1,最小值分别为0.11、0.08、0.10μmol·m^-2·s^-1和0.00μmol·m^-2·s^-1,4种重构土体日变化幅度的排序为添加沙>页岩>砒砂岩>蛭石。4种重构土体土壤温度(指数模型)、土壤体积含水量(二次曲线模型)单因素以及土壤温度和含水量双因素(幂-指数模型)均能...     

旱区灌溉棉田土壤呼吸昼夜变化特征及其与土壤温度的关系

本试验以裸地为对照,通过对土壤剖面CO2浓度的监测,研究了旱区灌溉棉田土壤呼吸的昼夜变化规律及其与土壤温度的关系。主要结果如下:(1)土壤及根际呼吸均呈"V"型昼夜变化特征,最小值出现在16∶00~17∶00之间,而土壤微生物呼吸昼夜变化趋势与之相反;(2)土壤微生物呼吸产生的CO2通量在土壤升温阶段略高于降温阶段,相对的,根际呼吸在土壤升温阶段产生的CO2通量低于降温阶段,并形成一个明显的逆时针圆圈;(3)棉花根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的平均贡献率为47%。以上结果说明,在建立土壤呼吸与土壤温度相关关系模型的过程中,需要区分根际呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸,充分考虑土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸各组分影响的差异性。     

不同施肥条件下北方夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发研究

通过用间歇密闭室抽气法对不同施肥方式下的夏玉米田间土壤氨挥发进行了研究.结果表明:基肥与追肥氨挥发一共持续了15d与11d,基肥时期氨挥发累积量在2.970 ～4.123kg· hm-2之间,占施肥量的0.81～ 1.65％;追肥时期累积量在6.240～8.347kg·hm-2之间,占施肥量的3.1 ～4.6％.不同施肥处理氨挥发的总量范围在2.914 ～3.920kg·hm1之间,占施肥量的2.3～3.0％;垄作覆膜是降低氨挥发损失的有效施肥方式;而追肥条件下,有机物料还田、施用复合肥和添加尿酶抑制剂会增加氨挥发强度.本次试验结果表明,即使在碱性土壤上,在严格的控制条件和良好的施肥管理条件下,氨挥发损失量仅占总施肥量的约1～2％.     

干旱区绿洲棉田土壤呼吸日变化特征分析

利用Li- 8100土壤碳通量测量系统对绿洲棉田土壤呼吸进行日变化动态测定,结果表明:土壤呼吸有明显的单峰型日变化特征,棉田(滴灌地、漫灌地)、弃耕地的土壤呼吸速率日均值分别为3.45、3.37、1.63μmol/( m2·s);峰值出现在15:00～20:00,谷值出现在4:00～6:00,6:00后,土壤呼吸速率上...     

膜缝沟灌对夏玉米生态环境及作物效应研究

通过田间试验,研究了膜缝沟灌对夏玉米生育期内土壤含水率、土壤温度以及生长发育状况的影响.结果表明:覆膜后可以提高土壤含水率,0 ～40 cm土壤含水率覆膜平均高于露地5.5%,40～80 cm覆膜平均高于露地2.9%,80～120 cm 覆膜平均高于露地1.3%;覆膜后在耕作层内土壤温度高于露地,且8∶00、14∶00、20∶00三个时刻,土壤温度变化幅度分别为1.13℃、0.57℃和0.34℃,均低于露地对应的2.06℃、1.38℃和1.01℃;在相同灌水量条件下,夏玉米株高高于露地49 cm,干物质最大相差126 g/株. 研究表明覆膜后有利于夏玉米的生长发育.     

农艺措施和保水剂对土壤蒸发和夏玉米 水分利用效率的影响

为进一步研究黄淮海地区免耕夏玉米栽培节水问题,于2011年进行大田试验,研究了农艺措施(播后镇压、秸秆覆盖)和保水剂对土壤蒸发和夏玉米水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,夏玉米整个生育期平均,处理A(播后镇压)、B(播后镇压+秸秆覆盖)、C(播后镇压+保水剂)和处理D(播后镇压结合秸秆平茬覆盖和保水剂)比处理E(播种后覆土)在0～40 cm土层,土壤含水量增加了4.78％、7.96％、5.50％和11.08％,水分蒸发减少了16.33％、103.78％、28.37％和128.77％,产量提高了9.68％、17.60％、11.78％和24.01％,水分利用效率也增加了9.64％、17.55％、11.71％、23.96％,效益增加了1 536.34、2 516.42、801.74、2 553.10元/hm2.这种作用在夏玉米的生长前期更明显,拔节前的土壤水分比较,处理A、B、C、D比E增加了8.74％、15.81％、10.48％和20.28％,水分蒸发减少了17.81％、164.68％、40.35％和209.43％.处理D集成了镇压、秸秆覆盖、保水剂的作用,能够充分提高土壤水分含量和抑制水分蒸发.建议在黄淮海区夏玉米实行播后镇压结合秸秆覆盖等农艺措施,有条件的地方可以再结合增加保水剂的应用.     

Diurnal dynamics of soil respiration and the influencing factors for three land-cover types in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Knowledge of soil respiration and the influencing factors in desert ecosystems is essential to understanding carbon dynamics and responses of biotic and abiotic processes in soils to climate change. In this study, soil respiration rate(R_s) for three land-cover types(shifting sandy land, sandy land with straw checkerboard barriers, and shelter forest land) in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert was measured in May 2015 using an automated soil CO_2 flux system. The effects of soil temperature(T_s) and soil water content(W_s) on R_s were also analyzed. The results showed that R_s values in shifting sandy land, sandy land with straw checkerboard barriers, and shelter forest land were all low and exhibited obvious diurnal fluctuations. The establishment of straw checkerboard barriers in sandy land had no significant effect on R_s, while the establishment of shelterbelts significantly increased R_s. Shifting sandy land and sandy land with straw checkerboard barriers were carbon sinks at night and early morning and were carbon sources in the daytime, while shelter forest land always acted as a carbon source during the whole day. The synergistic effect of T_s and W_s could better explain the diurnal dynamics in R_s than single factor. In shifting sandy land and sandy land with straw checkerboard barriers, W_s was identified as a limiting factor influencing the diurnal dynamics of R_s. Furthermore, a relatively strong hysteresis loop existed between R_s and T_s. In contrast, in shelter forest land, R_s was significantly influenced by T_s, and a relatively weaker hysteresis loop existed between R_s and W_s.     

不同耕作方式下旱作玉米田土壤CO2排放量及其与土壤水热的关系

为探讨不同耕作方式对旱作玉米田土壤CO_2排放量的影响,设置深松耕(DT)、翻耕(PT)和免耕(NT)3个处理,分析3种耕作方式下土壤CO_2排放量的动态变化及其与土壤温度和土壤水分间的关系。结果显示:2010-2011年夏玉米生长季,3种耕作方式下土壤CO_2排放量均呈先增后降的变化趋势,表现为DTPTNT,且不同处理间差异显著(P0.05);耕作方式可显著影响夏玉米生育前期土壤温度,且土壤CO_2排放量对不同耕作方式下土壤温度的敏感性不同,土壤温度分别可以解释PT、DT和NT处理土壤CO_2排放量季节变化的50.72%~53.90%、48.10%~59.63%和13.31%~19.90%;土壤水分和温度共同分别可以解释旱作夏玉米田DT和PT处理下土壤CO_2排放量季节变化的57.61%~76.83%和56.62%~67.12%。土壤温度和水分是影响旱作农田DT和PT处理下土壤CO_2排放量的关键因素。     

串珠镰刀菌引起玉米穗粒腐病防御酶变化及其电镜观察

 对串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)侵染引起玉米穗粒腐病的防御酶活性变化和病原菌侵染过程进行研究。采用人工接菌的方法,分别对抗(Bt鄄1)、感(掖478)玉米材料进行接种,取抗、感材料间隔24 h 的6 个时间段接菌部位的苞叶组织,分析玉米植株感病后部分防御酶、同工酶谱的动态变化,并用扫描电镜对病原菌入侵植株过程进行组织病理学观察。扫描电镜观察发现,菌丝首先要经过1 ~ 3 d 生长后,大约在72 h 左右开始侵入气孔,并且随着时间的推移,侵入气孔的菌丝量逐渐增多。这说明病原菌是直接通过气孔侵入寄主苞叶组织。同时,玉米受串珠镰刀菌侵染后,苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性都是先上升后下降,在感病材料Ye478 中PAL 的活性要比抗病材料Bt鄄1 中增加的更快、更高;同样对于POD 来说,在感病材料Ye478 中的活性要比抗病材料Bt鄄1 中的高,但变化趋势在2 个材料中相似;而丙二醛(MDA)的含量则相反,在感病材料Ye478 中的活性要比抗病材料Bt鄄1 中的低;对POD 同工酶酶谱分析,2 个材料都增加了3 ~ 4 个条带,没有明显的区别,这说明玉米感病后会通过增加POD 的活性来抵御外源病菌的侵入。总体而言PAL和POD 活性水平与材料抗性呈负相关;MDA 与材料抗性呈正相关关系。对玉米植株感病后防御酶活性变化的分析和病原菌入侵寄主的电镜观察结果,可为深入研究玉米穗粒腐病抗病机制和抗病育种提供参考。     

The effect of soil type and farm size on the variability of weed infestation in maize (Zea mays L.) fields in the south-west region of Poland

Weeds are a primary factor limiting maize yield. Their occurrence and abundance are affected considerably by environmental factors and farming practices. The variability of weed number in maize depending on the soil type and farm size was investigated. Farms of different sizes vary in farming practices, which affects weediness. Based on this assumption, farm size was considered as indirect factor affecting weed abundance. An investigation of 45 farms that differed in size (5–15 ha, 15–50 ha, >50 ha) and soil type (chernozem, distric cambisol, haplic luvisol) was conducted. Thirteen dominant weed species persistently occurring in maize fields in south-western Poland were examined. Regardless of the soil type and farm size, the most abundant weed species were Echinochloa crus-galli and Chenopodium album. In addition to these species, the most numerous weeds on chernozems were Setaria viridis and Solanum nigrum, while on haplic luvisols and distric cambisols, the most numerous were Viola arvensis and Elymus repens. Additionally, on haplic luvisols, Anthemis arvensis was abundant. Small farms were stronger infested by weeds than large farms due to the implementation of extensive weed-supressing practices, especially low herbicide use. Soil type affected the number of weeds to a greater extent than did farm size.     

Seasonal dynamics of soil water content in the typical vegetation and its response to precipitation in a semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil water content is a key limiting factor for vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau and precipitation is the main source of soil water content in this area. To further understand the impact of vegetation types and environmental factors such as precipitation on soil water content, we continuously monitored the seasonal dynamics in soil water content in four plots (natural grassland, Caragana korshinskii, Armeniaca sibirica and Pinus tabulaeformis) in Chinese Loess Plateau. The results show that the amplitude of soil water content fluctuation decreases with an increase in soil depth, showing obvious seasonal variations. Soil water content of artificial vegetation was found to be significantly lower than that of natural grassland, and most precipitation events have difficulty replenishing soil water content below a depth of 40 cm. Spring and autumn are the key seasons for replenishment of soil water by precipitation. Changes in soil water content are affected by precipitation, vegetation types, soil evaporation and other factors. The interception effect of vegetation on precipitation and the demand for water consumption by transpiration are the key factors affecting the efficiency of soil water replenishment by precipitation in this area. Due to artificial vegetation plantation in this area, soil will face a water deficit crisis in the future.     

培肥模式对旱作全膜双垄沟播玉米生长及土壤呼吸的影响

针对旱作全膜双垄沟播玉米培肥模式单一及碳排放理论薄弱的问题,依托大田试验研究了不施氮肥对照(CK)和等氮(纯N 200 kg·hm^-2)条件下3个不同氮源(单施化肥,N;商品有机肥配施化肥, NM;单施有机肥, M)对玉米生长、产量、土壤呼吸速率及碳排放量的影响。结果表明:土壤呼吸速率随玉米生育时期的推进呈先增大后减小的趋势,开花期是土壤呼吸的峰值期,土壤呼吸速率达5.38μmol·m^-2·s^-1;土壤碳排放总量与玉米干物质积累、生长速率、叶面积指数及净同化率均呈极显著正相关关系;玉米产量、碳排放量和碳排放效率在商品有机肥配施化肥和单施化肥处理间无显著差异,分别较对照增加了121.2%、41.9%、54.5%和151.4%、31.9%、92.9%。说明商品有机肥配施化肥在增加了碳排量的同时增加了玉米的产量,进而提高了碳排放效率。     

Impact of sand burial on maize(Zea mays L.)productivity and soil quality in Horqin sandy cropland,Inner Mongolia,China

Croplands are often suffering from sand burial in dry regions of northern China.For studying this phenomenon,we carried out a case study of field experiment including four sand burial levels,i.e.shallow(1–3 cm),moderate(8–12 cm)and deep(15–20 cm)sand burials,and no sand burial(control,CK),in a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone in Naiman Banner of eastern Inner Mongolia.The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of sand burial on maize(Zea mays L.)productivity and the soil quality along a gradient of burial depths.Results showed that there was a strong negative effect of sand burial on maize productivity and soil quality,which significantly declined(P0.05)under moderate and deep sand burial treatments.In comparison with the CK,the maize yield and above-ground biomass reduced by 47.41% and 39.47%,respectively.The soil silt and clay,soil water,soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents under deep sand burial decreased by 67.85%,40.32%,86.52% and 82.11%,respectively,while microbial biomass carbon,microbial abundance and enzyme activity decreased by 89.78%,42.28%–79.66% and 69.51%–97.71%,respectively.There was no significant effect on crop productivity and soil quality with shallow sand burial treatment.The correlations analysis showed that there was significant positive correlations of both maize yield and above-ground biomass with soil silt and clay,soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents,p H,electrical conductivity,soil water content,microbial abundance and biomass and all tested soil enzyme activities.Stepwise regression analysis indicated that soil water and total nitrogen contents,urease,cellobiohydrolase and peroxidase activities were key determining factors for maize productivity.This combination of factors explains reason of the decreased maize productivity with deep sand burial.We found that degradation of cropland as a result of sand burial changed soil physical-chemical properties and soil enzyme activities in the plow layer,and decreased overall maize productivity.Furthermore,decreased soil enzyme activity was a better indicator to predict sandy cropland degradation.     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

北疆土壤温度变化对滴灌棉田水盐运移规律的影响研究

以北疆常年膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,分析棉花整个生育过程中土壤温度变化对棉田水盐运移规律的影响,并对灌溉制度进行优化调整。研究结果表明：土壤温度随着气温的升高而升高,降低而降低,气温影响作用随着土壤深度的增加而减弱,滞后时间随着深度的增加而延长;8月份之前,土壤温度自上而下呈递减分布,随着土壤温度的升高,土壤水分扩散率不断增大,土壤持水能力不断降低,造成5～60 cm处土壤含水率降低,而90～150 cm处土壤含水率增高,导致5 cm和90～150 cm处土壤盐分相对增高;8月份之后,随着土壤温度的降低,土壤温度分布发生变化,土壤水分扩散率不断减小,土壤持水能力不断增强,土壤水分蒸腾降低,渗漏减小,各层土壤含水率相对保持较高,各层土壤含盐率相对保持较低;在灌溉定额不变的条件下,在5、6月份相对减小灌水定额,7月和8月份相对减小灌水周期、增加灌水定额,8月之后相对增加灌水周期、减小灌水定额,在生育期末,通过穿插灌水,加大灌水定额,对土壤洗盐、抑盐有着明显的作用。