海水鱼类高度不饱和脂肪酸营养研究概况

就近年来国外有关海水鱼类高度不饱和脂肪酸必需性的研究、海水鱼类对ｎ－３系列高度不饱和脂肪酸需求量的研究、不同脂型脂肪酸的利用效果、必需脂肪酸的转化途径研究以及仔雅鱼胚胎和发育过程中的脂类代谢最新研究进展进行了综述。     

不饱和脂肪酸对鱼类免疫功能的影响

不饱和脂肪酸是鱼类的必需脂肪酸,作为构成细胞膜磷脂的前体,对鱼类体内的必需脂肪酸组成、鱼类正常生长发育和存活及饵料利用效率起重要作用.从营养免疫学角度综述了饵料中n-3和n-6系列不饱和脂肪酸对鱼类免疫系统和抗应激能力的影响,以及对鱼类免疫调节的作用机制.     

鱼类体色成因及影响因素研究进展

鱼类体色对价格和品质的影响越来越为人们所重视。文章对国内近几年在鱼类体色影响因素方面的研究热点和国外的一些新研究方向进行综述。国内的研究主要集中在饲料营养成分和基因、内分泌对鱼类体色的影响两方面,主要研究方向逐渐转向体色变化机制和鱼类行为对体色产生的影响等方面。     

黄、勃海8种鱼类的生态转换效率及其影响因素

研究应用室内或现场实验生态方法测定了黄、渤海8种鱼类的生态转换效率及其主要影响因素,比较了室内与现场方法所测得数据的差异。结果表明：（1）8种鱼类的生态转换效率有显著差异,以湿重或比能值为单位表示的生态转换效率变化范围分别为12．9％－39．0％和14．8％－46．1％;（2）温度、体重、摄食水平、饵料种类和群居行为等生态、生理因素均可能引起鱼类生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征的改变。其中,生态转换效率随温度和摄食量增大均呈倒U型变化趋势,随体重增大则呈减速下降趋势。当鱼类摄食不同饵料生物或群居行为发生变化时,能引起其摄食率与生长率显著差别,却不能使以比能值为单位表示的能量转化效率发生显著变化;（3）不同研究方法可能引起测定结果的显著不同,且其差异程度随鱼种不同而变化。     

高不饱和脂肪酸（HUFAs）在淡水鱼类中的营养作用研究进展

鱼粉、鱼油资源的短缺促使全球水产养殖业积极寻找其替代原料,而探究鱼粉、鱼油与其替代物之间的差异尤为重要,其中最主要的差异就是高不饱和脂肪酸(highly unsaturated fatty acids,HUFAs)是否存在及其含量多少。HUFAs是一类碳原子数目≥20、双键数≥3的脂肪酸,具有为动物提供能量、构成细胞膜组分、形成高生物活性物质、调控脂质代谢和免疫功能等重要作用,主要存在于鱼油和某些类别的微藻中。淡水鱼类具备自身合成HUFAs的能力,因此,一般认为HUFAs不是淡水鱼类的必需脂肪酸,无需通过饲料提供。但已有研究指出,饲料中添加一定量的HUFAs能够对淡水鱼类产生积极的营养作用,表明淡水鱼类的脂肪酸营养理论尚需进一步完善。本文综述了HUFAs在淡水鱼类生长、脂质代谢、健康免疫、繁殖特性等方面发挥作用的相关研究结果,明确提出淡水鱼类需要摄取一定水平的外源性HUFAs,指出在当前淡水鱼饲料中普遍使用HUFAs相对缺乏的蛋白源和油脂源的背景之下,HUFAs对淡水鱼类的作用应受到关注。最后,本文对今后淡水鱼类HUFAs营养的研究方向,以及新的HUFAs油脂源的开发前景进行了展望。     

鄱阳湖通长江水道洄游鱼类及影响因素分析

通长江水道是一些河海洄游性、江湖洄游性鱼类进行长江与鄱阳湖之间洄游的必经水域。近年来,由于围湖造田、过度捕捞、开挖湖沙、拦河筑坝等人类活动的影响,鄱阳湖的生态环境和渔业功能日渐恶化。为了解鄱阳湖洄游鱼类资源的种群变化,本文对洄游鱼类种类、群落结构及其影响因素进行了概述。     

鱼类体色研究进展

鱼类的体色丰富多彩,这是由于鱼类体内具有色素细胞所致,鱼类的基本色素细胞有四种：即黑色素细胞（Melanophore）、虹彩细胞（Iridocyte,又称鸟粪素细胞,guanophore）、红色素细胞（Erythrophore）和黄色素细胞（Xanthophore）。色素细胞都具有薄而极富弹性的细胞膜,膜上有细微的肌纤维和神经末梢。     

海洋丰年虫与其亚麻酸型高度不饱和脂肪酸含量的关系

海洋丰年虫的幼体已被广泛地作为海洋鱼类育苗的饵料。但各种海洋鱼类只投喂海洋丰年虫,其死亡率总是很高。若将丰年虫和桡足类(如纺锤水蚤)一起投喂给鱼,丰年虫的营养价值就得到改善。以前的论文证明了不同地区的丰年虫,根据其脂肪酸的成份可分为二种类型:一种(淡水型)具有高含量的18:3ω_3,是淡水鱼需要的脂肪酸(EFA);另一种     

鱼类体色研究进展

鱼类的体色丰富多彩,这是由于鱼类体内具有色素细胞所致,鱼类的基本色素细胞有四种:即黑色素细胞(Melanophore)、虹彩细胞(Iridocyte,又称鸟粪素细胞,guanophore)、红色素细胞(Erythrophore)和黄色素细胞(Xanthophore).     

池塘环境因素对鱼类生长影响

池塘环境因素对鱼类生长影响相当大。本文就同几种池塘环境因素对池塘养殖鱼类的影响进行探讨。旨在通过改善池塘环境因素来改善鱼类的生长环境,从而挖掘其生长潜力。     

The effect of non‐marine HUFA supplementation with fish oil removal on growth and survival of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

The use of non‐marine arachidonic acid (ArA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) enrichments was evaluated as complete replacements for marine fish oil in practical diets formulated with solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SESM). Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (0.59 g) were reared over 84 days in an outdoor tank system with no water discharge. Fishmeal was replaced with SESM, while fish oil was replaced with HUFA‐rich algal cells, alternative oil and/or fermentation products. Spray‐dried Schizochytrium algal cells (Schizomeal‐Hi DHA) served as the DHA enrichment source. Oil extracted from Mortierella sp. was used as the ArA enrichment (AquaGrow^® ArA). DHA and ArA sources (Advanced BioNutrition Corp., Columbia, MD, USA) were non‐marine products obtained from a commercial supplier. Five diets were formulated with ArA inclusion levels of 0, 0.65, 1.3, 2.6 and 5.2 g kg^?1. In addition, one diet was formulated to be DHA deficient and another was formulated with menhaden fish oil (control). Different inclusion levels of non‐marine ArA had no effect on survival or growth. Shrimp fed the non‐marine HUFA‐supplemented diets had lower average weight compared to shrimp offered the diet containing fish oil. No differences were detected in average weights of shrimp offered the ArA‐deficient and ArA‐supplemented diets.     

Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n‐3) alters cortisol response after air exposure in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) larvae fed on enriched Artemia

This study investigated the effect of different proportions of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) on the growth, survival and stress response of curimba (Prochilodus lineatus Valenciennes) larvae, an omnivorous freshwater species, fed on enriched Artemia. Six different experimental emulsions were formulated to have two levels of ARA (A‐0.5 and A‐1.0), two levels of DHA (D‐0.5 and D‐1.0) two combinations of ARA and DHA (AD‐3:1 and AD‐1:3). There were no significant effects of treatments on curimba standard length and survival at the end of the experiment. The results showed a negative correlation between dietary DHA and whole‐body cortisol after 60 s of air exposure. The resting concentration of cortisol was not affected by the diets (p = .424). After air exposure, all treatments except for D‐1.0 (p = .137) and D‐0.5 (p = .545) exhibited a marked cortisol rise. These results showed that DHA supplementation can have an attenuating effect on cortisol response after air exposure.     

Schizochytrium as a replacement for fish oil in a fishmeal free diet for jade perch,Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite)

A 10‐week trial was conducted to determine the response of juvenile jade perch Scortum barcoo on the replacement of dietary fish oil (FO) in a fishmeal free diet. Three iso‐nitrogenous, isocaloric and isolipidic diets were formulated, each containing a different primary fat source: FO, linseed oil (LO), and a mixture of Schizochytrium and LO. The substitution of FO with the mixture of Schizochytrium and LO did not cause a difference in growth. However, there was an 8% reduction in weight gain in fish fed dietary LO, indicating that juvenile jade perch do require a minimal concentration of dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Fish fed the Schizochytrium diet stored more efficient n‐3 HUFA and in particular DHA in their flesh, and retained a higher fillet recovery compared to fish fed FO. In addition, we demonstrated that jade perch are able to produce both n‐3 HUFA and n‐6 HUFA when dietary PUFA are present. Fish fed the LO diet for 10 weeks contained the lowest amount of n‐3 HUFA in fillets among dietary treatment groups. However, feeding these fish the Schizochytrium diet for an additional 4 weeks increased the n‐3 HUFA content towards the same concentration of n‐3 HUFA found in the flesh of fish fed FO, without affecting the sensory properties of the fillets. In contrary, feeding the Schizochytrium diet for a continuous period of 14 weeks lowered overall sensory property scores.     

Influence of forage fish and dietary lipid supplements on egg quality and fry production in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) × blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) hybridization

Hybrid catfish (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus) display characteristics that are favourable to aquaculture production. Low hatch percentages are a principal reason this hybrid is not used widely in the catfish industry. This study was conducted to determine whether additional food source rich in lipids may lead to a higher quality egg production. A 10‐week feed trial was conducted in ponds in Auburn, AL. A total of 219 female Kansas Select channel catfish were stocked into nine ponds, 0.04 ha in size. Three dietary treatments were randomly allocated to the ponds. Diet‐1 was a standard 60 g kg^?1 lipid floating catfish feed. Diet‐2 was the same feed supplemented with forage fish at ～28 kg ha^?1. The third diet was the aforementioned catfish feed topcoated with 20 g kg^?1 lipid [10 g kg^?1 menhaden fish oil, 5 g kg^?1 high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil and 5 g kg^?1 high arachidonic acid oil]. Results indicate that brood fish fed the high lipid diet spawned larger egg masses and had larger eggs both in weight and in diameter, with increased complements of fatty acids such as DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid and total n‐3 fatty acids. The neutral and polar lipid fractions are also presented.     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

Effects of hypoxia on blood pressure and heart rate in three marine teleosts

Ventral aortic blood pressure (P_va) and heart rate (HR) responses to rapidly (within 1 min) induced hypoxia (P_WO₂=4−5.3 kPa) were investigated in vivo in three species of marine teleosts (shorthorn sculpin, Myoxo-cephalus scorpius; eel-pout, Zoarces viviparus; and five-bearded rockling, Ciliata mustela). Fish were exposed to hypoxia for 4 min (M.scorpius) or 5 min (Z.viviparus and C.mustela). P_va was unaffected in M.scorpius, decreased in Z.viviparus and increased in C.mustela in response to hypoxia. Untreated M.scorpius and Z. viviparus responded with a characteristic bradycardia during hypoxia, whereas C.mustela developed no bradycardia. Injection of atropine followed by the β-adrenoceptor antagonist sotalol in M.scorpius and Z. viviparus, revealed that both the inhibitory (cholinergic) and the excitatory (adrenergic) influence on the heart increase during hypoxia. The inhibitory influence dominates, resulting in the observed bradycardia.     

n-3高不饱和脂肪酸对黑鲷幼鱼生长及脂肪代谢的影响

研究了饲料中不同水平n-3 HUFA（0.79%,0.83%,0.85%,0.88%,0.92%,0.94%;DHA/EPA=2.8/1）对黑鲷幼鱼生长及脂肪代谢的影响。结果显示：（1）黑鲷幼鱼肝体指数（HSI）及腹脂率（IPF ratio）随饲料中n-3 HUFA含量的增加而减小,且于0.92%和0.94%组时显著低于其他各组;脂肪细胞直径呈减小趋势,其中0.94%组显著小于0.85%组;肌肉脂肪含量受n-3 HUFA的影响显著,于0.88%组时达到最低。各组全鱼水份和脂肪含量差异不显著（P>0.05）。肝脏、肌肉及腹腔脂肪组织饱和脂肪酸（∑SFA）和C16∶0含量均随饲料n-3 HUFA水平增加呈下降趋势,而∑n-3 HUFA呈显著上升趋势。各组织中DHA/EPA不受饲料脂肪酸组成的影响。以增重率为参考指标,二次回归分析结果表明,黑鲷幼鱼［（8.08±0.09） g］获得最佳增重时对饲料中n-3 HUFA的需要量为0.87% DM;（2）黑鲷幼鱼肝脏脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）活性及基因表达水平均在n-3 HUFA>0.92%时有显著下降（P<0.05）;腹腔脂肪激素敏感脂肪酶（HSL）活性及基因表达水平均随饲料中n-3 HUFA的添加呈升高趋势（P<0.05）,且高含量n-3 HUFA（0.94%）可使HSL活性增加近一倍。结果表明,饲料中n-3 HUFA通过同步调控脂肪合成与分解两个过程影响黑鲷幼鱼脂肪代谢。     

Actions of epinephrine on the contractility of fast and slow skeletal muscle fibres in teleosts

Fast and slow muscle fibers were isolated from the myotomes of atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius L.). Epinephrine was found to have no effect on twitch or sub-tetanic contractions in fast muscle fibres. Isoprenaline (10^–6M) had no effect on the contractility of slow muscle fibres. In contrast, epinephrine elicited a dose-dependent decrease in the half-time for twitch relaxation (t_1/2r), and in most cases a decrease in twitch amplitude. The maximum decrease in t_1/2r was around 5–20% of control values (at 10^–6M epinephrine), with a half maximal response at about 30 nmol l^–1. Responses to epinephrine were unaffected by propranolol and reversed by phentolamine, consistent with the stimulation of -adrenoreceptors. 10^–6M epinephrine produced a rise in cAMP levels from 1.8 to 3.1 pmol mg dry wt^–1 in cod slow fibres. However, the cellular mechanism underlying the action of epinephrine is unclear since forskolin, a potent activator of adenylate cyclase activity, where it has been investigated, was found to increase not decrease twitch duration and amplitude. The responses of fast and slow fibres to epinephrine and its antagonists were similar in summer (13°C) and winter acclimatized (5–6°C) sculpin.It is suggested that epinephrine may act to modulate the active state of slow muscle fibres at high cruising speeds and thereby increase swimming performance.