茎纤维生物提取和发酵燃料乙醇技术研究进展

利用微生物及其酶技术，提取茎纤维和发酵燃料乙醇是解决环境污染严重与能源短缺的有效途径之一。本文通过对茎纤维生物提取和发酵燃料乙醇的国内外研究现状和最新进展进行综述，针对茎纤维生物提取和发酵燃料乙醇研究的问题，提出了积极引进国外先进技术；建立规范化的生物脱胶示范工厂。开展生物脱胶精干麻的梳纺工艺技术研究和低木质素和高纤维素能源品种的选育及其高效生产技术研究等建议。     

纤维燃料乙醇生产中木糖发酵的研究进展

木糖是木质纤维质水解产物中含量仅次于葡萄糖的单糖,由半纤维素水解生成.研究表明,将本质纤维素原料中的木糖发酵生成乙醇,可提高纤维燃料乙醇的转化效率25%左右.天然菌种在发酵过程中具有副产物多、乙醇得率低、易污染、耐乙醇能力差等缺点,难以工业化应用.近年来许多研究者构建了可以高效代谢五碳糖和六碳糖的基因重组菌.虽然这些重组菌株在木糖转化酒精方面均显示出良好的应用前景,但仍存在诸多问题.本文介绍了近年来代谢工程改造微生物菌种发酵木糖生产酒精的研究进展,以期为利用农作物秸秆转化燃料乙醇研究提供参考依据.     

茎纤维生物提取和发酵燃料乙醇技术研究进展

利用微生物及其酶技术,提取茎纤维和发酵燃料乙醇是解决环境污染严重与能源短缺的有效途径之一.本文通过对茎纤维生物提取和发酵燃料乙醇的国内外研究现状和最新进展进行综述,针对茎纤维生物提取和发酵燃料乙醇研究的问题,提出了积极引进国外先进技术;建立规范化的生物脱胶示范工厂,开展生物脱胶精干麻的梳纺工艺技术研究和低木质素和高纤维素能源品种的选育及其高效生产技术研究等建议.     

木糖乙醇发酵技术研究进展与前景

本文对木糖乙醇发酵技术的国内外研究进展状况进行了综述。阐述了半纤维素（占纤维质的20％-35％）的充分利用是植物纤维质资源生产燃料乙醇经济可行的关键，其中成熟的木糖乙醇发酵技术是实现纤维质能源产业化的关键技术。并针对目前国际上木糖发酵生产乙醇技术的研究现状和最新进展，提出了未来的研究方向。     

开发利用甜高粱解决能源危机确保粮食安全——《甜高粱》评介

甜高粱作为新兴的糖料、饲料和能源作物越来越受到人们的重视,引起一些国家政府和国际组织的关注.在世界能源紧张的情况下,生物质能源的研究与开发日益紧迫.     

甜高粱在我国绿色能源中的地位

甜高粱作为一种绿色能源,在生产燃料乙醇方面,是竞争力最强的作物。种植甜高粱具有生物量高,抗逆性强、适应性广,栽培历史悠久、优良品种选育居世界领先地位,粮糖双收,经济效益及综合利用率高等优势。     

木糖乙醇发酵技术研究进展与前景

本文对木糖乙醇发酵技术的国内外研究进展状况进行了综述.阐述了半纤维素(占纤维质的20%-35%)的充分利用是植物纤维质资源生产燃料乙醇经济可行的关键,其中成熟的木糖乙醇发酵技术是实现纤维质能源产业化的关键技术.并针对目前国际上木糖发酵生产乙醇技术的研究现状和最新进展,提出了未来的研究方向.     

高粱茎秆中糖分含量的变化

通过对2个亲本自交系1095(高糖系)和N3(低糖系)以及分离群体的糖分含量分析可知:(1)高粱茎秆中的糖分含量呈正态分布,应该是数量性状.(2)在任何生育时期不同节间的含糖量不同,但均以中部节间(或上一节间)糖分含量最高.(3)整个生育期中,以蜡熟前期时的糖分含量最高.     

甜高粱可发酵糖积累及其调控研究

通过高粱茎中可发酵糖的动态变化。探讨甜高粱与普通高粱可发酵糖积累规律及调控途径。研究结果表明,甜高粱茎秆中蔗糖积幕在抽穗至开花末期增长较快,灌浆期呈下降趋势,此后逐渐升高直至成熟前期达到最高值,成熟后期稍有下降。从抽穗至成熟阶段茎秆中蔗糖含量呈“N”型变化态势。普通高粱在抽穗至开花末期与甜高粱蔗糖积累速率差别不大,但此后蔗糖含量迅速下降,至成熟期甜高粱较普通高粱蔗糖含量高10％。叶面喷施脱落酸（ABA）和甜菜碱（GB）能够提高甜高粱茎中糖含量,与喷清水的对照相比茎中总糖含量分别提高3.8％和2.3％。     

纤维质生产燃料乙醇产业化研究进展

利用纤维素生物质资源生产燃料乙醇是纤维素类物质工业转化的一个重要方面。本文对国内外纤维燃料乙醇生产中的重要工艺。如原料预处理、纤维素水解、五碳糖与六碳糖发酵等研究情况进行了综述。并对国内外产业化情况进行了介绍。     

甘肃河西灌区甜高粱适应性试验

以12个甜高粱品种为试验材料，研究了甜高粱品种在甘肃河西灌区的适应性和丰产性。结果表明：在张掖灌区（或河西走廊）川水地区种植甜高粱，鲜茎秆产量59．43-147.14t／hm^2，生物学产量高（46.17-162.51t／hm^2），茎秆出汁率达67％，平均含糖率13．835％，最高达到19．51％。还表现抗旱，耐涝，耐盐碱，适应性强特点。     

甜高粱品种(系)主要性状间关系的初步研究

通过对当地15个有代表性的甜高粱品种(系)生育性状、产量性状和品质性状之间关系进行研究,表明甜高粱具有较高的生物产量(平均59169kg/hm2,最高92812.5kg/hm2),茎秆汁液中的糖分含量平均12.29%(最高15.15%);甜高粱茎粗与产量性状呈显著正相关,与糖分含量呈负相关。     

甜高粱主要农艺性状遗传参数分析

对64份国内外甜高粱种质资源的9个农艺性状进行了遗传多样性等遗传参数研究。结果表明:各农艺性状多样性指数均较大,平均值为1.86,榨汁率多样性指数最小,为1.58,全生育期多样性指数最大,为1.99,表明64份甜高粱种质具有丰富的遗传多样性;穗长、全生育期、株高的遗传力较高,受环境影响小,可以在早世代选择;茎秆鲜重和穗长的遗传进度较高,获得的遗传增量大,直接选择效果较为理想;相关分析表明:除了穗长与茎秆鲜重相关不显著外,其它性状均与茎秆鲜重呈极显著正相关。株高与其它性状均呈极显著正相关。     

能源作物甜高粱和玉米对土壤重金属的富集比较

采用盆栽实验研究不同浓度重金属胁迫下(Cd、Pb、Cr)能源作物甜高粱和玉米不同器官Cd、Pb、Cr含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量。结果表明,Cd胁迫下,甜高粱不同器官Cd含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量(6.28~59.71μg)均高于玉米;Pb胁迫下,玉米不同器官Pb含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量(223.71~652.44μg)均高于甜高粱;随Cr浓度增加,甜高粱和玉米不同器官Cr含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量均呈上升趋势,在Cr胁迫下甜高粱和玉米的生物量较小,冠部Cr累积量小。相比之下,甜高粱适合修复Cd污染土壤,玉米适合修复Pb污染土壤,两种作物均不适合修复Cr污染土壤。     

Effects of planting date on sugar and ethanol yield of sweet sorghum grown in Arizona

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an annual crop currently being investigated for biofuel production in the arid southwest United States (U.S.). Sweet sorghum is an ideal candidate because it can be grown under reduced inputs (water, fertilizer) and responds more efficiently to stresses than traditional crops. Many varieties have been bred for high sugar, syrup, and forage production, but much biodiversity still remains to be utilized.Studies performed in 2006 and 2007 found that high biomass and percent juice extracted were the best predictors of potential ethanol yield per area. This investigation was undertaken to determine what effects planting dates have on overall sugar and predicted ethanol yields.Four varieties (Dale, M81E, Theis, and Topper) were planted in April, May, June, and July of 2008. They were harvested at physiological maturity, with dates ranging from August 26 to December 2. Biomass, juice weight, and Brix of the juice were recorded in the field. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for fructose, glucose, and sucrose.Theoretical ethanol yields were calculated based on biomass, juice weight, and percent sugar. These were compared to actual yields obtained from laboratory-scale fermentations of the harvested juice, which ranged from 7.4% to 11.2% (58.1-88.6 g L⁻¹). Since our predictive model uses the maximum conversion rate of sugar to ethanol and this was not reached in the lab, the predicted yields were always higher than the actual yields. However, the model can be a useful tool for estimating ethanol yield per area.Total sugars and predicted ethanol production were influenced by planting date, but the degree of the effects depended on the cultivar planted. Overall a May planting date at this location is preferable due to consistently higher values for the yield components analyzed, and Theis is not recommended due to its high susceptibility to heat. Sweet sorghum juice has been successfully fermented into ethanol, which indicates this crop may be able to play a transitory role in the emerging biofuel market.     

Analysis of Successive Internode Growth in Sweet Sorghum Using Leaf Number as a Plant Age Indicator

Abstract

In sweet sorghum, which is a potential biomass crop, the diameter of internode is an important component of stem yield. However, the thickening of successive internodes is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between the thickening of successive internodes using the age indicated by the leaf number on the main stem (AL) as a time scale. Furthermore, the relationship between the elongating and thickening period of successive internodes along the stem was analyzed. Internodes were collected from AL3, when the 3rd leaf had just expanded above the 2nd leaf sheath, to AL17, and at 9 weeks after heading as final harvest. Although the internode thickening patterns based on AL could not be combined into one or a few patterns, a significant correlation (P<0.001) was found between internode position and AL at which the internodes were thickening, suggesting that a regularity of internode thickening existed among successive internodes. The higher the internode position, the longer the first half of the thickening period (from 15% to 50% of thickening), whereas the period of the second half (50%–85% thickening) was constant irrespective of internode position. These results suggest that the degree of the elongation and thickening of successive internodes can be estimated by using AL.     

甜高粱主要农艺性状相关性及遗传多样性初析

在广东湛江地区种植了50份国内外甜高粱种质资源,测定其生育期、单株鲜重、株高、茎粗、锤度5个主要数量农艺性状,并进行了差异显著性、相关性、遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果表明:不同品种间除生育期外,株高、茎粗、单株鲜重和锤度均存在极显著的差异;生育期、株高、茎粗和单株鲜重指标两两之间均存在显著的相关性,而锤度与其它4个主要性状没有显著的相关性;甜高粱具有丰富的遗传多样性,变异系数幅度为0.1039%～0.2931%;各性状遗传多样性指数均较大;50份甜高粱资源可分为4个类群,其中Ⅰ类群5个数量农艺性状均表现良好,产量为90t/hm2,乙醇产量3360L/hm2,可作为今后开发利用的推荐材料。     

甜玉米种子健康研究进展

甜玉米近年来快速发展。种子活力低、幼苗素质差是制约甜玉米推广种植的主要原因之一。从种子生理特性、种子携带病原物、种子健康检测技术和种子处理等方面对甜玉米种子健康研究进行了综述,提出了存在的问题和需要加强研究的主要方向。     

12个甜高粱品种在重庆地区的生产力和总糖含量表现

通过对12个供试甜高粱品种（组合）茎秆的鲜产量、总糖含量、总糖产量和籽粒产量的比较,结果为：茎秆鲜产量以A4为最高,达到41 385.0 kg/hm2,茎秆总糖含量以A9为最高,达到11.26%,茎秆总糖产量以A9为最高,达到4 285.4 kg/hm2,籽粒产量以A12为最高,达到2 723.4 kg/hm2。综合评价初步认为,在12个供试品种（组合）中,以A9组合和A3品种比较适合在重庆做生物质能源原料。