坡地生态经济林水分研究

研究表明，黄土丘陵区旱坡地生态经济林在年降雨量达到331mm时，经济林(枣树)生长期的水分供需在理论上达到平衡状态。降雨量低于331mm时，经济林园水分出现亏损，水量平衡向负值倾斜。由于雨量分布不均，某一时期的旱害会影响整个生育过程。实际观测表明，当生态经济林平均单株土壤水分净集蓄量达到树体蒸发量的2倍时，经济林才能正常生长结果，而要达到这个集蓄量，年降雨量需大于400mm。当降雨量为298mm时，林地缺水随密度的加大而增加，4种密度株均缺水依次为—249．14kg、—354．56kg、—453．50kg和—640．95kg。     

黄土高原适于造林的雨水收集系统设计方法

根据黄土高原地区降水缺乏的自然条件 ,该文提出了 30 0mm到 6 0 0mm地区用于造林的集水设计与施工方法 .这种集水系统由不同形式、大小的种植区与产流区组成的微型集水区形成 ,其设计依据主要是降雨、产流区的径流系数、来自树木和土壤的蒸散、土壤水分亏缺及降水资源环境容量等等 .经过YJG(有机硅化学处理 )处理的产流区、拍光压实产流区和自然坡面的径流系数分别为 0 8 0 89,0 2 3 0 36 ,0 0 8 0 10 根据彭曼法计算的土壤水分亏缺量在 5 0mm到 30 0mm之间 .在降雨量为 4 0 0mm的地区经过YJG处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 3 4m2 ,经济树种为 8 10m2 ;经过压光拍实处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 6 8m2 ,经济树种为 10 12m2 ;自然坡面对于用材林每株林木的产流区面积为 8 10m2 ,经济树种为 12 15m2 采用这种系统经过YJG处理产流区、拍光压实产流区和保持自然坡面的微型集水区中树木的蒸腾量分别是总集水量的 4 7 6 5 % 5 3 31% ,2 4 10 % 36 93%和 18 6 5 % 2 9 5 5 % .这种大面积应用于黄土高原地区的系统被称为径流林业 .     

西宁市南北山油松人工林土壤水分对降雨的响应

为研究油松人工林土壤水分对不同等级降雨量的响应情况,以西宁市南北山油松人工林为研究对象,测定样地林外降雨量和土壤含水量,利用图表统计法分析西宁市南北山油松人工林土壤水分对降雨的响应。结果表明：在大等级郁闭度小中雨条件下,分别只有表层0～10 cm和0～20 cm土层具备水分响应;在大雨条件下,土壤水分响应深度可达30 cm。在中小等级郁闭度小雨条件时,土壤水分响应深度可达0～20 cm土层;中雨条件下,响应深度可达>20～30 cm土层;在大雨条件时,土壤水分响应深度可达>30～40 cm土层。在相同降雨等级下,各层土壤水分对降雨的响应随着郁闭度的提高而减弱。     

樟子松容器苗造林技术研究

樟子松为耐低温、抗干旱树种 ,能忍耐 - 40℃～ - 5 0℃的低温 ,在土壤水分含量为 2 %～ 3%情况下仍能正常生长 ,但在干旱沙丘地带 ,自然条件恶劣 ,水、肥、热分配悬殊 ,采用常规的造林技术很难成功。因此 ,从 1 998年开始 ,我们在塞罕坝机械林场西部的沙丘地带 ,进行了樟子松容器苗造林技术研究 ,在提高造林成活率方面取得了良好的效果。1　造林地自然条件造林地选在塞罕坝机械林场西部沙丘地带 ,海拔高度为 1 32 0～ 1 5 0 0m ,年平均气温 - 1 .4℃ ,年积温 2 1 0 0℃ ,年降雨量为 35 0～ 480mm ,年蒸发量在 1 2 0 0mm左右 ,土壤贫瘠 ,植…     

提高造林成活率几项技术措施的探讨

文章针对年降雨量在 30 0～ 4 0 0 mm左右 ,属干旱、半干旱、大陆性气候的包头市 ,如何提高造林成活率 ,进行了分析探讨。     

集水造林不同密度林分生长研究

在黄土高原 ,集水造林与常规造林相比 ,林木的生长规律和林分的生产力水平有显著的差异 ,其产生的根本原因是集水造林通过增加植树带汇流量改善了林地土壤水分条件。通过对 4种密度 (84 0、1110、2 2 2 0和 3330株·hm- 2 )自然坡面集水造林的 15a生刺槐林及拍光坡面集水造林和常规造林 (密度同为 10 0 0株·hm- 2 )的 9a生刺槐林进行研究 ,表明林分密度越小 (集水面积越大 ) ,微型集水区产流率越高 ,则植树带汇流量越大。以密度为 84 0株·hm- 2 的林分植树带汇流量为 10 0 %计 ,则从小到大其余 3种密度的林分植树带汇流量分别占 93 6 0 %、81 77%和 84 4 3% ,密度最小的林分年均土壤含水率比密度最大的 2林分高约 2 0 %～2 5 % ;集水造林比常规造林植树带年汇流量多 30 %左右 ,土壤水分相差约 10 %。由于水分条件的差异和密度效应 ,各密度林分间及集水造林和常规造林间的树高、胸径和材积生长量差异显著 ,尤其生长总量最为明显 ,从小到大 4种密度林分 15a时树高分别为 12 10、10 31、8 4 5和 7 2 2m ,胸径分别达到 17 14、11 6 1、9 17和6 5 6cm ,林分蓄积量分别为 2 14 5 8、110 2 9、12 1 35和 84 0 3m3·hm- 2 ;集水造林和常规造林 9a时的树高生长分别达到 9 13和 7 0 4m ,胸径生长分别达到     

滇中华山松人工林的水文特征及水量平衡

根据滇中高原的华山松林集水区径流场连续 3a的降雨和径流观测数据 ,进行了华山松人工林的水文特征及水量平衡的研究。结果表明 :( 1)本区域降水量的季节分配不均 ,湿季 ( 6～ 10月 )降水量占全年的 80 % ,降水量主要由大于 10mm以上的降雨带来 ,且降雨强度大部分小于 5.0mm·h- 1。 ( 2 )集水区年平均降雨量 10 0 5.6mm ,在林冠作用面降雨量的分配中 ,林冠截留雨量 2 10 .6mm ,截留率 2 0 .9% ;穿透过林冠层的降雨 74 5.3mm ,树干茎流量 4 9.7mm ,分别占降雨量的 74 .2 %和 4 .9%。 ( 3)集水区径流的月变化滞后于降雨 ,总径流量 172 .2 9mm ,总径流系数 17.13% ,其中 ,地表径流 8.0 3mm ,地下径流 164.2 6mm ;地表径流主要集中在雨季产生 ,一次性降雨对地表径流的影响显著 (R =0 .91)。 ( 4 )土壤蓄水年变化量 11.2mm ,约占年降水量的 1.1% ,但月变化较大 ;系统水量最大的输出是蒸散 ,每年以气态形式返回大气的水量 82 2 .1mm ,占降水量的 81.8% ;在蒸散的水量中 ,林冠截留雨量的直接物理蒸发量 2 10 .6mm ,占总蒸散量的 2 5.6%。     

木瓜栽培技术

<正>木瓜为木瓜属蔷微科,梨亚科植物,别名光皮木瓜。木瓜用途广泛,集观赏、食用、药用于一体,经济效益显著,是不可多得的经济树种。 1 木瓜的生物学特性木瓜对地势、土壤条件要求不严,以比较肥沃、湿润而排水良好的沙壤土或夹沙土栽植较好。在年平均气温8～ 20℃,年降雨量在300～1500mm,pH 值6．2～7．8的地区均可生长,以降雨量600～1000mm 为最好。木瓜的根系集中分布在10～40cm 的土层中,以15～ 35cm 深的土层分布最多。早春土温5℃左右时开始活动。木瓜幼龄期生长旺盛,当气温达到13～15℃左右时,开始萌动,萌发芽率高,成枝力强。木瓜开花从3月下旬开始,全树花期15～20d,9月下旬～10月上旬为果实成熟期,果实从开花到成熟需要180～200d。     

四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林降水分配过程的氢稳定同位素特征

应用稳定氢同位素技术对四川卧龙巴郎山亚高山暗针叶林不同降水条件下3群落类型中降水、林冠穿透水和壤中流的变化动态进行跟踪研究。结果表明:降水δD与降雨量负相关显著(R2=0.456,p=0.043),降雨氢同位素存在显著的雨量效应。降水δD与林冠穿透水δD差异不显著(p=0.863)。壤中流δD与降水δD有明显差异(p=0.049),表明壤中流补给来源是降水,但不一定是当日当次降水直接补给。降水量的升高或降低引起壤中流δD升高或降低。当降水量0～10mm时,影响在降雨后第4天发生;当降水量在10～20mm时,影响在降雨第2～3天后发生;当降水量在20～30mm时,影响在降雨1～2天后发生。显示出亚高山暗针叶林对壤中流有显著的调控作用。降水δD与林冠穿透水δD的差值(用ΔδD表示)在3个不同群落中随着降雨量的增大呈现偏正态分布,当降水量在4.91～25.25mm时,ΔδD>0;当降水量<4.91mm及>25.25mm时,ΔδD<0;当降水量为12.65mm时,δD最大,这主要是林冠层蒸散过程和大气降水过程相互作用的结果。     

网状浅坑集水技术对山地果园土壤水分和产量的影响

网状浅坑集水技术是通过在地表设置浅坑结合覆物的方式,有效提高自然降水利用率的方法。该文以冀北山区24a生红富士苹果树为研究对象,结合当地自然降水,分析了集水技术对果园土壤水分、果实产量的影响。结果表明:采用网状浅坑集水能有效提高果园中土壤水分含量和苹果产量。采用网状浅坑集水技术处理,20、40、60cm处土壤水分较对照分别增加15.7%～24.4%、16.2%～20.1%、14.7%～18.4%;平均产量较对照增加2820kg/hm~2,增产12.16%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.