套式PCR检测奶牛粪便中隐孢子虫

为了检测样品中的微量隐孢子虫，从含有不同数量隐孢子虫卵囊的奶牛粪便中，直接提取DNA用作初始PCR（Initial-PCR）模板，以稀释的初始PCR的产物为模板进行套式PCR（Nested-PCR），用两对人工合成寡核苷酸分别作为两PCR的引物，扩增大小分别为540pb、258pb的特异片段。PCR产物经电泳鉴定，可从阳性粪便标本DNA抽提物中扩增出目的片段，而阴性对照不能扩增目的片段；初始PCR、套式PCR的敏感小生最低可分别检测到含卵囊100、5个／g粪便。初步应用结果表明某奶牛场的奶牛自然感染率为16.4％。试验表明套式PCR的敏感性比普通PCR约高100倍，能用于奶牛隐孢子虫感染情况的调查。     

PCR方法检测奶牛粪便中鼠隐孢子虫

从含有鼠隐孢子虫卵囊的奶牛粪便中,直接提取 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 用作 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 模板,用 １ 对人工合成的寡核苷酸作为 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 引物,扩增大小为 ５４０ ｂｐ 的特异片段。 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 产物经电泳鉴定,表明可从含隐孢子卵囊的奶牛粪便标本 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 抽提物中扩增出目的片段,而其他几种寄生虫及阴性对照均不能扩增出特异片段。本方法的敏感性最低可检测到含卵囊 ４００ 个／ｍ Ｌ 的样本,具有敏感性高、特异性强的特点。     

巢式PCR-RFLP法检测奶牛隐孢子虫及虫种鉴定

采进口奶牛粪样200份,收集每份样品中的卵囊液,采用巢式PCR检测隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium)18S rRNA基因,并用RFLP进行虫种鉴定,将目的片段克隆到pEGM-T easy vector,测序并进行同源性分析以进一步佐证虫种鉴定结果。结果表明,进口奶牛隐孢子虫阳性率为3.5%(7/200),514bp的目的片段不能被EcoT14 Ⅰ酶切。测序分析表明,获得的18S rRNA基因序列与NCBI上公布的微小隐孢子虫(C.parvum)相应序列同源性高达99.4%~100%,与安氏隐孢子虫(C.andersoni)同源性仅为91.1%。说明进口牛粪样中检测出的隐孢子虫为微小隐孢子虫。     

家蝇溶菌酶1基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术（RACE）,对鸡致病性大肠杆菌诱导家蝇幼虫抑制性消减文库（SSH）中筛选得到家蝇溶菌酶1基因（（Musca domestica lysozyme-1,MdL-1）进行扩增,测序分析得到一个全长为537bp的cDNA片段,其开放阅读框（ORF）432bp,与Genbank中登录号为AY344589．1基因同源性为96％。构建重组表达质粒pET-32a-MdL-1,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,异丙基-β—D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达,十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS—PAGE）分析显示。表达产物大小约为34kD,与预期蛋白大小一致。结果表明,利用RACE技术克隆得到MdL-1全长基因并在大肠杆菌中获得了表达,为进一步研究该蛋白的生物学及免疫学活性奠定了基础。     

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from large-scale cattle farms in Anhui Province, China

To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from large-scale cattle farms in Anhui Province, 955 fecal samples were collected from 16 cattle farms from March to October 2018, which included six dairy farms (526), seven yellow cattle farms (323), and three water buffalo farms (106) in different regions of Anhui Province. PCR was conducted on all fecal samples using the 18S ribosomal RNA of Cryptosporidium spp. and internal transcribed spacer gene of E. bieneusi to detect these two pathogens, and the positive samples were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that 23 (2.4%) and 40 (4.2%) out of the 955 samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi, respectively. There were 11 (2.1%), 10 (3.1%), and 2 (1.9%) positive samples of Cryptosporidium spp. and 16 (3.0%), 23 (7.1%), and 1 (0.9%) positive samples of E. bieneusi collected from dairy cattle, yellow cattle, and water buffalo, respectively, and no co-infection was identified in this study. All positive samples of Cryptosporidium spp. were C. andersoni with some variations. Ten E. bieneusi genotypes were obtained, including two known genotypes, J and CHN11, and eight new genotypes, named AHDC1 and AHYC1-7. The genotype CHN11 belonged to zoonotic Group 1, and the other nine genotypes belonged to Group 2, which is mainly documented in ruminants. These results indicated that Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi infections were present in large-scale cattle farms in Anhui Province. Therefore, attention should be paid to the development of containment strategies of these two pathogens in cattle.     

大鼠感染微小隐孢子虫后肝、脾和胰腺的病理学变化

60只SPF级SD大鼠随机分成地塞米松免疫抑制感染组和对照组（n=30）,免疫抑制感染组大鼠一次接种1×106个/L微小隐孢子虫卵囊液1mL,空白对照组接种1mL灭菌生理盐水。于试验结束后宰杀大鼠,立即解剖取肝脏、脾和胰腺,Bouin液固定,常规石蜡切片,HE染色,奥林巴斯显微摄影系统观察并显微摄影。结果显示：感染组大鼠肝脏组织肝小叶分界不明显,中央静脉淤血水肿,没有清晰的肝细胞索和肝血窦,呈空泡样病变;肝细胞广泛水泡变性和气球样变,肝血窦充血,肝小叶内有大的纤维性坏死灶。隐孢子虫感染可引起脾脏的脾小结体积变小,边缘区变薄,动脉周围淋巴鞘变薄,脾索变得狭窄、紧缩,脾窦内充血。试验组大鼠的胰腺组织胰岛缩小;内分泌细胞构成的卵圆形细胞团内毛细血管萎缩;胰岛细胞排列紊乱;腺泡细胞溶解变性。     

The relationship of soil province to molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from calves in Georgia

Although Cryptosporidium spp. are found throughout the world and in multiple environmental conditions, few data are available that explore the possibility of an association between specific environmental parameters and the species or strain of Cryptosporidium. This study examines the potential association between a particular Cryptosporidium species/strain found in calves and soil provinces in Georgia, USA. Necropsy cases spanning the years 1996-2002 were tested. No significant differences (P=0.962, chi(2) test of homogeneity) between numbers of positive cases were noted among soil provinces. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences for the PCR products revealed sequence similarity of the products with Cryptosporidium parvum strain C1. Although, clinical Cryptosporidiosis in calves was not found to be affected by soil province and may be caused by a single genotype, other genotypes may be responsible for subclinical infection and warrant further investigation.     

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum detected in Japanese black and Holstein calves in Iwate Prefecture and Tanegashima Island,Kagoshima Prefecture,Japan

Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 43 out of 77 calves from two farms in Iwate Prefecture and nine farms on Tanegashima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The DNA fragments of 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene were amplified by a nested PCR from 43 oocyst-positive as well as one oocyst-negative samples. All of them were precisely identified as C. parvum by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the 18S rRNA gene. C. parvum oocyst-positive calves ranged in age from 6 to 13 days old and significantly have watery diarrhea (P<0.05). Sequences of the gene encoding the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) in 43 Cryptosporidium oocyst-positive samples were identical to that of the zoonotic IIaA15G2R1 subtype. We therefore suggest that calves could be potential sources of C. parvum infections in humans.     

绿汁发酵液、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶对灵芝菌糟发酵饲料品质的影响

本试验旨在研究绿汁发酵液、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶对灵芝菌糟发酵饲料品质的影响,为利用菌糟生产优质发酵饲料提供理论依据.试验分为7个处理组,以添加蒸馏水为对照(CON组),灵芝菌糟中分别添加2 mL/kg绿汁发酵液(FGJ组)、2000 U/kg纤维素酶(CEL组)、5000 U/kg木聚糖酶(XYL组)、2 mL/kg绿汁发酵液+2000 U/kg纤维素酶(MIX1组)、2 mL/kg绿汁发酵液+5000 U/kg木聚糖酶(MIX2组)、2 mL/kg绿汁发酵液+2000 U/kg纤维素酶+5000 U/kg木聚糖酶(MIX3组),每个处理组3个重复,常温下发酵60 d开封,测定灵芝菌糟发酵饲料的化学成分和发酵品质.结果表明,与CON组相比,FGJ组、CEL组和XYL组可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量极显著升高(P<0.01),pH、气体损失率(GLR)及中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、半纤维素(HC)、氨态氮(AN)含量均极显著降低(P<0.01);与FGJ组相比,MIX1组和MIX2组乳酸(LA)、乙酸(AA)含量显著或极显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.01),WSC含量极显著升高(P<0.01),AN含量极显著降低(P<0.01).与CEL组相比,MIX1组的干物质回收率(DMR)及NDF含量极显著降低(P<0.01),WSC、AN含量极显著升高(P<0.01).与MIX1组和MIX2组相比,MIX3组pH、GLR极显著降低(P<0.01),酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著降低(P<0.05).综上所述,添加纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的效果均优于添加绿汁发酵液,但复合添加效果更佳,其中以MIX3组的添加效果最佳.     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in feral cats (Felis silvestris catus) in Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain

Cryptosporidium spp. are common intestinal protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and livestock, worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves in Prince Edward Island, Canada, and the potential for transmission of this parasite between dairy calves and humans. Fecal samples were collected from 183 dairy calves from 11 farms in Prince Edward Island. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in these animals was determined by examining for the presence of oocysts in the fecal samples, using immunofluorescence microscopy. Molecular characterization was done using a nested-PCR protocol to amplify fragments of the Cryptosporidium heat-shock protein 70 gene, followed by DNA sequencing. Ten calves (6.2%), representing 4 out of 11 farms tested, were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. DNA sequence analysis on five PCR positive samples demonstrated that Cryptosporidium parvum was the only species present in the calves tested, suggesting that there is a potential risk of zoonotic transmission between dairy calves and humans in this region.     

Molecular study and genotyping of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum from free-range and commercial broiler chickens in Guilan province,Iran

Cryptosporidiosis acutely impacts the digestive and/or respiratory tract of the birds in many species of various orders. More importantly, it is also well known as a significant zoonotic disease, which can lead to diarrhea in humans and livestock. Regarding increasing demand for free-range products and increasing the number of free-range poultry farms, the present paper evaluated histopathological and molecular detection of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum in free-range and commercial broiler chickens in the north part of Iran. For this purpose, 100 fecal and tissue samples of the chickens in Guilan province were collected. After microscopic examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, molecular analyses of the fecal samples were processed by Nested-PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing of the amplicons and phylogenetic analyses. Eventually, the tissue samples were studied for histological lesions. Findings demonstrated the presence of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum in 6 % and 2 % of fecal samples, respectively. This is the first identification of C.parvum in avian hosts in Iran, and for the first time, C.baileyi and C.parvum are shown in native free-range chickens in Iran. All of the PCR positive birds with clinical symptoms showed gross lesions of respiratory infections. There was no significant difference between infection rate in free-range and commercial broiler chickens; however, the infection rate was significantly higher in chickens <25 days old. To conclude, we present here a notable Cryptosporidium infection rate in the free-range chicks in Iran, which notify the role of this host as a reservoir and should be more noted due to the economic and zoonotic importance.     

Diversity of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi Serotypes from Apparently Healthy Sheep and Abattoir Specimens in the Highlands of Wollo,North East Ethiopia

The prevalence and serotypic diversity of Mannheimia [Pasteurella] haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi from nasal swabs, sera and abattoir specimens from sheep in the highlands of Wollo, North East Ethiopia was investigated. Prevalence rates of 83% and 75% of these microorganisms were found in the serum samples and nasal swabs, respectively, from apparently healthy sheep. In a local abattoir, 205 lungs were investigated, 34% of which showed pneumonia, from which samples were collected from 51 lungs and the same number of corresponding tonsils. Mannheimia and Pasteurella species were isolated from 59% of these pneumonic lungs and 69% of the respective tonsils. M. haemolytica serotypes accounted for 41 (59%) and P. trehalosi for 11 (32%) of the isolates from the abattoir specimens. The majority (67%) of isolates from nasal swabs were P. trehalosi, M. haemolytica being isolated f rom 4 (13%) of the swabs. M. glucosida was isolated only from the tonsils. The predominant serotypes of the isolates from both the nasal swabs and the abattoir specimens were M. haemolytica A1 (17%) and P. trehalosi T4 (16%) and T3 (13%). P. trehalosi T15 was less commonly encountered, while M. haemolytica A9 and A13 were not isolated. Studies on sera from 100 sheep indicated that antibodies against M. haemolytica serotype A1 (14%) were most common, followed by A5 and A8 (each 10%) and A9 and P. trehalosi T3 (each 9%) and T4 (8%). Antibodies against M. glucosida or serotype A11 occurred in 2% of the sera. Multiple serotypes were common in all types of samples. The importance of including in vaccines the most prevalent serotypes involved in the pneumonia of sheep in the area is discussed.     

Changes in the prevalence,genotypes and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of non‐typhoidal Salmonella recovered from mail‐order hatchling poultry sold at US feed stores, 2013–2015

Every year, multiple outbreaks of salmonellosis in humans are linked to contact with mail‐order chicks and ducks. The objective of this study was to describe the temporal changes in the prevalence of serovars, genotypes and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes of non‐typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) recovered from shipped boxes of mail‐order hatchling poultry in the United States during 2013 to 2015. In each year, a sample of feed stores belonging to a single national chain participated in the study. The store employees submitted swabs or hatchling pads from hatchling boxes and shipment tracking information of the arriving boxes to the investigators. NTS was cultured from the samples and isolates were sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (Ames, IA) for serotyping, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and AMR phenotyping. The PFGE patterns of Salmonella serovars isolated from hatchling boxes were compared with those from human outbreaks of salmonellosis linked to live poultry contact. The box‐level prevalence of NTS was significantly higher in 2015 compared to 2014. Also, the population of Salmonella serovars recovered in 2015 was more diverse and substantially different from those recovered in the previous two years. Of PFGE patterns recovered from hatchling boxes, seven distinct patterns in 2015, three in 2014 and four in 2013 were indistinguishable from the PFGE patterns of human outbreaks‐associated strains in the respective years. Importantly, a significant positive correlation was found between the box‐level prevalence of PFGE patterns and the number of human illnesses associated with the same patterns. Also, the proportion of multidrug‐resistant isolates was higher in 2014 and 2015 compared to that in 2013. The results demonstrate that shipments of mail‐order hatchling poultry are frequently contaminated with Salmonella genotypes indistinguishable from human outbreaks‐associated strains each year, and control efforts at hatchery level are likely to have an important public health impact.     

核酸探针检测山东省鸡群中马立克病毒、传染性贫血病毒、网状内皮增生病病毒和呼肠孤病毒的流行状况

为对山东家禽业免疫抑制病的流行情况进行调查,从烟台、滨州、临沂、泰安、聊城、青岛大型养殖场共随机收集600只病死鸡的肝脏和脾脏病例组织样品,用斑点杂交的方法检测样品中鸡马立克病毒（Marek’s disease virus, MDV）、传染性贫血病毒（chicken anemia virus,CAV）、网状内皮增生病病毒(reticuloendotheliosis virus,REV)和呼肠孤病毒（reovirus,REOV）的感染情况。结果发现,MDV、CAV、REV、REOV的感染率分别为5.17%、8.17%、1.17%、2.5%,检出率较以前的研究报道有降低趋势,有多种双重感染和三重感染,表明山东家禽业在免疫抑制病方面总体控制较好,但不同的养殖场发病情况差异极显著,管理水平参差不齐,个别地区发病情况严重,检出率超过其他地区的总和。     

Biosynthesis of arginine from citrulline and related compounds by mixed ruminal bacteria, protozoa and their mixture in vitro

Biosynthesis of arginine (Arg) from citrulline (Cit), ornithine (Orn), proline (Pro), and 5-aminovaleric acid (5AV) by mixed rumen bacteria (B), protozoa (P), and their mixture (BP) was quantitatively investigated in an in vitro system from the standpoint of protein nutrition in ruminants. Rumen microorganisms, collected from ruminally fistulated goats, were anaerobically incubated with or without 1 mmol/L each of substrates at 39°C for 12 h. Arginine and other related compounds, produced in both supernatants and acid-hydrolyzates of microorganisms in B, P, and BP suspensions, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Arginine production from Cit in BP, when expressed with a unit of 'μmol/g microbial nitrogen', was approximately 70% and 94% higher than that in B and P, respectively, in a 12-h incubation period. In the case of Orn, the values were approximately 30% and 75%. Both rumen bacteria and protozoa could produce Cit and Orn from Pro, so it is assumed that they can produce Arg from Pro. Rumen protozoa were unable to degrade 5AV and it was the final product in the metabolism of Cit, Orn and Pro in P suspension. A trace amount of Orn and Pro produced from 5AV in B and BP suspensions indicated that the reversible reaction of 5AV formation was performed only by rumen bacteria. This is the first quantitative report on Arg biosynthesis from its precursors by rumen microorganisms.     

Detection of Helicobacter spp. in gastric, fecal and saliva samples from swine affected by gastric ulceration

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Helicobacter (H.) spp. in swine affected by gastric ulceration. Stomachs from 400 regularly slaughtered swine were subjected to gross pathological examination to evaluate the presence of gastric ulcers. Sixty-five samples collected from ulcerated pars esophagea and 15 samples from non-ulcerated pyloric portions were submitted to histopathological and molecular analyses, to detect Helicobacter spp., H. suis and H. pylori by PCR. Feces and saliva swabs were also collected from 25 animals in order to detect in vivo the presence of Helicobacter spp.. Gastric ulcers were detected in 373 cases (93%). The presence of ulcers in association with inflammatory processes was further confirmed by histological examination. Forty-nine percent (32/65) of the ulcerated esophageal portions as well as 53% (8/15) of the non-ulcerated pyloric portions were positive for Helicobacter spp. by PCR. The Helicobacter spp. positive samples were also positive for H. suis, while H. pylori was not detected. These results were confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. With regard to feces and saliva samples, 15/25 (60%) and 16/25 (64%) were positive for Helicobacter spp. PCR, respectively but all were negative in H. suis and H. pylori specific PCR.     

鸡端脑和下丘脑向面神经腹侧核的传出性纤维联系—HRP逆行追踪法

将２０％ＨＲＰ水溶液注射于鸡的面神经腹侧核，逆行追踪支配该部的有关主同位神经核团。结果于端，下丘脑和脑干内出现标记细胞，端脑内的标记细胞较多地出现于古纹状体，少量出现于旧纹状体腹侧与枕中脑束之间的区域，两群标记细胞形态上明显不同。下丘脑的标记细胞较多地出现于下丘脑后区，室旁核出现少量，个别散在于下丘脑其他区域。     

Ingestion of energy, protein and amino acids from pasture by grazing European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) in a semi-extensive production system

The aim of the study was to determine the apparent consumption of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) from pasture by European wild boar in a pastoral system. Two pasture-types were used, one consisting predominantly of Lolium perenne L. and the other predominantly of Plantago lanceolata L. The study was conducted in Spring and repeated in Summer. Twelve purebred European Wild Boar of 18.8 ± 0.8 kg (mean ± sem) with nose rings were randomly grouped into six pairs. Each day of the 19-day study, a pair of animals was placed into each of three areas of a pasture strip (1.4 × 6.3 m per area) from each pasture type from 8:30 h until 16:30 h, after which the animals entered a barn and had free access to a commercial diet for 45 min, with each pasture strip being grazed once. Pasture samples were taken on days 4 to 19 from each grazed area pre- and post-grazing and the DM content of these samples was used to calculate DM consumption of the animals. Additional pasture samples were collected and analysed for gross energy, crude protein and amino acids. The wild boar consumed (mean + SEM) 418 ± 72.2 and 210 ± 38.3 g of DM per day in the L. perenne paddock during Spring and Summer, respectively, and 550 ± 85.9 and 226 ± 44.8 g DM per day in the P. lanceolata paddock during Spring and Summer, respectively. The amount of DM, energy, crude protein and amino acids that the animals consumed varied markedly between days, but did not significantly differ in amount between the L. perenne and P. laceolata paddocks. However, the consumptions were significantly lower in Summer than in Spring. It is estimated that the wild boar would have satisfied somewhat less than 90 and 45% of their daily maintenance digestible energy requirements through consumption of pasture when grazing the L. perenne paddock in Spring and Summer, respectively.     

Detection by real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), ELISA,and IHC of chronic wasting disease prion in lymph nodes from Pennsylvania white-tailed deer with specific PRNP genotypes

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion-mediated, transmissible disease of cervids, including deer (Odocoileus spp.), which is characterized by spongiform encephalopathy and death of the prion-infected animals. Official surveillance in the United States using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ELISA entails the laborious collection of lymphoid and/or brainstem tissue after death. New, highly sensitive prion detection methods, such as real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), have shown promise in detecting abnormal prions from both antemortem and postmortem specimens. We compared RT-QuIC with ELISA and IHC for CWD detection utilizing deer retropharyngeal lymph node (RLN) tissues in a diagnostic laboratory setting. The RLNs were collected postmortem from hunter-harvested animals. RT-QuIC showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for 50 deer RLN (35 positive by both IHC and ELISA, 15 negative) included in our study. All deer were also genotyped for PRNP polymorphism. Most deer were homozygous at codons 95, 96, 116, and 226 (QQ/GG/AA/QQ genotype, with frequency 0.86), which are the codons implicated in disease susceptibility. Heterozygosity was noticed in Pennsylvania deer, albeit at a very low frequency, for codons 95GS (0.06) and 96QH (0.08), but deer with these genotypes were still found to be CWD prion-infected.