A 10-year survey of antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus suis isolates from swine in Japan

A number of 689 Streptococcus suis isolates collected nationwide from diseased and healthy pigs from 1987 to 1996 were surveyed for antibiotic susceptibilities to 11 drugs. No isolates resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim were found. Isolates were highly susceptible to penicillins (penicillin G, ampicillin, and amoxicillin) except cloxacillin. They were not susceptible to tetracycline, streptomycin, and kanamaycin (MIC90 50 microg/ml, > or = 100 microg/ml, and > or = 100 microg/ml, respectively). Multiple-resistant isolates (> or = 3 antimicrobial agents) were found in 20.3% of all isolates tested.     

Prevalence, capsular type and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolated from slaughter pigs in Korea.

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, capsular serotype, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolated from slaughter pigs. Capsular serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility were determined by coagglutination test and agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively. Streptococcus suis was isolated from 55 of the 406 palatine tonsillar samples tested (13.8%) and 14 of the 29 sampled herds (48.3%). Of the 55 isolates recovered from slaughter pigs, 26 (47.3%) were untypeable. Of the remaining 29 isolates, capsular serotypes 9 (9 isolates) and 16 (4 isolates) were the most common, followed by capsular serotypes 4 (3 isolates) and 7 (3 isolates). Every capsulated isolate was typeable and no palatine tonsillar sample yielded more than one serotype. Most of isolates were susceptible to low concentrations (MIC90) of amoxicillin (2 microg/mL), ceftiofur (1 microg/mL), and penicillin (1 microg/mL). No correlation was found between antimicrobial susceptibility and capsular serotype.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from various animals

This study characterized the antimicrobial susceptibility of 221 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various species, and 60 canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from 1986 through 2000 at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM). Resistance of S. aureus was most common to penicillin (31%) and tetracycline (14%); resistance of S. pseudintermedius to penicillin was present in 8% and to tetracycline in 34% of isolates. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was only seen among S. pseudintermedius, and there was no resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, cephalothin, amikacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, or rifampin among any isolate. Inducible clindamycin resistance was found in both S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, highlighting the need for careful interpretation of culture and susceptibility test results. There were significant differences in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline between avian, bovine, equine, and porcine isolates.     

禽源沙门氏茵的血清型鉴定和耐药性研究

为了解我国禽源沙门氏茵血清型的分布情况和耐药情况,选取江西、辽宁和广东3个省的部分养殖场进行用药调查和采样,分离到25株沙门氏茵,进行血清型鉴定和对24种抗菌药物的药物敏感性试验.结果显示,分离株的血清型主要为O1、O2、O9和O12,分离细菌对阿米卡星和头孢曲松均敏感,但对萘啶酸、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、链霉素、四环素、磺胺、复方新诺明和部分氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率都大于50%.     

Antimicrobial resistance patterns to beta-lactams of gram-positive cocci isolated from bovine mastitis in Lithuania

The aim of the study was to isolate gram-positive cocci from cows with mastitis and to determine their resistance to beta-lactamic antibiotics. Eight hundred and nine strains were isolated and identified as staphylococci (n=516), streptococci (n=199) and enterococci (n=94) from sub-clinical and clinical cases of bovine mastitis in Lithuania. The most common causative agents of udder disease included: S. epidermidis (n=176), S. aureus (n=176), S. agalactiae (n=134), S. hyicus (136) and E. hirae (n=68). Isolates were analysed for antimicrobial resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, cephalexin, amoxicillin + clavulanate. The susceptibility patterns were analysed using the agar disk diffusion method. S. aureus showed the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin (81.3%), penicillin (76.7%) and ampicillin (78.4%). The corresponding values for CNS strains were 59.7%, 59.7% and 50.6% against penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin respectively. Streptococci were the most frequently resistant to amoxicillin (29.3%), and enterococci to penicillin (27%), amoxicillin (27.5%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (23.8%). The resistance of all tested mastitis pathogens to aminopenicillins and penicillin highly correlated (r=0.83). Compared with other antibiotics, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination tended to be more effective (p<0.05) against all tested bacteria in vitro. However, S. aureus, in 38.1% of cases, was resistant to this combination of antimicrobials. This study demonstrates that S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. hyicus, S. agalactiae and E. hirae remain the most frequent mastitis causative agents on Lithuanian cattle farms. The highest resistance in vitro to penicillins was demonstrated by S. aureus, S. hyicus and S. intermedius. Resistance to cephalosporins remains low, irrespective of bacterial species of gram-positive cocci.     

Genetic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from the nasopharynx of feedlot cattle

A surveillance study was undertaken to examine the population dynamics and antimicrobial resistance of Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from feedlot cattle. A total of 416 isolates were collected from the nasopharynx either upon entry or exit from two feedlots in southern Alberta, Canada. Isolates were serotyped, characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and tested for susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents via disk diffusion. Resistant isolates were screened by PCR for select antimicrobial-resistance gene determinants. Isolates were highly diverse, with 335 unique pulsed-field profiles identified among 147 strongly related clusters (similarity ≥ 85%). Clonal spread of isolates throughout the feedlots was limited and no clear association was found between genetic relatedness of M. haemolytica and sampling event (entry or exit). Pulsed-field profiles sharing a common serotype and resistance phenotype tended to cluster together. The majority of isolates were identified as serotype 2 (74.5%) although both serotype 1 (11.9%) and 6 (12.7%) were detected. Only 9.54% of isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance. Resistance to oxytetracycline was most prevalent (n=16), followed by ampicillin (n=10), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (n=7). Multi-drug resistance was observed in five isolates. The tetH gene was detected in all but two oxytetracycline resistant isolates. Other detectable resistance determinates included ermX and bla(ROB-1). In the two feedlots examined, M. haemolytica exhibited considerable genetic diversity and limited resistance to common veterinary antibiotics. Garnering further information on the linkage between genotype and phenotype should contribute toward a better understanding of the pathogenesis and dissemination of M. haemolytica in feedlots.     

珠三角及邻地鸭疫里默氏杆菌主要生物学特性的研究

为明确珠三角地区鸭疫里默氏杆菌(RA)的药物敏感性、血清型类型及其同源性,本研究对100株鸭源及鹅源RA进行分离与鉴定,并采用琼脂扩散试验进行血清型分类及其对12种药物的敏感性试验;选取10个代表株测定其对7日龄雏鸭的致病性及ompA基因序列,比较相互间的同源性以及其它生物特性的关系。结果表明:分离株的生化特性基本一致,代表株对雏鸭具有强的致病性;所有菌株具有一重以上的耐药性,63株细菌具有双重或多重耐药性,97%的菌株对奥格门丁敏感,其它药物敏感度依次为壮观霉素、青霉素、环丙沙星、氨苄西林、链霉素、诺氟沙星、罗红霉素、磺胺甲噁唑、利福平和卡那霉素;93%的菌株对庆大霉素耐药,表明该地区RA对大部分常用药物产生一重或多重耐药;100株菌株分属于4种血清型,其中83株属于血清1型,属于其它3个血清型的菌株分别有10株、5株和2株,以第4种血清型致病性最强;10个代表株中9株的外膜蛋白基因序列同源性达96%以上,5株为100%,1株与其它株的同源性为90.1%～90.4%,表明10株菌的外膜蛋白基因序列的同源性较高,外膜蛋白基因与血清型和菌株的致病性无直接关系。     

猪链球菌Ⅱ型四川分离株对抗菌药的敏感性分析

对四川省不同地区链球菌病病死猪体内分离的7株链球菌Ⅱ型进行抗菌药敏感性试验,用链球菌兰氏D群C55914作为对照,比对菌为肺炎链球菌质控菌株ATCC49619.在32种抗菌药中,选择29种药物进行纸片法药敏试验.试验结果表明:7株链球菌耐药谱非常相似,对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、奥格门丁、卡那霉素、红霉素、壮观霉素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢他定、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、二氟沙星、沙拉沙星、达氟沙星、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明、万古霉素、亚安培南均敏感;对阿米卡星、新霉素、庆大霉素3株敏感,4株中敏;对四环素和多西环素2株中敏,5株耐药;对链霉素1株中敏,6株耐药.用21种药物进行最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定,结果7株均对青霉素、氨苄西林、卡那霉素、红霉素、头孢他定、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、环丙沙星、达氟沙星、氧氟沙星、二氟沙星、沙拉沙星、恩诺沙星、磺胺六甲氧嘧啶敏感,1株对新霉素和阿米卡星中敏,2株耐药;所有菌株对四环素、土霉素、多西环素、链霉素均耐药.两种方法总体结果一致.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from the broiler chicken industry in Ontario.

Antibacterial drug resistance among 219 salmonella isolates recovered during 1974 from poultry and poultry environments at the various production stages of broiler chickens in three integrated Ontario companies are recorded. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole complex, furazolidone, cephaloridine and amoxicillin. A relative increase in resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin with an accompanying decrease in resistance to triple sulfa compound was recorded when compared to a previous investigation of avian salmonella isolates in Ontario. The percentage and patterns of antimicrobial resistance were comparable at the various stages of production. Resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin was the most common pattern found among both Salmonella typhimurium and other serotypes. A notably high prevalence of resistance was found among Salmonella enteritidis isolates including some isolates with R factors for chloramphenicol resistance. This latter finding is of particular concern because of the high prevalence of this serotype in poultry and in human salmonellosis.     

广西罗非鱼无乳链球菌的分离鉴定、毒力基因及耐药性研究

本研究旨在明确中国罗非鱼主养区广西各地罗非鱼无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）分离株的血清型分布、毒力基因携带情况和耐药情况,为罗非鱼无乳链球菌病的防控奠定基础。2018-2019年从广西柳州、钦州、南宁、北海等地患无乳链球菌病罗非鱼体内分离了47株无乳链球菌,并对各分离株的血清型、毒力基因分布和耐药情况进行检测和分析。血清型检测结果表明,47株无乳链球菌血清型高度一致,均为Ⅰa血清型。对4种毒力基因检测结果表明,47株无乳链球菌临床分离株cylE、sodA、gapC毒力基因的检出率均为100%,而scpB基因仅在人源参考菌株2603V/R中检出,在所有鱼源分离株中未检出。对11类（31种）常见抗生素的药敏试验结果表明,临床分离株对磺胺异噁唑、新霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素的耐药率达到90%以上,对氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢克洛、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢拉定、土霉素、强力霉素的敏感性均为100%。多重耐药检测结果表明,5重以上耐药菌株占93.62%,其中9重以上耐药菌株为19.15%,且均分离自柳州地区。结果表明,广西地区罗非鱼源无乳链球菌血清型单一,均为Ⅰa血清型,且均携带多种毒力基因,多重耐药现象严重。     

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of isolates of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale from chickens and pigeons in Taiwan

Forty Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) strains were isolated from 28 chickens and 12 pigeons for the first time in Taiwan. All isolates reacted positively in the p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG) and oxidase tests, showing an API 20NE identification system biocode 0-0-2-0-0-0-4. All the pigeon isolates and 85.7% (24 of 28) of the chicken isolates belonged to serotype A. Compared to the ORT ATCC 51464 strain, 14.3% (4 of 28) of chicken isolates and 58.3% (7 of 12) of pigeon isolates showed smaller colonies after 72 hr incubation. Most of the chicken isolates (22 of 28), but none of the pigeon isolates, could agglutinate chicken and pigeon red blood cells. There appears to be a correlation that ORT isolates with a larger colony size tend to be more able to agglutinate red blood cells than the ORT isolates with a smaller colony size. A majority of isolates was sensitive to amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, penicillin, and oxytetracycline. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of 23 Taiwanese ORT isolates showed high identity (98%-100%) to sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences showed that pigeon isolates formed a distinctive cluster, while chicken isolates and all other 16S rRNA sequences obtained from GenBank belonged to another two clusters. The results indicate that pigeon ORT isolates are different from most chicken isolates in regard to a number of phenotypic and molecular traits.     

红霉素与四环素耐药基因在猪链球菌临床分离株中的检测

为了解临床分离的48株猪链球菌对大环内酯类药物及四环素耐药基因的分布,用微量稀释法测定48株临床分离的猪链球菌对大环内酯类、四环素、β-内酰胺类及头孢类9种抗生素的药物敏感性,建立PCR方法对耐药菌株大环内酯类耐药基因ermA/B/C、mefA/E、msrD、mphB、23S rRNA,L4,L22和四环素耐药基因tetM、tetO、tetL、tetK及与Tn916转座子相关的int和xis基因进行检测。结果表明,31株2型猪链球菌中大环内酯类药物耐药率为3.23%,17株9型猪链球菌红霉素耐药率为88.24%,泰乐菌素、磷酸替米考星、阿奇霉素的耐药率均为70.59%。48株猪链球菌对四环素均耐药,但对青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢曲松钠、氨苄西林均敏感。大环内酯类耐药基因主要以ermB为主,占75%(12/16),mefA/E、msrD占25%(4/16),16株红霉素耐药菌株中,tetM、tetO、int、xis的检出率分别为25%(4/16)、62.5%(10/16)、31.25%(5/16)和31.25%(5/16),没有检测到ermA、ermC、mphB、tetL、tetK。所有红霉素耐药菌株均未检测到23S rRNA、L4和L22突变。     

Antimicrobial resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from swine

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance rates and the trend in resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in Italy from 1994 to 2009. A total of 992 A. pleuropneumoniae isolates were tested for their susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobial agents in a disk diffusion method. Resistance to 7 drugs (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefquinome, cotrimoxazole, penicillin G and tilmicosin) showed a significant increasing trend over the time, while for 2 drugs (gentamycin and marbofloxacin) a significant decrease was observed. Resistance to the remaining 14 antimicrobial agents tested did not change significantly over the study period. Most of the isolates retained high susceptibility to antimicrobials usually effective against A. pleuropneumoniae such as amphenicols, fluoroquinolones and ceftiofur. However, high rates of resistance were observed for potentiated sulfa drugs, tetracyclines and penicillins which are currently recommended antimicrobials for pig pleuropneumonia therapy. Our results suggest the importance of continued monitoring of A. pleuropneumoniae clinical isolates in order to choose the most appropriate treatment of infections and to control the increase of resistance to currently used antimicrobials.     

Antimicrobial drug resistance and the occurrence of plasmids in Haemophilus paragallinarum

A broth microdilution method was used to examine the sensitivity of 75 Haemophilus paragallinarum isolates to six antimicrobial drugs (ampicillin, erythromycin, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline). A total of 55 of the isolates (73%) were sensitive to all six drugs. The remaining 20 isolates were resistant to streptomycin, with one of these isolates also being resistant to tetracycline and another also resistant to neomycin. No isolate showing antimicrobial drug resistance belonged to agglutinin serovar C, despite this being the single largest serovar (27 out of 75) in the study. No plasmids were detected among the 75 isolates, despite the use of five different plasmid-screening techniques.     

Prevalence and characteristics of Pasteurella multocida in commercial turkeys

The oropharyngeal regions of 680 meat turkeys and 55 breeder turkeys from nine outbreak farms, three history-outbreak farms, and 19 nonoutbreak farms in Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania were cultured to determine the prevalence of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys. Pasteurella multocida was recovered from 32 out of 105 turkeys belonging to outbreak farms. Pasteurella multocida was not recovered from either history-outbreak or nonoutbreak farms. Characterization via capsular and somatic serotyping, biotyping, restriction endonuclease analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all recovered P. multocida isolates. Pasteurella multocida serotype A:1 and somatic serotype 1 with an un-typable capsular serogroup (UT:1) were the most common serogroups found. All isolates belonged to biotype P. multocida ssp. multocida. EcoRI, HpaII, and HindIII restriction enzyme digestions identified three, five, and five restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles, respectively. A majority of the isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, cephalothin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, novobiocin, oxacillin with 2% NaCl, sarafloxacin, tilmicosin, and trimethoprim with sulphadiazine and resistant to clindamicin, penicillin, tiamulin, and tylosin.     

Serotypes and anti-microbial susceptibility of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates from humans, animals and aquatic environments in different countries

A total of 73 strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from humans (24 strains) animals (21 strains) and aquatic environment (28 strains) were determined for their O:H serotype and susceptibility to 18 anti-microbial substances and to the vibriostatic agent O/129. Of all strains, 86.3% were typeable by the O and 94.5% by the H anti-sera used. The serotype distribution was heterogeneous within a country and between the countries. Of the 57 different serotypes identified, O11:H2 (2 strains), O22:H3 (4 strains), O35:HH11 (2 strains), O52:H3 (2 strains) and O90:H6 (2 strains) were found among isolates from humans and animals (mainly in cats) in Finland and Cuba, and O23:H1a1b (3 strains) among isolates from environmental sources in Slovak Republic and Italy. Most (93-100%) of all strains were susceptible to all anti-microbials tested but resistant (92-96%) to the broad-spectrum penicillins (ampicillin, mezlocillin). No correlation between anti-microbial resistance patterns and serotypes was found.     

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida recovered from cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 421 Pasteurella haemolytica and 158 P. multocida isolates recovered from cattle with respiratory disease were determined with a microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration test system. Isolates were analyzed for patterns of resistance to ampicillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin, spectinomycin, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, tetracycline, and tylosin. All isolates tested were found susceptible to ceftiofur and sulfachlorpyridazine. Pasteurella haemolytica isolates were resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, sulfadimethoxine, tetracycline, and tylosin. Pasteurella multocida isolates were resistant to sulfadimethoxine, tetracycline, and tylosin.     

Pasteurella species isolated from the bovine respiratory tract and their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns

Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (P haemolytica A1) was the most commonly isolated Pasteurella species from 80 calves examined at necropsy from 40 outbreaks of respiratory disease, the majority of which were pathologically confirmed as bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (transit fever; shipping fever). Similarly, nasopharyngeal swabs from in-contact and apparently healthy calves indicated the widespread presence of P haemolytica A1. Pasteurella multocida and other serotypes of P haemolytica A1 were found including six isolations of P haemolytica T10, a fairly common pathogen in sheep. Approximately two-thirds of the isolates were tested for their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns and the degree of sensitivity for P haemolytica A1, the most frequently isolated serotype, was chloramphenicol (100 per cent), sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim (98 per cent), oxytetracycline (80 per cent), ampicillin (85 per cent), penicillin (82 per cent), streptomycin (3 per cent) and lincomycin (1 per cent).     

Serological characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolates from diagnostic samples in Denmark during 1995 and 1996

At the Danish Veterinary Laboratory Streptococcus suis infections in pigs were diagnosed in 114 cases in 1995 and in 151 cases in 1996. Isolates were serotyped using specific antisera against type 1 through 28 and a total of 67 cases from 1995 and 113 cases in 1996 were tested for resistance to 11 antimicrobial agents. The majority of cases were lung diseases (57%), followed by septicaemia (16%), meningitis (15%) and endocarditis (8%). Almost 96% of the isolates could be typed using the 28 antisera. The most common serotype was serotype 2 (29%), followed by serotype 7 (17%), and serotypes 3, 4 and 8 (9–10%). The remaining serotypes were observed in frequencies of less than 5%. Serotype 7 was more commonly isolated from septicaemia than the other serotypes. Serotype 2 was more commonly isolated from pigs older than 4 weeks compared to the other serotypes. Most isolates were susceptible to amoxycillin+clavulanate, ampicillin, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, penicillin, spectinomycin, tiamulin and trimethoprim+sulphadiazine. A high frequency (>30%) of resistance to tetracycline was observed. Among isolates of serotype 2, 9.7% were resistant to lincomycin and 12.9% to spiramycin. Among other serotypes 56.8% were resistant to lincomycin and spiramycin. The differences in susceptibility between isolates of serotype 2 and the other serotypes were statistically significant. Compared to a previous Danish study the distribution of serotypes of S. suis causing infections among pigs in Denmark has changed during the last 15 years.     

Comparative investigation of prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella between pasture and conventionally reared poultry

The objective of this study was to compare Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance between pasture and conventional poultry farms. We collected the first Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance data on pasture poultry farms. Fecal droppings were collected from 31 farms from Wisconsin (nine farms from each production type) and the Southeast (North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina; five conventional and 10 pasture poultry farms) in a 1-yr period. The specimens were cultured for Salmonella and tested for resistance to 12 antimicrobials. A univariate analysis was conducted to determine the significant differences in prevalence and resistance. At the farm level, no significant difference in Salmonella prevalence was found on 33% pasture and 47% conventional poultry farms (P= 0.4928). On an individual specimen level, flocks reared conventionally had higher prevalence than in pasture (P < 0.0001). Of all the isolates found to have resistance, 80% were from the Southeast. Of all the pasture isolates tested, 5% (8 of 162) were resistant to ceftriaxone, which is higher than previously reported from any production setting. None of the isolates from conventional flocks showed resistance to ceftriaxone. Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobials) was found in 69% of the isolates from conventional farms and 11% on pasture farms in the Southeast (P < 0.0001), with the predominant resistance type of AmCSSuTeAx (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfasoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; 62%). About 5% of the pasture isolates from the Southeast showed the AmAxCFCRO (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalothin, ceftriaxone) multidrug resistance pattern. None of the isolates from Wisconsin were found to be multidrug resistant.