三江平原典型湿地土壤中硫的分布特征

本文以三江平原的三种典型类型湿地:小叶樟(Calamagrostisangustifolia)草甸、毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)沼泽、乌拉苔草(Carexmeyeriana)沼泽为研究对象,对其土壤中硫的含量在水平及垂直变化方面进行分析。研究在自然环境下硫的分布特征。经过试验分析和数据处理,得出以下结论:总硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸可溶性硫、盐酸挥发性硫、有机硫含量均为小叶樟草甸<乌拉苔草沼泽<毛果苔草沼泽;别拉洪河、挠力河、鸭绿河、浓江是三江平原四条有代表性的沼泽性河流,流域土壤中的硫素含量为挠力河>鸭绿河>浓江>别拉洪河;在土壤层次上,具有明显的规律性:除盐酸挥发性硫以外,其余各硫组分自上而下含量呈递减趋势;在湿地土壤各形态硫中,有机硫是土壤总硫的主体,盐酸挥发性硫含量最低。总硫与有机硫相关性最显著,达极显著正相关(P=0.01),水溶性硫与盐酸可溶性硫的相关性最差。影响湿地土壤中硫素含量的因素为土壤有机质、土壤pH值、物理粘粒及氧化-还原条件。     

东平湖湿地土壤不同形态无机硫含量及其时空分布特征

【目的】了解东平湖湿地土壤不同形态无机硫含量水平与分布特征。【方法】采集东平湖湿地表层土壤样品(0～5 cm)和不同植被区(芦苇区、菹草区、植被混生区和对照区)土壤柱样(0～10 cm),分析样品中总无机硫(TIS)及其各形态(水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸溶解性硫及盐酸挥发性硫)的含量,探讨了不同形态无机硫含量的时空分布特征及其影响因子。【结果】东平湖湿地表层土壤总无机硫含量范围为31.26～117.36 mg kg^-1,均值为75.85mg kg^-1;各形态的平均含量占比为水溶性硫(43.49%)>盐酸溶解性硫(27.37%)>吸附性硫(26.78%)>盐酸挥发性硫(2.36%);其含量的空间分布总体表现为湖区码头附近显著升高,大汶河入湖口较低。柱状土壤总无机硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫与盐酸溶解性硫含量总体表现为夏季和芦苇区最高,且随土层深度的增加逐渐降低;菹草区总无机硫、吸附性硫、盐酸溶解性硫由于受季节与植被区的交互作用影响而无显著季节变化。表层土壤和柱状土壤不同形态无机硫含量间存在一定的正相关关系,且与有机质多呈显著正相关;柱...     

黄河口生态恢复工程对湿地土壤不同形态无机硫动态变化的影响

选择黄河口生态恢复前后的未恢复区（R₀）、2007年恢复区（R₂₀₀₇）和2002年恢复区（R₂₀₀₂）的芦苇湿地为研究对象,探讨了生态恢复工程对生长季湿地土壤无机硫形态变化的影响。结果表明,生态恢复工程不同程度地改变了湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量。相对于R₀,R₂₀₀₂和R₂₀₀₇土壤中的水溶性硫（H₂O—S）含量分别降低46.7%和44.7%,吸附性硫（Adsorbed—S）和盐酸可溶性硫（HCl—Soluble—S）含量分别增加0.4%,116.0%和50.1%,29.1%,而盐酸挥发性硫（HCl—Volatile—S）含量在R₂₀₀₂下降8.0%,在R₂₀₀₇增加19.7%。不同恢复阶段湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量在生长季呈不同的变化特征,这一方面与不同湿地植物生长节律以及地上与地下之间的硫养分供给关系密切相关;另一方面则与不同生态补水方式导致的环境因子,尤其是pH、EC和氮养分的变化有关。随着恢复年限的增加,湿地土壤的总无机硫（TIS）含量以及其占全硫（TS）含量的比例均呈降低趋势。湿地土壤的TIS储量整体随恢复年限的增加而降低,而这种降低主要取决于H₂O—S、Adsorbed—S和HCl—Soluble—S的贡献,且以H₂O—S占优（78%~80%）。研究发现,随着黄河口湿地的逐渐恢复以及每年冬季芦苇收割活动的进行,恢复湿地土壤中的无机硫养分逐渐趋于缺乏状态,长期来看将不利于维持湿地的稳定与健康。     

外源氮输入对生长季黄河口碱蓬湿地土壤无机硫形态变化特征的影响

选择黄河口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮输入模拟试验,探讨了不同氮输入梯度下(对照处理(N0)、低氮处理(N1)、中氮处理(N2)、高氮处理(N3))湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态在生长季的变化差异。结果表明:不同氮处理下各形态无机硫含量均表现为水溶性硫(H2O-S)吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)盐酸溶解性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S),且总无机硫(TIS)占全硫(TS)的比例介于34.52%~39.58%。外源氮输入不同程度地改变了湿地土壤的H2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量,且这种影响在生长季的某些时期达到了显著水平(P0.05)。相对于N0,N1和N2处理下H2O-S含量分别增加了6.12%和7.07%,而在N3处理下降低了0.98%;Adsorbed-S含量在N1处理下增加了11.73%,但在N2和N3处理下分别降低了23.53%和13.77%;HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S在N1、N2和N3处理下均呈降低趋势,降幅分别为5.21%,19.63%,59.59%和0.28%,16.10%,6.44%。尽管不同氮输入处理下土壤养分条件、水盐及酸碱状况均是影响无机硫赋存的关键因素,但pH和EC对其动态变化的影响尤为明显。研究发现,外源氮输入可能通过改变植物生长节律和土壤酸碱状况来影响植物对不同形态无机硫的吸收与利用,进而间接改变了土壤中不同形态无机硫含量及TIS赋存量。     

三江平原湿地土壤汞的分布特征及影响因素分析

三江平原湿地土壤汞的含量具有随深度增加总汞含量逐渐降低的特点,表层总汞含量具有小叶樟湿地＜乌拉苔草沼泽＜毛果苔草沼泽的特点,与水分特征一致,与地势的高低相反.植被在土壤与大气汞的交换中有重要的作用,植物汞是土壤汞的主要来源.有机质和总硫浓度与总汞含量具有强烈的相关关系,可以通过回归方程Y(总汞,ng/g)=0.0586479X(有机质,%)+19.4338和Y(总汞,ng/g)=0.0586479X(总硫,mg/kg)+19.4338加以预测.有机质和总硫影响着汞的形态和迁移.总汞含量与pH具有一定的负相关关系.地势、水分条件和植被是影响3种类型沼泽湿地总汞含量的主要驱动因子.     

祁连山北坡草甸草原地上生物量与土壤理化性质的关系

为了揭示祁连山北坡草甸草原的地上生物量与土壤理化性质的关系,在祁连山北坡东、中、西部选择了三个典型样地,连续收集了两个生长季的野外采样数据,开展植物地上生物量与土壤理化性质的关系研究。结果表明:（1）2014年生长季每个样地的地上总生物量均大于2013年生长季的,且两个生长季的地上总生物量从东到西均依次增加;（2）土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤有机质、有效钾、pH值在不同样地、不同生长季、不同土层差异性明显,而土壤碱解氮、有效磷相对稳定,差异性不明显;（3）地上生物量与土壤温度呈显著正相关,与土壤水分相关性不明显,与有效磷呈极显著正相关,与pH值呈显著正相关,对地上生物量影响较大的因子是地温、有效磷以及pH值。土壤养分主要通过影响土壤的理化性质来决定植被的生长,进而影响植物的生物量。     

喀斯特湿地转变为农用地对土壤有机硫形态及芳基硫酸酯酶活性的影响

【目的】土壤有机硫形态及芳基硫酸酯酶活性能敏感地反映土壤硫库的变化,厘清喀斯特湿地转变为农用地后不同土地利用方式下土壤有机硫形态和芳基硫酸酯酶活性的变化特征及其影响因素,对喀斯特湿地土地合理利用和土壤质量管理具有重要意义。【方法】以典型桂林会仙喀斯特天然沼泽湿地为对照(沼泽湿地),以由其转变而来的5种土地利用方式,即水稻田、旱地、果园、养殖地和弃耕地为研究对象,采集0—10、10—20、20—30和30—40 cm共4个土层的样品,分析各形态有机硫含量及芳基硫酸酯酶活性。【结果】1)与沼泽湿地相比,5种土地利用方式的土壤全硫储量、酯键硫、碳键硫以及残渣态硫含量均呈降低趋势。5种土地利用方式土壤碳键硫、酯键硫和残渣态硫占有机硫的比例分别为39.08%～63.54%、22.91%～34.28%、13.55%～28.46%,与沼泽湿地相比,酯键硫和残渣态硫占比降低,碳键硫占比升高(P<0.05)。2)沼泽湿地土壤有机硫含量范围在158.41～442.18 mg/kg,全硫含量范围在180.22～510.83 mg/kg,全硫平均值为345.53mg/kg,低于世界土壤全硫含量均值(70...     

京郊小麦玉米轮作土壤有效硫的动态变化

北京近郊池栽小区试验发现 ,北京近郊小麦 玉米轮作体系土壤有效硫含量具有明显的季节变化 ,其中表层 (0～20cm )土壤的变化幅度最大 ,20～40cm土层次之 ,40～60cm土层最小 ,主要与大气、降水、灌水、植物吸收、淋溶等因素有关。小麦生育期内土壤剖面中有效硫含量呈从上层向下递减的趋势 ;玉米生育期表层土壤有效硫呈下降趋势 ,收获时成为三层中最低的一层 ,说明土壤有效硫在剖面中有明显的淋洗现象。北京远郊的小麦 玉米轮作体系中土壤表层有效硫变化趋势与近郊的相似 ,但变化幅度比近郊土壤小     

京郊小麦玉米轮作土壤有效硫的动态变化

北京近郊池栽小区试验发现 ,北京近郊小麦 玉米轮作体系土壤有效硫含量具有明显的季节变化 ,其中表层 (0～20cm )土壤的变化幅度最大 ,20～40cm土层次之 ,40～60cm土层最小 ,主要与大气、降水、灌水、植物吸收、淋溶等因素有关。小麦生育期内土壤剖面中有效硫含量呈从上层向下递减的趋势 ;玉米生育期表层土壤有效硫呈下降趋势 ,收获时成为三层中最低的一层 ,说明土壤有效硫在剖面中有明显的淋洗现象。北京远郊的小麦 玉米轮作体系中土壤表层有效硫变化趋势与近郊的相似 ,但变化幅度比近郊土壤小     

闽江河口典型植被群落带及交错带植物—土壤体系中硅素的分布特征

为研究闽江河口湿地典型植被群落带及交错带硅素空间分布特征,以鳝鱼滩湿地为研究对象,于2015年7月由陆向海方向设置2条样带,对植物生物硅含量及储量分配比、表层土壤生物硅及有效硅含量进行测定分析。结果表明:(1)闽江河口湿地典型植被群落带植物生物硅含量均低于交错带,且不同类型植物硅含量差异较大(p0.05),其中芦苇、短叶江芏、互花米草和扁穗莎草硅含量分别为15.66,9.09,7.17,7.77mg/g。从空间来看,高潮滩不同植物生物硅含量均高于低潮滩。就不同器官而言,不同植物地上部分均高于地下部分,具体表现为枯体茎叶根,其含量分别为13.40,12.49,11.72,6.58mg/g。(2)交错带植物(短叶茳芏与芦苇)地下根系生物硅分配比大于地上各器官,而典型群落带植物生物硅分配比则与之相反。(3)湿地表层土壤近岸方向2条样带生物硅含量变化趋势基本一致,近海方向2条样带则呈现相反的变化趋势;由岸及海方向2条样带表层土壤有效硅含量变化趋势基本一致。研究表明,植物的生态学特性及其生长环境条件不同、地形条件和潮汐作用带来水文条件的差异对湿地硅素的空间分布具有一定的影响,这对研究河口潮汐湿地硅素生物地球化学循环有重要意义。     

Delayed harvest of reed canary grass translocates more nutrients in rhizomes

Abstract

Two field experiments, one in large plots and the other in small framed plots, were conducted in Umeå, northern Sweden. The objectives were (1) to examine the seasonal patterns of rhizome growth and nutrient dynamics of the energy crop reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in ley I and II, and (2) to evaluate the roles of soil type (mineral vs. organic), fertilisation level (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha^?1s), and season/harvest time (Oct-96, May-97, and Aug-97) on the rhizome growth and nutrient dynamics by means of a factorially designed experiment. The general pattern of rhizome growth was that biomass was low in June during initiation of shoot growth, but increased steadily during the growing season, reached a peak in late autumn, and remained high until next spring. The N and P accumulation in rhizomes followed a similar pattern. During ley years I and II, reed canary grass rhizome growth was less dependent on soil type, and more dependent on fertilisation and season, with fertilisation being the most important predictor of growth. The season/harvest time, followed by soil type, was the most important factor for both concentrations and therefore total uptake of N, P, and K in rhizomes. Soil type affected N content in rhizomes significantly, and also interacted with season and enhanced the effect on N, P, and K content in rhizomes. The seasonal dynamics of the nutrient content in rhizomes indicate a remobilisation of the nutrients from rhizomes to the regrowth of shoots and roots in spring and relocation/storage from aboveground shoots to rhizomes during late summer and autumn. The results of this study suggest that delaying the harvest to later than October would result in considerably more energy and nutrient resources being translocated from aboveground shoots to rhizomes for growth in the next season.     

Root growth,and microorganisms associated with the rhizoplane and root zone soil of a native C4 grass on burned and unburned sand prairies

We investigated the root growth of native Schizachyrium scoparium, little bluestem grass, and the seasonal abundance of rhizoplane and root zone soil microorganisms on burned and unburned sand prairies. Root growth and abundances of rhizoplane and root zone microorganisms were greater in burned than unburned sites. Microbe populations were nearly always higher on the rhizoplane than in the root zone soils, although they were not always significantly different. The seasonal dynamics of total bacteria, total fungi, fluorescent pseudomonads, and microorganisms that decompose chitin, cellulose, and protein varied between burned and unburned sites. Some microbial populations showed significant, though weak, relationships with root growth. Populations of most microorganisms were usually highest from June through August, when roots were being shed following the peak standing crop of root mass in May. The production of fine roots on burned sites early in the growing season and the consequent shedding of fine roots probably have an important effect on microbe population dynamics.     

Changes in the structure of bacterial complexes of vegetable crops in the course of their growth on a cultivated soddy-podzolic soil

The dynamics of population density and taxonomic structure of epiphytic bacterial communities on the leaves and roots of potatoes, carrots, and beets have been studied. Significant changes take place in the ontogenesis of these vegetables with substitution of hydrolytic bacteria for eccrisotrophic bacteria feeding on products of plant exosmosis. The frequency of domination of representatives of different taxa of epiphytic bacteria on the studied plants has been determined for the entire period of their growth. Bacteria of different genera have been isolated from the aboveground and underground organs of vegetables; their functions are discussed. It is shown that the taxonomic structure of bacterial communities in the soil under studied plants is not subjected to considerable changes and is characterized by the domination of typical soil bacteria—Arthrobacter and bacilli—with the appearance of Rhodococcus as a codominant at the end of the season (before harvesting).     

Seasonal transfers of assimilated 14C in grassland: Plant production and turnover,soil and plant respiration

Six areas of native grassland were labelled with ¹⁴C during a growing season. Transfers from the foliage to the roots and root respiration were measured. Plant production and turnover rates were determined by sampling the labelled material at different periods following exposure to ¹⁴CO₂.Above to beneath ground plant production ratios ranged between 1.1 and 1.9 with maximal translocation to the roots occurring during the drier summer months. The distribution of the photosynthates in the roots at different depths changed with time and soil moisture content. The upper part of the soil (0–10 cm) contained 49–77% of the labelled C found beneath the soil surface. Measurement of transfers with time of the above ground labelled C from living to dead plant and litter categories gave an insight into foliage dynamics and made it possible to estimate the seasonal shoot production at 130g Cm^?2 (1300kg ha^?1). Root growth represented 100g Cm^?2 (1000 kg ha^?1).Calculations of root and soil respiration were based on the CO₂ profiles in the soil. The fluxes of labelled and unlabelled CO₂ at the soil surface were estimated using the diffusion equation method. Respiration by roots and closely associated soil organisms accounted for 12 per cent of the net assimilation of CO₂ by the plants. This proportion was constant throughout the season and represented 19 per cent of the total CO₂ evolved at the soil surface.     

Temporal variability in plant and soil nitrogen pools in a high-Arctic ecosystem

This study determined temporal variability in N pools, both aboveground and belowground, across two contrasting plant communities in high-Arctic Spitsbergen, Svalbard (78°N). We measured N pools in plant material, soil microbial biomass and soil organic matter in moist (Alopecurus borealis dominated) and dry (Dryas octopetala dominated) meadow communities at four times during the growing season. We found that plant, microbial and dissolved inorganic and organic N pools were subject to significant, but surprisingly low, temporal variation that was controlled primarily by changes in temperature and moisture availability over the short growing season. This temporal variability is much less than that experienced in other seasonally cold ecosystems such as alpine tundra where strong seasonal partitioning of N occurs between plant and soil microbial pools. While only a small proportion of the total ecosystem N, the microbial biomass represented the single largest of the dynamic N pools in both moist and dry meadow communities (3.4% and 4.6% of the total ecosystem N pool, respectively). This points to the importance of soil microbial community dynamics for N cycling in high-Arctic ecosystems. Microbial N was strongly and positively related to soil temperature in the dry meadow, but this relationship did not hold true in the wet meadow where other factors such as wetter soil conditions might constrain biological activity. Vascular live belowground plant parts represented the single largest plant N pool in both dry and moist meadow, constituting an average of 1.6% of the total N pool in both systems; this value did not vary across the growing season or between plant communities. Overall, our data illustrate a surprisingly low growing season variability in labile N pools in high-Arctic ecosystems, which we propose is controlled primarily by temperature and moisture.     

水稻的硅素积累与分配特性及其基因型差异

研究了南方稻区30个水稻品种(系)的硅素积累与分配特性及其基因型差异。结果表明,水稻成熟期植株含硅量在1.62％～2.66％之间,植株含硅量的基因型差异显著;前期硅素积累量少,幼穗分化期以后硅素积累量占总积累量的3/4,不同生育阶段硅素积累的基因型差异达显著或极显著水平。硅在器官中的分配因生育期及栽培季节不同而异,早季成熟期硅在茎叶穗中的分配比例分别为43.36％、23.07％和33.57％,晚季分别为33.23％、19.75％、47.02％。水稻硅素积累量与干物质积累量、稻谷产量及N、P、K积累量呈显著相关。     

硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响

为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均显著提高。综上所述,硅钙钾镁肥可有效提高土壤酶活,促进桃幼树细根的生长,延缓根系衰老进程,增加氮、磷、钾、硅等营养元素积累量,提高叶片光合速率,促进植株生长;硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾后,提高了土壤有效硅及植株硅含量,比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。本研究结果为桃树合理施用硅钙钾镁肥提供了理论依据。     

Leaf nutrient analysis in Salix viminalis (L.) energy forest stands growing on agricultural land

The seasonal pattern of morphological leaf characteristics, leaf nutrient and carbohydrate contents in two energy forest stands growing on fertile clay soil and consisting of Salix viminalis (L.) was investigated. One of the stands was irrigated and liquid fertilized (IL) daily from May to August while the other stand was untreated (C). The study was carried out on shoots growing for their second year on five-year-old roots. A pronounced seasonal variation in length, weight, and area of leaves of the same developmental stage was observed, while differences between the stands were small. The leaf content of carbohydrates and starch was low. Nitrogen was the only nutrient that was significantly higher in the IL stand compared with the C stand throughout the growing season. The small differences between stands were most probably an effect of the initially high soil fertility. Different bases for expressing plant nutrient status during the growing season, i.e. nutrient amount per leaf dry weight with and without carbohydrates, nutrient amounts per leaf or leaf area, nutrient proportions in leaves, and nutrient amounts in the total canopy, were compared and discussed. It was concluded that the common expression, nutrient weight per dry weight of leaves, without correction for non-structural carbohydrates, was adequate to describe the nutrient situation in well-growing basket willow plantations. The most appropriate time for leaf sampling was proposed to be the phase of most intensive growth.     

Effects of defoliation on carbohydrate status,nodules and spring growth in white clover in a sub-arctic climate

Abstract

In order to improve the basis for utilizing white clover (Trifolium repens L) in northern agriculture, we studied the effects of defoliation intensity on spring growth in a sub-arctic climate in relation to carbohydrate and nodule status. White clover plants (cv Snowy) were studied in a pot experiment in the field on the coast of northern Norway from spring 2001 until spring 2002. The experiment was repeated with some modifications from spring 2002 until spring 2003. During the growing season from summer to autumn, the plants were totally stripped of leaves down to the stolon, cut at four or seven cm height or left undisturbed. The plants were sampled destructively in autumn, early spring and late spring and sorted into leaves, stolons and roots. The plant material was weighed and analysed for carbohydrate reserves and nodule number. Defoliation during the growing season resulted in reduced concentration of reserve carbohydrates in autumn and reduced winter survival of the stolons. The most severe defoliation treatment reduced the herbage growth in spring. In contrast, the two milder defoliation treatments had no effect on herbage growth during spring or on total plant dry matter and nodule status in late spring. In conclusion, moderate defoliation during the growing season had no effect on herbage growth the following spring nor on carbohydrate, nodule or dry matter status of the plant in late spring. Moderate defoliation increased spring growth and thereby also the nitrogen demand of the plants. This probably enhanced nodule formation and development of inactive to active nodules.