Abscisic acid is a potent inhibitor of growth and sporidial formation inneovossia indica cultures: Dual mode of actionvia loss of polyamines and cellular turgidity

The inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis inNeovossia indica (Mitra) Mundkur by D,L— α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) caused an effective reduction of mycelial growth and sporidial production underin vitro conditions, which was reversed by ornithine application. Abscisic acid proved to be similarly effective, not only in inhibiting mycelial growth and sporidial formation but also the germination of teliospores, which constitute the primary inoculum of the pathogen. ABA-mediated inhibition resulted in decreased polyamine levels and loss of cellular turgidity of mycelial cultures. Scanning electron microscopy of ABA-treated cultures revealed extremely shrunken hyphae, in marked contrast to the turgid controls. It is suggested that the manipulation of ABA levels and/or tissue sensitivity in wheat could be a strategy to combat ‘Karnal’ bunt, the disease caused byN. indica.     

Inhibition by aluminum of mycelial growth and of sporangial production and germination inPhytophthora infestans

Mycelial growth on clarified V8 agar of the potato late blight pathogenPhytophthora infestans was inhibited when either aluminum chloride (AlCl₃, 6 H₂O) or aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃, 18 H₂O) was added to the culture medium at concentrations of 2.5–100 mg.l^–1 Al³⁺. Toxicity of Al³⁺ varied among the fiveP. infestans isolates tested, but toxicity of sulfate and chloride salts was similar for a given isolate. Overall sporangial production was affected in all five isolates by both Al³⁺ forms. Al³⁺ also decreased sporangial germination at concentrations equal to or greater than 10 mg.l^–1 in two isolates. These data support the hypothesis of aluminum toxicity as a major factor in soil suppressiveness toP. infestans.     

Changes induced by powdery mildew in the salicylic acid and polyamine contents and the antioxidant enzyme activities of wheat lines

Investigations were made on four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines under greenhouse conditions, in order to reveal the role of stress-protective materials, namely salicylic acid, polyamines and antioxidant enzymes in the level of tolerance to powdery mildew infection caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f.sp. tritici ém. Marchal. The four lines showed different levels of tolerance, assessed on the Saari-Prescott scoring scale: TC26 and TC33 proved to be susceptible and TC9 and TC19 resistant. In most of the lines, infection caused changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, especially in the case of guaiacol peroxidase. Four peroxidase isoenzymes, which responded differently to powdery mildew infection could be detected by gel electrophoresis. Infection had only a slight effect on the levels of salicylic acid (free and bound forms) in inoculated plants; while the levels of polyamines, especially spermidine and spermine increased after infection. Correlation analysis was also performed to examine how close a relationship exists between the parameters investigated. It was concluded that salicylic acid, polyamines and antioxidant enzymes have an important role in plant responses and defence mechanisms during this biotic stress and that in some cases there were significant relationships between them. However the levels of these compounds either initially or after pathogen inoculation, could not explain the degree of tolerance to powdery mildew in the four wheat lines investigated.     

Trichoderma harzianum produces nonanoic acid, an inhibitor of spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens

An isolate of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai from an infected cacao pod produces and secretes nonanoic (pelargonic) acid into a liquid culture medium. Nonanoic acid (NA) was very inhibitory to spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens, Crinipellis perniciosa Stahel and Moniliophthora roreri Cif. H.C. Evans. It was highly active causing 75% inhibition of spore germination in an in vitro assay at a rate as low as 0.09 μM for M. roreri and 0.92 μM for C. perniciosa. Mycelial growth was comparatively less sensitive to inhibition, but still there was a 75% reduction in growth with 0.62 μM in M. roreri and 151 μM NA in C. perniciosa. In contrast, NA did not affect Trichoderma mycelial growth or spore germination at concentrations that were inhibitory to the pathogens. 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was also produced and secreted into the medium by T. harzianum, however; it was not antagonistic to the cacao pathogens. Although a number of metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. have been identified in the past, this is the first report of NA production and secretion by any Trichoderma. The results suggest that NA may play a role in the successful use of some Trichoderma spp. isolates in the biocontrol of fungal diseases of plants.     

An inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis — Difluoromethylornithine — and the polyamine spermidine for the control of gray mold(Botrytis Cinerea)

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) — an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, and the polyamine spermidine (Spd) reduced gray mold of tomato, pepper, eggplant, bean andSenecio sp. leaves, and of rose petals by 37–88% when applied at 0.1–1.0 mM each. Higher doses did not result in better control. The disease was also reduced significantly on tomato fruits by 1.0 inM DFMO and by 0.1–1.0 mM Spd, and on cucumber fruits by 0.1–1.0 mM of both compounds, but not on grape berries. The combination of 0.2 mM DFMO with 1.0 mM Spd controlled gray mold ofSenecio sp. and tomato leaves additively better than either treatment alone, whereas this effect was not observed in leaves of lettuce and pepper. Ethylene production was reduced significantly by Spd applied to leaves of tomato and pepper, but not by DFMO. Linear growth and germination of the fungus were affected by lower concentrations of DFMO (ED50 0.12–0.97 and 1.4, respectively) as compared with Spd. Spermidine and DFMO controlled white mold(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) as effectively as did the fungicide benomyl. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 3195-E, 1991 series.     

Germination and appressiorial formation by uredospores ofUromyces viciae-fabae exposed to inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis

An examination was made of the effects of three polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors on germination and appressorium formation by uredospores of the bean rust fungusUromyces viciae-fabea on artificial membranes. The ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor -difluoromethylornithine had no effect on uredospore germination, even when used at 2mM, whereas appressorium formation was reduced by 63% at 0.5 mM and by 99% at 2mM. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of S-andenosylmethionine decarboxylase, reduced germination when used at 0.025 mM, and at this concentration, appressorium formation was completed prevented. Uredospore germination was unaffected by as much as 3 mM cyclohexylamine, an inhibitor of spermidine esynthase, while appressorium formation was reduced at 1 mM and completely prevented at 3.3 mM. These results support previous suggestions that inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis exert their main effect on the early stages of fungal development on the leaf surface.Abbreviantions CHA cyclohyxylamine - DFMO -difluoromethylornithine - MGBG methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone)     

根控肥（CULTAN）对小麦生长发育及品质的影响

根据德国波恩大学Sommer教授提出的CULTAN的原理与山西临汾研究了根控肥和传统施肥处理对小麦生长发育及品质的影响,结果表明:根控肥处理比传统施肥处理不论从小麦的生长发育,还是品质方面都表现出较好的优势,尤其是硫铵、尿素和DCD添加剂混合物的根控肥处理其面团的吸水率、稳定时间和评价值明显提高.同时根控肥处理土壤剖面中碱解氮的含量显著高于传统施肥处理.因此在生产优质强筋小麦的地区,应推广施用根控肥,达到优质小麦产量与品质的协调统一.     

草酸对重寄生真菌盾壳霉分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

 本文研究了草酸对核盘菌的重寄生真菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:草酸对盾壳霉分生孢子萌发没有明显促进作用,在酸碱性非缓冲基质(水琼脂)和酸碱性缓冲基质中,抑制盾壳霉分生孢子萌发的最低浓度分别为150和700μg/mL。在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基中,当草酸浓度为100~2000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且浓度为300~500μg/mL的草酸对盾壳霉的菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用。在以草酸为唯一碳源的合成培养基中,在酸碱性非缓冲的条件下,当草酸浓度为100~2000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且草酸浓度为500μg/mL时对盾壳霉菌丝生长具有促进作用,而当草酸浓度为2500μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝则停止生长。在酸碱性缓冲的合成基质中,草酸浓度为100~4000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且草酸浓度为1500~2500μg/mL时对盾壳霉菌丝生长具有促进作用。在含草酸钙的混浊培养基(以草酸为唯一碳源)上,盾壳霉菌落区域形成了透明圈。上述结果说明盾壳霉能忍耐一定浓度的草酸而进行分生孢子萌发及菌丝生长,且这种真菌可能对草酸分子具有分解作用。     

渗透胁迫下钴和DFMA对小麦幼苗多胺含量及膜脂过氧化的影响(英文)

探讨了渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗乙烯与多胺之间是否存在底物竞争以及CoCl2和DFMA对膜脂过氧化的影响。研究结果表明,-1.0 MPa聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液对小麦幼苗根系渗透胁迫6 h时,叶片腐胺、亚精胺含量及乙烯释放量均显著提高,之后随胁迫时间延长,腐胺、亚精胺含量逐渐下降,乙烯释放量逐渐增加;当-1.0 MPa PEG溶液中加入DFMA0.5 mmol/L,在渗透胁迫过程中,相比于未加DFMA的处理,叶片腐胺和亚精胺含量均显著下降,而乙烯释放量没有显著变化;说明在-1.0 MPaPEG溶液根系渗透胁迫过程中,叶片内乙烯与亚精胺之间并不存在显著的底物竞争关系。当-1.0 MPa PEG溶液中加入CoCl22 mmol/L,乙烯释放量的增加被抑制,且腐胺、亚精胺含量显著提高;在PEG溶液中加入CoCl2还提高了叶片抗氧化酶的活力,并在胁迫至24 h时,显著降低了活性氧水平以及MDA含量,进而对细胞膜表现出保护作用。然而,在PEG溶液中加入DFMA,上述指标表现为相反的变化趋势。说明当渗透胁迫加深时,CoCl2提高多胺含量及抑制乙烯产生可以相对降低脂质过氧化程度,且能够减轻细胞膜在深度渗透胁迫下所受伤害。     

Effect of water potential on mycelial growth and perithecial production of Monosporascus cannonballus in vitro

The effects of osmotic water potential (Ψ_s) on mycelial growth and perithecial production of Monosporascus cannonballus , the cause of root rot and vine decline of melons, were examined at 25°C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with KCl, NaCl or sucrose. Patterns of the growth responses of four isolates to decreasing Ψ_s were similar for each of the osmotica. Compared with growth on nonamended PDA (−0·3 MPa), growth of all isolates increased as Ψ_s was reduced to −0·8 MPa. Maximum growth occurred at Ψ_s values of −0·6 to −0·8 MPa. Growth was not reduced below that on nonamended PDA until Ψ_s was reduced to −1·8 MPa, and a 50% reduction in growth did not occur until Ψ_s was reduced to < −2·5 MPa. Reproduction was much more sensitive to reduced Ψ_s than was mycelial growth, and perithecia were produced only at Ψ_s ≥ −0·7 or −0·8 MPa on PDA amended with KCl or NaCl, respectively. Three isolates produced perithecia on PDA amended with sucrose only at Ψ_s ≥ −0·6 MPa, but the fourth isolate produced perithecia at ≥ −1·9 MPa. Colonization of the xylem early in disease development may provide an essential source of water for subsequent reproduction in the root cortex during plant senescence. Postharvest cultivation to expose and desiccate roots may prevent reproduction even when temperatures lethal to hyphae are not attained.     

Predicting the growth and competitive effects of annual weeds in wheat

The growth and competitiveness of 12 annual weed species were studied in crops of winter wheat, in which weeds were sown to give a wide range of plant densities. Weed growth patterns were identified; early species which senesced in mid-summer were less competitive than those with a growth pattern similar to that of the crop. Most species had little effect on crop yield in 1987, and this was attributed to a high crop den sity. Crop yield-weed density relationships for all species in 1988 and for Galium aparine in 1987 were well described by a rectangular hyperbola. Species were listed in the following competitive order based on the percentage yield loss per weed m^?2: Avena fatua > Matricaria perforata > Galium aparine > Myosotis arvenis > Poa trivialis > Alopecurus myosuroides > Stellaria media > Papaver rhoeas > Lamiumpur-pureum > Veronica persica > Veronica hederi-folia > Viola arvensis. Prediction of yield loss is discussed. The assumptions inherent in using Crop Equivalents (based on relative weights of weed and crop plants), are challenged; with intense competition, weed biomass at harvest failed to replace lost crop biomass, and harvest index was reduced. It is concluded that a competi tive index, derived from yield density relation ships, and expressed as the percentage yield loss per weed m^?2, is more likely to reflect the com petitive ability of a species than an index obtained from plant weights in the growing crop.     

L-半胱氨酸对稻曲病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用及其转录组分析

 分别应用3个稻曲病菌菌株ZJ09、XS14、XS1214,以及马铃薯蔗糖琼脂(potato sucrose agar,PSA)固体培养基、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar,PDA)固体培养基、TB₃固体培养基和马铃薯蔗糖(potato sucrose,PS)液体培养基,进行固体或液体培养,实验结果表明补充0.250~0.500 g·L^-1 L-半胱氨酸对稻曲病菌菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用,作用强度随L-半胱氨酸浓度提高而增加。分别采集未补充L-半胱氨酸和补充0.250 g·L^-1 L-半胱氨酸的PSA固体培养基平板上培养6 d的两组ZJ09菌丝进行转录组测序,得到2 138个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),其中985个被L-半胱氨酸上调表达,1 153个被L-半胱氨酸下调表达。针对转录组测序结果获得的6个DEGs进行了RT-qPCR验证。GO富集结果显示,DEGs在细胞组分、分子功能和生物过程3个类别中均有富集,说明L-半胱氨酸抑制菌丝生长机制复杂。KEGG通路注释结果表明,L-半胱氨酸抑制菌丝生长可能主要与其影响内质网中蛋白质的加工有关。分析DEGs功能后还发现,L-半胱氨酸显著削弱菌丝中几丁质合酶D、细胞分裂控制蛋白6(cell division control protein,CDC6)及细胞分裂控制蛋白48(CDC48)编码基因的表达,推测可能与其对稻曲病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用有关。     

关中平原小麦生育期VTCI加权估算及其与产量的相关性研究

选取关中平原冬小麦主要生育期的条件植被温度指数( VTCI)遥感干旱监测结果,运用层次分析法、因子权重排序法两种主观赋权法和主成分分析法、熵值法两种客观赋权法,分别确定加权VTCI,并与关中平原5地区冬小麦年产量建立线性回归模型,研究VTCI对冬小麦产量的影响.结果表明,两种主观赋权法确定的加权VTCI与产量之间存在着...     

保护性耕作对小麦生长和水分利用效率的影响

采用对比试验法研究了紫色土丘陵区保护性耕作对小麦光合特性、干物质积累和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖+施用腐熟剂均能提高小麦生育后期叶面积指数,净光合速率比传统耕作分别提高了2.90%和5.74%;两种处理能在一定程度上控制株高,并在小麦抽穗~成熟期促进干物质积累,使麦穗分配指数提高238.46%和242.31%;秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂使小麦增产8.07%,水分利用效率和降水利用效率也分别提高了5.80%和8.02%。     

小麦返白系返青后根系生长及养分吸收利用特性的研究

采用管栽试验研究了返青后小麦返白系根系生长及养分吸收利用规律。结果表明,返白系返白期间光合速率低于正常小麦,完全复绿后光合速率表现出补偿效应,这种补偿效应可持续到灌浆初期。返青后地上部和根系生长、养分摄取量明显低于正常小麦,但产量与正常小麦无差异(P>0.05)。返白系的同化效率高,养分利用效率高于正常小麦。磷和钾的代谢可能与返白系的返白有关。     

植物油对刺糖多孢菌生长及其合成多杀菌素能力的影响

为研究不同种类植物油对刺糖多孢菌生长及其合成多杀菌素能力的影响,探索提高多杀菌素产量的方法,在发酵培养基中分别添加葵花油、花生油、大豆油、芝麻油、橄榄油和菜籽油,研究了其对菌体生长、脂肪酶活性和多杀菌素产量的影响,并利用RT-PCR对脂肪酶基因及多杀菌素合成相关基因的转录水平进行分析。结果表明:6种供试植物油对菌体生长和多杀菌素产量的影响程度不同,依次为菜籽油橄榄油花生油芝麻油葵花油大豆油,其中菜籽油有利于诱导脂肪酶的表达、延缓菌体的衰亡和延长产素期,脂肪酶活力、菌体生物量和多杀菌素产量分别提高310.09%、8.97%和33.94%;脂肪酶基因和多杀菌素合成基因的转录强度也有明显提高。因此,菜籽油是其最佳的辅助性脂类碳源。     

Ustilospores of Tilletia ehrhartae, a smut of Ehrharta calycina, are common contaminants of Australian wheat grain, and a potential source of confusion with Tilletia indica, the cause of Karnal bunt of wheat

Australian wheat consigned for export from Australian ports was surveyed in March 2004 using a national diagnostic protocol for detection and identification of Tilletia indica . No ustilospores of T. indica were detected, confirming previous surveys which have failed to detect T. indica in Australia. However, the survey detected moderate levels of the common smuts Tilletia caries (syn. Tilletia tritici ), Tilletia laevis and Urocystis agropyri , and very low levels (average fewer than six ustilospores per 150 g sample) of an unidentified dark, tuberculate-spored Tilletia in ≈ 60% of samples tested. Comparison with herbarium specimens enabled identification of the majority of the tuberculate ustilospores as Tilletia ehrhartae , a smut fungus known to infect only Ehrharta calycina (perennial veldt grass) and which is common in southern Australia. A smaller number of tuberculate smut ustilospores were identified as Tilletia walkeri , a smut of Lolium spp. recorded in Australia but apparently uncommon. Both T. ehrhartae and T. walkeri bear sufficient resemblance to T. indica for misidentifications to be possible where only a very few ustilospores are seen, although T. ehrhartae ustilospores are always <25  µ m in diameter. The frequent presence of ustilospores of both T. ehrhartae and T. walkeri as contaminants of Australian wheat grain exports has significance for diagnosticians testing Australian export wheat, as it demonstrates the potential for tuberculate ustilospores of species other than those covered in existing diagnostic protocols to be misidentified as T. indica . This paper describes T. ehrhartae in detail, and provides criteria for its differentiation from T. indica , T. walkeri and some other species.     

秸秆覆盖全程节水对小麦病害发生的影响

通过秸秆覆盖全程节水对小麦病害发生影响调查,发现其主要病害有:小麦条锈病(Puccinia striiformis West)、小麦白粉病[Blumeria graminis(DC.) Speer]和小麦散黑穗病[Ustalago tritici(Pers)Jens.],免耕和秸秆覆盖处理对这3种病害的发生几乎没有影响;随冬季灌水量的增加,小麦条锈病发病减轻,小麦散黑穗病发病加重,对小麦白粉病影响不大。