多路自动CO2测定装置试制成功

一台红外 CO_2气体分析仪一次只能测定一路气样,即一个测点的 CO_2浓度。如进行多种作物单叶光合作用的对比测定,或田间 CO_2浓度廓线测定,就需要对多个测点同时进行测定,这样,测定时要不断进行人工换接气路。结果,一定耗费较多的时间(如果测定六路就需要半小时左右,不能满足对比测定的要求);二是频繁换接气路管道,会出现漏气而影响精度。     

施用棉秆炭对新疆盐渍化土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响

[目的]施用棉秆研制的生物炭,研究其对新疆盐渍化理化性状及作物产量的影响.[方法]采用高低两个水平一次性施入生物质炭,连续监测3年,分别测定2013年播种前、收获后与2014年收获后、2015年收获后的0 ～ 20 cm、20～ 40 cm土层的土壤田间持水量、容重与总盐,养分含量及作物产量.[结果]在三年四茬连作体系上施用生物炭提高土壤的田间持水量(平均每年提高2.63;～7.57;),降低土壤容重(平均每年降低1.66;～2.18;)与土壤总盐含量(平均每年降低24.32;～ 28.06;);提高土壤中原有养分含量促进作物生长,提高作物产量(平均每茬可提高25.52; ～27.47;).[结论]施用棉秆可有效改良新疆盐渍化土壤的理化性质,改善土壤特性,并在提高土壤质量的同时提高作物产量.     

田间作物信息监测技术的研究现状与展望

利用田间监测技术采集作物信息,可以实时获取田间作物的生长情况,并做出相应决策,对提高作物的产量和品质有重要作用。针对依赖于人工采样测量的传统作物田间监测方法存在效率低下、主观性强、特征单一等缺点,田间作物的快速监测、信息获取及分析技术成为了当下的研究热点。本文从采集目标、监测平台以及不同数据(信息)分析方法 3个方面分析了国内外田间作物监测技术的研究现状,总结了目前我国田间作物监测中存在的问题,并对今后在监测技术创新、信息解析技术、数据(信息)标准化与共享化,以及基础设施及推广方面的发展提出了建议,以期为我国田间作物监测技术的创新和产业发展提供参考。     

宁夏引扬黄灌区密植作物小麦滴灌带合理设计及布设参数优化

为明确宁夏引扬黄灌区密植作物小麦滴灌带的最优铺设方案,采用4因素3水平正交试验,研究不同滴灌带布设参数对小麦生长发育、产量构成因素和滴灌带成本投入的影响,确定小麦滴灌带田间铺设间距、滴头流量、灌水量等指标.结果表明,滴灌带在60、80 cm铺设间距下,土壤滴灌湿润宽度可以相接,满足小麦密植种植作物的需水要求,且同一铺设间距下滴灌带垂直方向不同距离小麦生长指标(株高、叶绿素含量)和穗粒数无显著差异;滴灌管带铺设间距为80 cm的3个处理平均收获穗数明显高于其他处理,其产量整体上也高于其他铺设间距处理.滴头流量太大不利于小麦产量的提升,其中滴头流量2.0和3.0 L/h有利于提高小麦产量.灌水量越小,平均收获穗数减少越明显,其产量也越低;对比不同滴灌带铺设用量投入成本,铺设间距80 cm的处理优于其他处理,有利于节约成本.     

作物模拟与OTL定位的互补作用及其应用

作物模型正日益用于设计不同环境中的理想株型育种。DNA分子标记可把复杂的数量性状分解成若干个数量性状位点(quantitative trait loci，QTL)的效应，并将QTL转入到栽培品系中去。作物模拟与QTL定位相结合，QTL将去除若干所测定模型输入参数的随机误差。这种基于QTL效应的作物模型，将弥补常规模型忽视其输入性状遗传效应的缺点，并能更准确地预测遗传群体中各个体间的产量差异。另一方面，作物模型能成为解释“基因型与环境互作”的有力工具，也将弥补QTL定位不能将一个环境条件试验分析结果外推到另一环境条件。基于上述分析，提出了一个将标记辅助育种与以模型为基础的理想株型育种的综合方法。     

抗虫棉品种为何不宜自留种

使用自留种对常规作物品种来讲是农业生产的主要方法之一,但自留种子质量较低、自然退化和田间混杂较为严重,直接影响作物产量和质量。对于棉花常规品种来说,由于棉花生产的不稳定性,农民不易察觉到所受的损失,但种植抗虫棉自留种,损失将更严重,其原因有以下几点:     

小麦植株遮挡对微喷灌均匀度的影响

针对小麦等密植作物不同生育期株高和冠层覆盖度对微喷带灌溉均匀度产生影响的问题,采用试验方法,根据小麦生长规律设计不同的株高和种植密度,研究植株遮挡对于微喷带灌溉均匀度的影响。结果表明:1)使用微喷带进行田间灌溉时,其灌溉均匀度的影响因素包括微喷带水力性能影响和作物生长状况影响2部分;2)微喷带的水力性能是保证小麦微喷带灌溉均匀度的基础;3)作物生长状况对微喷带灌溉均匀度影响显著,在田间灌溉中可根据作物生长阶段的密度及覆盖度,调整微喷带的运行压力,提高灌溉均匀度。     

作物活体多探头测量仪的研制

采用TP—801单板机制作作物活体多探头测量仪。该机可在田间对生长状态下的农作物进行多点体内养分积累、运输、分配等测定,且结果可靠。     

线性根系吸水模型在土壤—作物系统中的应用

在土壤－作物系统中，根系吸水模型是连接土壤和作物的桥梁，然而又是最难处理的一个环节。按植物生长发育规律模拟根系在各个土层中生长速率和绝对量分布的方法，难以获得满意的结果。将几个影响根系吸水的因素综合起来考虑，用线性方程进行描述，建立根系吸水模型，是近些年来出现的一个较为简捷的新途径。本文通过对北京地区冬小麦田间试验的实际测定与模拟结果相比较，证明了在土壤－作物系统中采用线性根系吸水模型可取得较为理想的结果。     

基于双作物系数模型的田间灌溉水利用效率估算

双作物系数模型是依据FAO56双作物系数法来模拟土壤水量平衡的计算方法,可以模拟每日田间尺度上的土壤水量平衡,预测作物腾发量,制定灌水规划和进行环境研究.该文在位于西北干旱区的盈科灌区制种玉米田开展了土壤水分、作物生长和实际耗水量等试验观测,通过调整基本作物系数,率定和验证了SIMDualKc模型.由灌溉水有效利用率计算公式计算得出盈科灌区8个典型试验田的田间灌溉水有效利用率在62％ ～77％之间.由于在干旱内陆河灌区,田间灌溉水有效利用为80％～90％,因此必须加强盈科灌区田间工程建设和提高灌水技术水平.     

Maize-soybean strip intercropping: Achieved a balance between high productivity and sustainability

Intercropping is one of the most vital practice to improve land utilization rate in China that has limited arable land resource. However, the traditional intercropping systems have many disadvantages including illogical field lay-out of crops, low economic value, and labor deficiency, which cannot balance the crop production and agricultural sustainability. In view of this, we developed a novel soybean strip intercropping model using maize as the partner, the regular maize-soybean strip intercropping mainly popularized in northern China and maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping principally extended in southwestern China. Compared to the traditional maize-soybean intercropping systems, the main innovation of field lay-out style in our present intercropping systems is that the distance of two adjacent maize rows are shrunk as a narrow strip, and a strip called wide strip between two adjacent narrow strips is expanded reserving for the growth of two or three rows of soybean plants. The distance between outer rows of maize and soybean strips are expanded enough for light use efficiency improvement and tractors working in the soybean strips. Importantly, optimal cultivar screening and increase of plant density achieved a high yield of both the two crops in the intercropping systems and increased land equivalent ratio as high as 2.2. Annually alternative rotation of the adjacent maize- and soybean-strips increased the grain yield of next seasonal maize, improved the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potasium of maize, while prevented the continuous cropping obstacles. Extra soybean production was obtained without affecting maize yield in our strip intercropping systems, which balanced the high crop production and agricultural sustainability.     

植物化感作用的研究现状及其在农业生产中的应用

植物化感作用体现了植物个体及群体之间生化相克相生的关系,它广泛地存在于农业生态系统之中,与植物对光、水分、养分和空间的竞争一起构成植物间以及与其他生物间的相互作用。文章在综合介绍植物化感作用研究背景、化感物质的种类、释放方式以及作用形式的基础上,系统地综述了近年来国内外有关植物化感现象的最新研究进展,并对植物化感作用在农业生产领域的理论及应用实践进行探讨;重点论述了化感作用在减少农作物连作障碍、杂草生物防治、植物源生物农药研发、化感抗害新品种培育中的潜在价值,展望了化感作用今后的发展方向。     

以作物残茬为生物篱在裸露农田营建防风带技术的研究

根据农田防护林等生物篱网防治农田风蚀的原理,把作物残茬作为生物篱间隔插入马铃薯裸露农田,形成以残茬为生物篱的农田防护篱网,可以解决北方旱作马铃薯生产基地农田严重风蚀问题,核心技术是利用残茬把连片的裸露农田间隔分成宽7.2m以下的带田,形成留茬带与裸露带间作的农田,不仅使留茬带的风蚀量降低80%以上,其裸露带的风蚀量也降低50%以上,取得防治马铃薯裸露农田的风蚀沙化,保护和提高耕地质量的实效。总结提出在北方旱作区采用麦类/油菜等条播作物留茬与马铃薯等根茎类作物间作轮作营建裸露农田防风篱网的保护性耕作技术。     

Variable-rate fungicide spraying in cereals using a plant cover sensor

Real-time technology was developed and tested to variably apply fungicides on the plant surface of cereals. An important step towards variable-rate fungicide application in real time is the development and operation of online sensors for measuring plant parameters. The sensor signal of the CROP-Meter (real-time sensor to measure crop biomass density) is correlated with the Leaf Area Index, a measurement characterising the plant surface. Geostatistical analysis of the sensor values in the experimental fields showed that the autocorrelation distance was greater than 25 m, which was wider than the spray boom of the sensor-controlled field sprayer. Control of individual sections of the spray boom was therefore not necessary in the 5-year experiments. In the eleven field trials, average fungicide savings of 22% were achieved. Field scale strip trials were conducted with the sensor-operated field sprayer to analyse the yield response of the crop. Higher, lower, as well as similar yield levels were obtained in the variable-rate plots by comparison with the uniform plots.     

Crop height variability detection in a single field by multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning

Information on crop height, crop growth and biomass distribution is important for crop management and environmental modelling. For the determination of these parameters, terrestrial laser scanning in combination with real-time kinematic GPS (RTK–GPS) measurements was conducted in a multi-temporal approach in two consecutive years within a single field. Therefore, a time-of-flight laser scanner was mounted on a tripod. For georeferencing of the point clouds, all eight to nine positions of the laser scanner and several reflective targets were measured by RTK–GPS. The surveys were carried out three to four times during the growing periods of 2008 (sugar-beet) and 2009 (mainly winter barley). Crop surface models were established for every survey date with a horizontal resolution of 1 m, which can be used to derive maps of plant height and plant growth. The detected crop heights were consistent with observations from panoramic images and manual measurements (R² = 0.53, RMSE = 0.1 m). Topographic and soil parameters were used for statistical analysis of the detected variability of crop height and significant correlations were found. Regression analysis (R² < 0.31) emphasized the uncertainty of basic relations between the selected parameters and crop height variability within one field. Likewise, these patterns compared with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from satellite imagery show only minor significant correlations (r < 0.44).     

Geostatistical modelling of within-field soil and yield variability for management zones delineation: a case study in a durum wheat field

The paper proposes a geostatistical approach for delineating management zones (MZs) based on multivariate geostatistics, showing the use of polygon kriging to compare durum wheat yield among the different MZs (polygons). The study site was a durum wheat field in southern Italy and yield was measured over three crop seasons. The first regionalized factor, calculated with factorial cokriging, was used to partition the field into three iso-frequency classes (MZs). For each MZ, the expected value and standard deviation of yield were estimated with polygon kriging over the three crop seasons. The yield variation was only in part related to soil properties but most of it might be ascribable to different patterns of meteorological conditions. Both components of variation (plant and soil) in a cropping system should then be taken into account for an effective management of rainfed durum wheat in precision agriculture. The proposed approach proved multivariate Geostatistics to be effective for MZ delineation even if further testing is required under different cropping systems and management.     

燕麦与马铃薯带状间作产量优势及土地利用率

为探究北方半干旱地区燕麦与马铃薯带状间作对作物产量和土地利用率的影响，于2019—2021年在山西省右玉县开展3年的大田试验，设置燕麦单作、马铃薯单作和燕麦与马铃薯带状间作3种种植模式，分析了3种种植模式产量效应以及间作模式的土地当量比(LER)和边行效应。结果表明:燕麦与马铃薯带状间作表现出明显的增产效应，3年试验期间的土地当量比分别为1.11、1.07和1.17。间作边1行燕麦籽粒产量显著高于间作其他边行和单作行，2019—2021年，间作边1行产量对间作燕麦籽粒产量贡献率为35.6%~38.5%。产量构成分析显示，地上部生物量、有效穗和穗粒数的增加是间作边1行燕麦籽粒产量提高的决定因素。与马铃薯单作相比，间作边1行马铃薯单株块茎重和商品薯重均降低，导致间作马铃薯产量下降1.0%~26.2%。综上所述，燕麦与马铃薯带状间作增加了土地利用率，具有较好的产量效应，燕麦边行效应是间作产量优势的重要原因。     

Replicability of nitrogen recommendations from ramped calibration strips in winter wheat

Ramped calibration strips have been suggested as a way for grain producers to determine nitrogen needs more accurately. The strips use incrementally increasing levels of nitrogen and enable producers to conduct an experiment in each field to determine nitrogen needs. This study determines whether predictions from the program Ramp Analyzer 1.2 are replicable in Oklahoma hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Predictions are derived from 36 individual strips from on-farm experiments—two pairs of adjacent strips at each of nine winter wheat fields in Canadian County, OK. The two pairs of strips within each field were between 120 and 155 m apart. Each strip was analyzed three times during the 2006–2007 growing season. Nitrogen recommendations from Ramp Analyzer 1.2 are not correlated even for strips that were placed side by side, and recommendations from strips in the same field show no more homogeneity than randomly selected strips throughout the county. The results indicate that ramped calibration strips are unlikely to produce accurate nitrogen requirement predictions at any spatial scale, whether at the county level or for subsections of a single field. In contrast, a procedure that uses only measures from the plot with no nitrogen and the plot with the highest level of nitrogen applied does show replicability. Thus, improvements in the ramped calibration strip technology are needed if it is to become viable.     

Crop water status assessment in controlled environment using crop reflectance and temperature measurements

Crop water status is an important parameter for plant growth and yield performance in greenhouses. Thus, early detection of water stress is essential for efficient crop management. The dynamic response of plants to changes of their environment is called ‘speaking plant’ and multisensory platforms for remote sensing measurements offer the possibility to monitor in real-time the crop health status without affecting the crop and environmental conditions. Therefore, aim of this work was to use crop reflectance and temperature measurements acquired remotely for crop water status assessment. Two different irrigation treatments were imposed in tomato plants grown in slabs filed with perlite, namely tomato plants under no irrigation for a certain period; and well-watered plants. The plants were grown in a controlled growth chamber and measurements were carried out during August and September of 2014. Crop reflectance measurements were carried out by two types of sensors: (i) a multispectral camera measuring the radiation reflected in three spectral bands centred between 590–680, 690–830 and 830–1000 nm regions, and (ii) a spectroradiometer measuring the leaf reflected radiation from 350 to 2500 nm. Based on the above measurements several crop indices were calculated. The results showed that crop reflectance increased due to water deficit with the detected reflectance increase being significant about 8 h following irrigation withholding. The results of a first derivative analysis on the reflectance data showed that the spectral regions centred at 490–510, 530–560, 660–670 and 730–760 nm could be used for crop status monitoring. In addition, the results of the present study point out that sphotochemical reflectance index, modified red simple ratio index and modified ratio normalized difference vegetation index could be used as an indicator of plant water stress, since their values were correlated well with the substrate water content and the crop water stress index; the last being extensively used for crop water status assessment in greenhouses and open field. Thus, it could be concluded that reflectance and crop temperature measurements might be combined to provide alarm signals when crop water status reaches critical levels for optimal plant growth.     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲农田表层土壤粒度特征分析

通过野外采样和室内实验相结合,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲农田表层土壤的粒度变化规律及其影响因素进行了深入分析。结果表明:1研究区农田表层土壤机械组成以粉粒和砂粒为主,土壤质地较轻,粘粒和砂粒含量属于弱至中等变异强度;2就各土地利用类型而言,粘粒含量果林地最高,混合作物地最低;粉粒含量混合作物地最高,棉花地最低;砂粒含量棉花地最高,谷物地最低;3各连作年限棉田而言,粘粒含量连作15年棉田最高,连作20年棉田最低;粉粒含量连作15年棉田最高,连作25年棉田最低;砂粒含量连作25年棉田最高,连作15年棉田最低;4从总体上来讲,渭干河、库车河、塔里木河冲洪积物交汇处粘粒和粉粒含量较高,而砂粒含量较低,由绿洲中心往外,以粘粒和粉粒含量逐渐降低,而砂粒含量逐渐增加;5土壤母质属性、地貌地形、气象气候等结构性因素是控制研究区农田表层土壤粒径变异的主要因素,人类的农业生产活动等随机性因素加剧了农田表层土壤粒径的结构变化。