Mechanisms of potassium uptake efficiency and dynamics in the rhizosphere of safflower and sunflower in different soils

Potassium uptake efficiency of safflower and sunflower was studied under semi-controlled conditions in loamy and sandy soils. Both species performed better in loamy soil. Safflower had higher agronomic efficiency and higher relative root length under suboptimal K supply. Safflower had higher specific root density and less root radius at all K levels. Safflower had higher relative root-shoot ratio under suboptimal K in loamy soil. Both species had similar K-influx at low and optimal K in loamy soil, while sunflower had higher influx under suboptimal and optimal supplies in sandy soil. Safflower had higher shoot demand in both soils under suboptimal and optimal K. Both species depleted similar amounts of soil solution-K under suboptimal K in sandy soil, while sunflower was more efficient under suboptimal levels in loamy soils. Sunflower depleted more extractable-K under both suboptimal and optimal K. Safflower could be considered K-uptake efficient crop.     

PLFA方法研究连作对加工番茄根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

通过在石河子大学农学院试验站开展加工番茄连作定点微区试验,采用氯仿熏蒸和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法相结合,研究了不同连作处理(种植1 a、连作3 a、5 a和7 a)对新疆加工番茄花果期和成熟期根际土壤微生物群落结构及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,连作导致土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物熵(q MB)下降,SMBC/SMBN升高,而微生物量磷(SMBP)随连作年限和生育期的变化而不同。连作显著增加了真菌PLFAs含量,降低了细菌PLFAs含量、土壤PLFAs总量及细菌/真菌PLFAs的比值,而放线菌PLFAs含量变化无规律。连作7 a时,成熟期的细菌PLFAs含量、土壤PLFAs总量较对照分别减少62.9%、50.3%(P0.05),而真菌PLFAs含量较对照升高60.2%(P0.05)。从多样性指数分析看,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Brillouin指数和Pielou指数均随连作年限的延长呈先升后降的变化,其中连作3 a时各项指数最大,连作7 a时最小,表明在本试验年限范围内,连作使得微生物群落多样性与均匀程度皆出现了一定程度的降低。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物各类群PLFAs量、微生物量及土壤肥力之间存在相关性,说明土壤微生物量与土壤肥沃程度相关,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。可见,加工番茄连作改变了土壤微生物群落结构,降低了土壤微生物量,最终在根际土壤微生态系统和环境因子等因素的综合作用下产生连作障碍。     

Dynamics of the rhizosphere effect in soils

In a greenhouse experiment with continuous labeling of oat plants in a ¹³CO₂ atmosphere, the ratios between different carbon and nitrogen pools in the rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil, i.e., the values of the rhizosphere factor R _f , were determined. The mean values of the rhizosphere factor varied from 0.9 (the water-soluble nitrogen pool) to 4.6 (the pool of ¹³C-labeled dissolved organic carbon). We split the carbon and nitrogen pools into three groups depending on the mean R _f value. Group I with high R _f values (>2) included the most labile labeled organic carbon pools and the active component of the soil microbial biomass. Group II with the rhizosphere factor values 1 < R _f < 2 included the more conservative pools of the total dissolved organic carbon and the microbial biomass in the soil. The only representative of group III (R _f < 1) was the water-soluble nitrogen pool. The dynamics of the rhizosphere factor had a maximum during the period of the rapid root growth rate (the tillering, booting, and earing stages) for most members of group I; a maximum during the period of the intensive root turnover (the milk ripeness and wax stages) was detected for the pools-representatives of group II. The dynamics of the rhizosphere factor for the soluble nitrogen had no prominent trends.     

灰黄青霉对瓜列当的防效及对番茄根区土壤微生物的影响

根寄生杂草瓜列当（Orobanche aegyptiaca）严重危害番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）等多种经济作物的产量和品质。如何有效防除仍是当今瓜列当研究重点之一。真菌是列当的生防因子之一,但目前对农作物无致病性的列当生防真菌的研究尚少。本研究通过培养皿试验研究1株灰黄青霉（Penicillium griseofulvum,CF3）的无细胞发酵滤液对瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长的影响,通过盆栽试验研究CF3粉状制剂对瓜列当的防除效果及对寄主番茄生长和根区土壤微生物的影响。结果表明：1）培养皿试验中,CF3发酵液抑制了瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长。其中,在放有瓜列当种子与番茄幼苗的培养皿中,加入CF3发酵液后培养6 d,瓜列当种子的萌发均被完全抑制;添加CF3发酵液与霍格兰德营养液体积比为1∶2、1∶4、1∶6和1∶8的混合液培养8 d后,瓜列当种子的萌发率与对照相比分别减少80.26%、70.26%、68.10%和47.51%。CF3发酵液原液、10倍稀释液和100倍稀释液处理后使瓜列当发芽管长度与对照相比分别缩短100.00%、68.84%和19.24%。2）盆栽试验中,CF3菌剂抑制了瓜列当的出土和单株瓜列当的生长,并使番茄增产。施加1.0 g·kg^-1 CF3菌剂130 d后,瓜列当的出土数量、出土率和单株瓜列当干重分别降低76.19%、85.30%和28.48%,番茄果实鲜重增加51.57%。此外,灰黄青霉菌剂还调整了番茄根区土壤的微生物区系结构,使施加菌剂130 d后番茄根区土壤中除接入CF3外真菌数量与对照相比降低75.60%,细菌与真菌的数量之比增加117.57%。平均来看,CF3使番茄根区土壤中除CF3外真菌数量降低42.81%,放线菌总数增加84.15%。本研究表明,灰黄青霉CF3具有防除番茄上寄生瓜列当的能力,适宜作为瓜列当的生防真菌。     

Localisation of nitrate in the rhizosphere of biochar-amended soils

A wheat seedling rhizobox approach was used to differentiate between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere (bulk) soil amended with low and high rates of biochar (20 and 60 t ha⁻¹ vs. control). Nitrate (NO₃⁻) was added as the main nitrogen (N) source because emerging biochar research points to reduced NO₃⁻ loss through leaching and gaseous loss as nitrous oxide. The rhizosphere under the different treatments were distinct (P = 0.021), with greater soil-NO₃⁻ and biochar-NO₃⁻ contents in the high biochar treatment. Biochar addition increased wheat root length ratio (P = 0.053) and lowered root N uptake (P = 0.017), yet plant biomass and N content were similar between treatments. The results indicate localisation of NO₃⁻ within the rhizosphere of biochar-amended soils which has implications for NO₃⁻ loss and improved nitrogen use efficiency.     

Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of semidesert soils of Mongolia

The population density of actinomycetes in the desert-steppe soil, rhizosphere, and the above-ground parts of plants varies from tens to hundreds of thousands of colony-forming units (CFU) per gram of substrate. The actinomycetal complexes of the brown desert-steppe soil without plant roots are more diverse in their taxonomic composition than the actinomycetal complexes in the rhizosphere and the aboveground parts of plants. Additionally to representatives of the Streptomyces and Micromonospora genera, actinomycetes from the Nocardia, Saccharopolyspora, Thermomonospora, and Actinomadura genera were identified in the soil. The population density of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere and in the soil reached hundreds of thousand CFU/g; it considerably exceeded the population density of actinomycetes in the aboveground parts of plants. The maximum population density of actinomycetes was determined in the rhizosphere of Asparagus gobicus, Salsola pestifera, and Cleistogenes songorica.     

Sorption of organic acids in acid soils and its implications in the rhizosphere

Organic acids have been implicated in many soil-forming and rhizosphere processes, but their fate in soil is poorly understood. We examined the sorption of four simple short-chain organic acids (citric, oxalic, malic and acetic) in five acid soils and on synthetic iron hydroxide (ferrihydrite). The results for both soils and ferrihydrite indicated that the sorption depended on concentration in the following order of strength: phosphate >> oxalate > citrate > malate >> acetate. The sorption reactions in soil were shown to be little influenced by pH, whereas for ferrihydrite, sorption of all ligands increased strongly with decreasing pH. The sorption of organic anions onto ferrihydrite was influenced to a lesser extent by the presence of metal cations in solution. From the results we calculated that when organic acids enter solution they rapidly become sorbed onto the soil's exchange complex (> 80% within 10 min), and we believe that this sorption will greatly diminish their effectiveness to mobilize nutrients from the rhizosphere.     

番茄根际土尚未培养细菌的分离培养方法探究

为探究获得土壤中尚未培养细菌资源的方法,以MS无机盐为基础养分,设置1/100×TSB、1/50×R2A和土壤浸提液(SE)3种低有机营养类型,凝固剂用琼脂(A)或结冷胶(G),得到一组培养基MS+TSG、MS+TSA、MS+R2A和MS+SE,以及在此基础上添加1.5 g/L丙酮酸钠作为抗氧化剂的第二组培养基。用上述8种培养基分离培养健康番茄根际土壤中的细菌,并对各种培养基平板上代表性菌落进行16S rRNA基因分析。结果表明,在MS无机盐和低有机营养组合的培养基平板上,在28℃下培养28 d后可检测到菌落数达1×107 CFU/g土,4种培养基平板上检测到的菌落数量由多到少顺序为MS+SE>MS+TSG>MS+R2A>MS+TSA;在相同的低有机营养条件下,用结冷胶作为凝固剂可获得更多菌落,添加丙酮酸钠为抗氧化剂会显著降低菌落的多样性。鉴定的84个代表性菌落属于34个属的52个种,其中7个(占检测菌株数的8.33%)为可能新种,不同培养基上种丰富度表现为MS+TSA>MS+R2A>MS+TSG>MS+SE。结果说明,采用低有机营养的MS无机盐培养基有利于分离获得土壤中的一些尚未培养细菌。     

间作分蘖洋葱对番茄氮素吸收和根际土壤微生物多样性的影响

  【目的】  间作分蘖洋葱能缓解番茄连作障碍,提高番茄养分吸收。本研究通过解析间作分蘖洋葱条件下番茄根际土壤中氮吸收和微生物多样性的变化,旨在揭示间作对番茄氮营养改善的生物学机制。  【方法】  设计田间和盆栽两个试验,田间试验设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱(农安)与番茄间作和分蘖洋葱(五常)与番茄间作共3个处理,测定番茄的生长指标、氮吸收量及产量,阐明间作对番茄养分吸收、分配及产量的影响。盆栽试验设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱(五常)单作、分蘖洋葱与番茄间作及无苗对照等4个处理。对番茄及分蘖洋葱的根际土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮含量及土壤酶活性测定,并采用Miseq高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌和真菌多样性变化,旨在阐明间作对根际土壤养分环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 间作后,番茄株高显著增加,番茄产量提高了8.49%～16.92%。2) 间作分蘖洋葱两品种番茄各测定指标表现为相似的变化规律。间作60天,番茄干重显著增加,间作后番茄干物质向根分配指数降低,而向地上分配指数增加,其中向茎叶分配指数降低,而向果分配指数增加。间作90天,均显著提高了氮养分向根和茎分配,而降低了氮养分向叶中分配。3) 间作37天后,番茄根际土壤中铵态氮含量显著增加,硝态氮含量显著降低,间作改变土壤铵态氮和硝态氮比例,促进了番茄的氮吸收。番茄根际土壤中脲酶和脱氢酶活性显著高于单作和无苗对照,间作分蘖洋葱根际土壤脱氢酶活性显著高于单作和无苗对照。4)间作分蘖洋葱处理提高了放线菌纲、拟杆菌纲 、黄杆菌纲、绿菌纲、绿弯菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲、异常球菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、梭菌纲、柔膜菌纲、浮霉菌纲、α-变形菌纲、丰佑菌纲的丰度,其中间作分蘖洋葱提高了番茄根际土壤芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)等细菌的相对丰度。间作提高了番茄根际土壤青霉菌属(Penicillium)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)等真菌的丰度,但却降低了散囊菌属(Eurotium)和梭孢壳属(Thielavia)的丰度。间作番茄根际土壤微生物菌群结构的改变可能是促进番茄氮养分吸收的关键因素之一。  【结论】  间作两种分蘖洋葱均增加了番茄株高和干重,间作提高了番茄的氮吸收量和产量,降低了氮养分向叶中分配,而升高了氮养分向根和花果中分配,提高氮的利用。同时,间作分蘖洋葱通过改变番茄根际土壤细菌和真菌菌群结构,改善了土壤氮有效性,促进了番茄的氮吸收,为番茄产量的提高奠定了营养基础。     

烟草根际土壤中解钾细菌的分离与多样性分析

土壤中含有丰富的钾元素,但主要以缓效态形式存在于钾长石或云母等硅酸盐矿物中,不能被作物直接吸收利用。解钾微生物能溶解硅酸盐矿物中的钾,提高土壤中作物可利用钾的含量,有望缓解我国钾肥短缺的现状。本研究利用选择性培养基,从烟草根际筛选钾细菌,基于16S rDNA序列分析烟草根际土壤解钾细菌的多样性,通过测定解钾细菌的解钾效能及对烟草的促生作用,筛选有应用潜力的优良解钾细菌菌株。结果表明,从四川、湖北和山东烟区烟草根际土壤分离获得的27株解钾细菌,在解钾固体培养上溶钾圈直径为0.11~0.30 cm。16S rDNA序列分析表明,烟草根际土壤解钾细菌主要包括变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria,85.18%)、变形菌门α亚群(Alphaproteobacteria,3.70%)、变形菌门β亚群(Betaproteobacteria,3.70%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,3.70%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,3.70%),其中克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella)为优势菌属(66.67%)。27个菌株均有一定的解钾能力,解钾活性为0.59~4.40 mg.L–1。参试菌株均对烟草有一定的促生作用,利用解钾细菌菌液处理烟株20 d后,与对照相比,株高增加0.97%~38.64%,最大叶长增加4.40%~31.02%。本研究筛选出的菌株XF11、GM2、JM19和GL7具有较高的解钾活性和促进植物生长的能力,展现了良好的应用潜力。     

Ageing of vanadium in soils and consequences for bioavailability

Total vanadium (V) concentrations in soils commonly range from 20 to 120 mg kg^?1. Vanadium added directly to soils is more soluble than geogenic V and can be phytotoxic at doses within this range of background concentrations. However, it is unknown how slow sorption reactions change the fate and effect of added V in soils. This study addresses the changes in V solubility, toxicity and bioavailability in soils over time. Four soils were amended with pentavalent V in the form of a soluble vanadate salt, and extractable V concentrations were monitored over 100 days. The toxicity to barley and tomato plants was evaluated in freshly spiked soils and in the corresponding aged soils that were equilibrated for up to 330 days after spiking. The V concentrations in 0.01 m CaCl₂ soil extracts decreased approximately two‐fold between 14 and 100 days after soil spiking, and the reaction kinetics were similar for all soils. The phytotoxicity of added V decreased on average two‐fold between freshly spiked and aged soils. The reduced toxicity was associated with a corresponding decrease in V concentrations in the isolated soil solutions and in the shoots. The V speciation in the soil solution of the aged soils was dominated by V(V); less than 8% was present as V(IV). Oxalate extractions suggest that the V(V) added to soils is predominantly sorbed onto poorly crystalline oxyhydroxides. It is concluded that the toxicity of V measured in freshly spiked soils may not be representative of soils subject to a long‐term V contamination in the field.     

Land degradation: socioeconomic and environmental causes and consequences in the eastern Mediterranean

Land degradation is a natural and socioeconomic cause–effect phenomenon that is widespread all over the world. This study investigated the socioeconomic factors and causes of land degradation (e.g. population growth and urbanization, poverty, overgrazing, pollution, biodiversity, erosion) in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region. The study revealed a significant land use change from agricultural and natural vegetation to urbanized areas due to the high population increase during the last ca. 80 years (51‐times the magnitude of the total built‐up area). The high poverty rate that exists in the area (57 per cent of the population can be classed as ‘poor’) has resulted in damaging environmental practices (overgrazing and intensive usage of natural plants); we found 83 per cent of the farmers admitted to the adoption of these practices. Poverty has also resulted in an inverse and significant correlation (at the 95 per cent confidence level) between holding size and the sale of land for urban uses. We also noted that 75 per cent of the smallholder farmers surveyed had sold their lands for immediate benefits to cope with poverty. This relation was affected by the education level of the farmers; we found a direct and significant (95 per cent confidence level) correlation existed between these factors. Overgrazing was practised by 70 per cent of the farmers and was found to be one of the most important environmental consequences of land use change (1600 ha have been transformed from natural grazing to built‐up (urban) in the study area). Socio‐economic induced land degradation demands efforts to improve farmer environmental awareness as well as environmental standards, laws and bylaws and the reduction of mismanagement of land. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The seasonal dynamics of yeast communities in the rhizosphere of soddy-podzolic soils

The annual dynamics of the number and taxonomic composition of yeast was studied in the rhizosphere of two plant species (Ajuga reptans L. and Taraxacum officinale Wigg.) in a forb-birch forest on soddy-podzolic soil. Eurybiont phyllobasidial cryptococci and red-pigmented phytobionts Rhodotorula glutinis were found to predominate in the phyllosphere of these plants, whereas the typical pedobionts Cryptococcus terricola and Cr. podzolicus occurred on the surface of roots and in the rhizosphere. The seasonal changes in the number and species composition of the yeast communities in the rhizosphere were more smooth as compared to those in the phyllosphere. In the period of active vegetation of the plants, the phytobiont yeasts develop over their whole surface, including the rhizoplane. Their number on the aboveground parts of the plants was significantly lower than that of the pedobiont forms. Thus, the above-and underground parts of the plants significantly differed in the composition of the dominant species of epiphytic yeasts.     

Influence of microorganisms on Cu speciation in the rhizosphere of forest soils

Our study is one of the first attempts to document the copper (Cu) speciation in the rhizosphere of forest soils and to determine the importance and the influence of the microbial community on Cu speciation. In order to do this, bulk and rhizosphere samples were collected from field sites located close to industrial facilities. The rhizosphere materials were sampled under trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and separated from the bulk soils in the field. A characterization of the microbial populations was made by measuring microbial biomass C and N, urease and dehydrogenase activities. In soil water extracts, chemical properties were also measured, as well as total water-soluble Cu concentration (Cu_WS) and free-ion Cu activity (Cu²⁺). The residual Cu speciation was obtained by modelling, using MINEQL+ 4.5. In all cases, the Cu speciation was dominated by organic forms of Cu, the proportion of which increases with increasing pH. The reverse pH effect was observed for Cu²⁺. Moreover, almost systematically higher concentrations for all Cu variables were reported in the rhizosphere as compared to the bulk soils. The results also showed that microbial variables explained 22% of the distribution of Cu_WS and Cu²⁺ in bulk samples, a proportion that reached 61.5% in rhizospheric samples. In the rhizosphere, relationships between pH, microbial biomass N and Cu²⁺ indicated that microorganisms influenced Cu by modifying the pH of the solution through nitrogen assimilation. Furthermore, links found between urease activity, biomass variables, solid- and liquid-phase organic carbon and Cu_WS suggested that microbial mineralization could partly supply Cu to the solution fraction of the rhizosphere through root decay. This study reveals that microorganisms have a strong influence on Cu speciation in the rhizosphere of forest soils and suggests that a realistic understanding and representation of Cu dynamic in the rhizosphere must take microbial activity into account. Further investigations are needed to identify and establish precisely how microbial processes impact on Cu speciation.     

水稻根际耐镉细菌的筛选与鉴定

为获得稻田土壤镉污染修复的微生物,采用培养基加镉平板法,从水稻根际土壤分离耐镉细菌。本研究分离得到3株耐镉菌株,经16S rDNA测序、比对,鉴定为假单胞菌属细菌。对菌株细胞形态的电镜观察、菌株生长曲线的测定结果表明,在镉处理浓度为100 mg L 1条件下,菌株生长未受明显抑制,但菌株形态发生了适应性的变化;在镉处理浓度超过300 mg L 1时,菌株生长受到明显抑制;在镉处理浓度700 mg L 1条件下,菌株仍能生长,但生长延滞期延长,对数期后的生长量亦低;对菌体镉含量分析表明,在100 mg L 1镉处理下,3株菌株菌体中的镉含量分别为9.04 mg g 1、4.96 mg g 1和28.58 mg g 1,富集系数依次为90.4、49.6和285.8。可见,分离得到的3株菌株具有较强镉耐性和镉吸收能力,将为稻田土壤重金属镉污染的修复提供重要微生物资源。     

连作番茄根区病土对番茄生长及土壤线虫与微生物的影响

探索连作番茄根区病土对番茄根结线虫病的诱导效果及引起连作障碍的微生态机制,可为深入了解番茄连作障碍发生机理及探究番茄连作障碍防治方法提供科学依据。本研究利用盆栽试验,测定了番茄在健康土壤及接种病土土壤中生物学特性变化及根结线虫侵染状况,并分析鉴定了土壤中微生物及线虫的种类与数量。结果表明,接种连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土会对番茄生长及根结线虫侵染产生影响:1)番茄苗期根系根结数达9个?株~(-1),健康土壤无根结;土壤线虫数量较健康土壤增加390.4%;收获期番茄根结线虫侵染率达62.7%,病情指数为80.0%。2)番茄生长受到抑制,叶片防御酶活性降低,收获期茎叶及根系鲜质量较健康土壤分别减少50.2%及33.1%,苗期番茄叶片PPO活性较健康土壤降低15.8%,POD活性较健康土壤增加24.0%,差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。3)番茄根系更易感染有害菌,根系内病原菌甘蓝假单胞菌数量较健康土壤增加463倍,根区土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌总数分别增加46.3%、94.5%及134.0%。4)食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫及植物寄生性线虫数量分别为健康根区土壤的3.3倍、1.6倍及7.3倍,其中的植物寄生线虫95.6%为根结线虫。综上所述,接入连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土不仅导致番茄遭受根结线虫侵染,而且会导致土壤线虫总量及植物寄生线虫所占比例大幅增加,并使番茄根系内有害细菌数量显著增加,对番茄生长造成显著抑制作用,同时影响番茄的生理生化特性,受线虫侵染番茄防御性酶活性降低,使其更易被根结线虫及病原菌侵染,番茄根区土壤线虫、微生物及根系内优势细菌的种类与数量及其之间的作用发生改变。     

镉胁迫导致番茄根际富集病原菌黄瓜织球壳菌

植物根际真菌群落与植物的健康紧密相关,且我国农田土壤重金属镉(Cd)污染严重,因此,探究Cd 胁迫对农作物根际真菌群落的影响具有重要的现实意义。通过盆栽试验,采用Illumina 高通量测序技术研究Cd 胁迫对番茄根际土壤真菌群落的影响。结果表明,Cd 胁迫明显改变了番茄根际土壤真菌的组成和结构,显著降低了Chao和ACE 指数,增加了子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)和毛霉门(Mucoromycota)等优势菌门的丰度。Spearman 相关性分析表明,Cd 胁迫会导致“萎蔫病”的致病真菌黄瓜织球壳菌(Plectosphaerella cucumerina)的显著富集。为了验证富集真菌的致病性,分离黄瓜织球壳菌的纯培养(菌株命名:R-2)。水培试验表明,R-2 显著降低了番茄幼苗的株高(21.43%)、根长(46.99%)和鲜重(34.79%),验证了R-2 是植物病原菌。总体而言,发现Cd 胁迫会导致番茄根际富集植物病原真菌这一现象,可为中、轻度Cd 污染农田土壤的安全生产提供科学依据。     

土壤理化性质异质性研究及其影响

Structured soils are characterized by the presence of inter- and intra-aggregate pore systems and aggregates, which show varying chemical, physical, and biological properties depending on the aggregate type and land use system. How far these aspects also affect the ion exchange processes and to what extent the interaction between the carbon distribution and kind of organic substances affect the internal soil strength as well as hydraulic properties like wettability are still under discussion. Thus, the objective of this research was to clarify the effect of soil aggregation on physical and chemical properties of structured soils at two scales： homogenized material and single aggregates. Data obtained by sequentially peeling off soil aggregates layers revealed gradients in the chemical composition from the aggregate surface to the aggregate core. In aggregates from long term untreated forest soils we found lower amounts of carbon in the external layer, while in arable soils the differentiation was not pronounced. However, soil aggregates originating from these sites exhibited a higher concentration of microbial activity in the outer aggregate layer and declined towards the interior. Furthermore, soil depth and the vegetation type affected the wettability. Aggregate strength depended on water suction and differences in tillage treatments.     

水稻根表铁膜形成机制及其生态环境效应

许多水生植物的根系表面及其根际微环境都具有形成铁膜的能力,根表铁膜是植物适应水生环境的重要机制。本文叙述了水稻根表铁膜的形成条件、化学组成与空间分布,分析了根表铁膜形成的生理与分子机理。探讨了根系氧化酶、氧化性物质、根系泌氧能力、根际氧化性微生物活性及相关基因在铁膜形成过程中的作用; 在此基础上,进一步分析了水稻根表铁膜的营养效应和阻止重金属离子对根系的毒害效应。最后就根表铁膜的研究方法与调节机制进行了展望。