暖季型草坪草的引种与评价

在深圳对１９个际型草坪草品种进行了年多的品比试验，筛选出５人绿地型品种和７个运动型品种。经排序和综合评价结果，绿地型品种当首推半细叶结缕草和细叶结缕草；运动型品种中，兰引１号狗牙根适合作高尔夫果岭草种，ＴｉｆｗａｙⅡ，新西兰狗牙根，Ｕ３，泰国狗牙根等狗牙根品种适宜建植高尔夫发球台和球道草坪，兰引３号结缕草和日本结缕草适宜建模足球场，高尔夫球道及长草区草坪。     

过渡带气候区高尔夫球场草种的适应性及综合质量评价

基于中国南方过渡带气候区的特点,依据高尔夫球场对草坪草种选择的基本要求和各草坪草种(品种)的生物学特性,选择过渡带气候区长沙为试验点,以10个常用的草坪草品种(系)为研究对象,按照美国USGA标准建立试验坪床进行草坪建植,采用3个一级质量指标和10个二级指标,利用模糊综合评价法对10个草坪草品种建植的草坪进行草坪质量的综合评价。研究结果表明:在过渡带长沙地区,海滨雀稗‘Salam’、‘天堂草328’、‘老鹰草’和‘运动百慕大’等草坪草品种的草坪综合质量等级为V级,表现优秀,适合用于对草坪质量要求高的果岭区域;海滨雀稗‘海浪’和‘09-1’的草坪综合质量为IV级,表现良好,适用于对草坪质量要求较高的球道;综合评价等级相对较低的为结缕草和匍匐剪股颖,其不适合在湖南地区的高尔夫球场使用。     

草坪草耐盐性研究 Ⅱ.盐胁迫对草坪草脯氨酸含量的影响

通过对一系列盐胁迫处理下 4个种共 2 1个品种的草坪草脯氨酸含量进行测定 ,经方差分析、F测验、新复极差测验 ,结果表明 :不同浓度盐胁迫对草坪草脯氨酸含量的影响差异显著 ;盐浓度与品种的互作差异显著 ,但品种差异对草坪草脯氨酸含量的影响是次要的 ,草坪草的脯氨酸含量主要取决于盐浓度 ;高浓度盐溶液胁迫使草坪草脯氨酸含量增加 ,低浓度则使脯氨酸含量减少 ;2 .0 %浓度溶液两次盐胁迫处理的草坪草脯氨酸含量增加显著。     

17个草坪草品种在南京地区的引种试验

通过对冷季型、暖季型两科１７个草坪草品种在耐旱性、抗病性等方面的特性比较,明确了冷季型草坪草品种中的贝克、猎狗、圣那多和暖季型草坪草品种中的马蹿金、狗牙根、矮生百慕大及马尼拉在南京地区的推广应用价值。     

贵州草坪建植的主要草种

我所五年来从国内外引种草坪草２０多个品种，在省内征集野生草坪植物资源２０余份，经过栽培驯化，综合评估初步确定适于贵州大部分地区建植草坪的草坪草１８种     

几种草坪草在南昌地区的引种试验结果初报

通过对10个草坪草品种的引种试验,了解其性能,并探讨了引种的草坪草品种在当地园林、绿化等方面的应用前景.     

几种草坪草在南昌地区的引种试验结果初报

通过对10个草坪草品种的引种试验,了解其性能,并探讨了引种的草坪草品种在当地园林、绿化等方面的应用前景。     

昆明地区草坪草栽培适应性研究（初报）

通过３ａ对１４个草坪草品种，从植物物候期，生态适应性及综合性状的详细观察，提出了适合昆明地区的草坪草品种。     

西安市44个草坪草品种引种试验研究

为选择适合西安市城市绿化草坪草种,于2001—2003年在西安市进行了草坪草引种试验研究,其中包括黑麦草、羊茅、翦股颖、早熟禾属在内的44个品种。通过建立草坪草评价体系,观察了草坪草颜色、盖度、密度、均一性等4项指标,并筛选出适应性较好,品质相对优良的早熟禾,高羊茅等草坪草品种,以供西安市绿化建植草坪参考。     

河西走廊足球场草坪适宜草种筛选及评价

通过1999—2003年对引种栽培的22个草坪草品种,从抗寒性、质地、密度、耐践踏及抗逆性等进行对比分析观察,筛选出适合河西走廊建植足球运动场草坪草品种11个。其中草地早熟禾Poa pratensis品种有：新哥来德(Nuglade)、纳苏(Nassau)、克利(Kerley)、亨特(Huntsville)、康派(Compact)、午夜(Midnight);苇状羊茅Festuca arundinacea品种有：凌志(Barlexas)、沸浪(Finelawn)、巴比松(Barbizon)、爱瑞(Arid)、维加斯(Vegas)。运用灰色关联度分析法对各草坪草的质量进行了综合评价,构建了在河西走廊地区种植足球场草坪的基础。     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Effects of Mixed Grazing of First- and Second-year Calves on Trichostrongylid Infections in Lithuania

The objective of this study was to examine whether susceptible calves grazing together with second-year resistant heifers are less exposed to trichostrongylid infection than are calves grazing on their own. Two groups of animals representing each age category were turned out onto pasture on 24 May 1997 and grazed at comparable stocking rates. The grazing of calves and heifers together was compared to groups of each age category grazing separately. The results indicated that herbage larval counts were significantly reduced in the second part of the grazing season on the plot grazed by the mixed group compared to the plot grazed by the first-season calves only. The mixed grazing strategy protected the young calves and no clinical signs were observed in this group, while most of the calves that grazed alone exhibited clinical signs. The availability of herbage was reduced towards the end of the season, with subsequent competition for the grass forcing all the animals to graze the tufts around the faecal pats, where the quality of the grass is poor and the numbers of infective larvae are high. The effect of this was visible in the form of increased parasite burdens in the calves that were grazed together with the heifers, confirmed by increased blood serum pepsinogen concentrations and reduced daily weight gains in the second part of the grazing season. The lower numbers of infective larvae on the pasture were probably achieved through the heifers ingesting many of the larvae but subsequently depositing relatively few eggs, since they had acquired some degree of resistance against trichostrongylid infections during their first grazing season. Thus they did not suffer any parasitological ill-effects during mixed grazing with first-season calves.     

Biodiversity of Domestic Livestock in the Republic of Yemen

This paper describes the domestic livestock of the Republic of Yemen and aspires to complement earlier sources listing or partially describing `breeds'. It attempts to cover all species and provide indications of production parameters through a literature review and via field observations made by the author in 1999. Information is provided on livestock numbers and the economic importance of animal production. Most animals are kept in sedentary mixed crop–livestock production systems; transhumant systems have the next greatest number of stock; with nomadic systems being of least and declining importance. Yemen's livestock appear to comprise at least 11 breeds of sheep, 5 breeds of goat, 2 breeds of cattle, 4 breeds of camel, 2 breeds of donkey and 1 breed of horse. There are no data on breeds of poultry but domestic fowl (where clearly considerable diversity exists) and pigeons are kept. There is little formal information on the history and relationships of most breeds. Some appear to be of ancient local origin, whereas others show affinities with those of neighbouring and other countries. None of the identified types is considered endangered, so conservation would be premature. A more formal and detailed genetic characterization, to add to the largely morphological and traditional classification, may, however, reveal such a need.     

The effect of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as a vehicle for topical delivery of ivermectin

The effect of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME; Transcutol) on the permeation of ivermectin, a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, through bovine skin was evaluated byin vitro permeation experiments followed by serial sectioning of the skin to assess the amount of ivermectin retained in the skin. Ivermectin permeation through bovine skin was enhanced by DGME and this enhancement was DGME-concentration-dependent. Permeation of ivermectin was effectively enhanced in vehicles with low proportions of DGME, but the magnitude of permeation enhancement decreased as the proportion of DGME increased. The permeation was accompanied by the formation of cutaneous depots of ivermectin. Furthermore, the data indicated that the flux and the cutaneous accumulation of ivermectin were sensitive to the concentration gradient of DGME across the skin. This suggested that ivermectin was permeating with DGME, in which it is very soluble. Hence, the enhancing mechanism involves solubilization of the ivermectin by DGME and the transport of DGME itself across the skin. Based on these results, DGME appears to be a potential vehicle for topical delivery of ivermectin by transport through the skin and through formation of cutaneous depots of ivermectin.Abbreviations DGME diethylene glycol monoethyl ether     

粗料型日粮条件下口服福尔马林对小尾寒羊成母羊消化代谢的影响

本试验选取6只装置永久性十二指肠和回肠瘘管、体重约55 kg的成年小尾寒羊母羊,按0（对照期）或0.9 mL/kg日粮（试验期）喂给福尔马林（各期n=6）,收集十二指肠和回肠食糜,并进行消化代谢试验,以研究在粗料型日粮条件下口服福尔马林对绵羊消化代谢的影响。结果表明,口服福尔马林使绵羊的自由采食量增加13.0%（P<0.01）;前胃有机物（OM）和纤维素（Cel）的消化量分别增加21.9%（P<0.01）和29.7%（P<0.01）;到达小肠的OM、粗蛋白质（CP）、微生物蛋白、过瘤胃蛋白、总氨基酸（TAA）和赖氨酸（Lys）量分别增加5.2%（P<0.01）、21.5%（P<0.01）、13.2%（P<0.05）、29.4%（P<0.05）、18.0%（P<0.05）和21.8%（P<0.05）;小肠消化吸收的OM、CP、TAA和Lys量分别增加52.1%（P<0.01）、34.7%（P<0.01）、34.5%（P<0.05）和32.8%（P>0.05）;日粮DM、OM、CP和Cel的（表观）消化率分别提高9.2%（P<0.05）、9.2%（P<0.05）、4.6%（P<0.05）和5.8%（P<0.05）;氮、钙和磷保留量分别增加了28.3%（P<0.01）、30.8%（P<0.01）和9.5%（P<0.05）。因此,在粗料型日粮条件下绵羊口服福尔马林可以提高瘤胃消化能力、提高采食量、增加小肠营养物质特别是氨基酸的消化吸收量、显著改善机体的营养状况。     

Risk factors and prognostic variables for survival of foals with radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease

The medical records of 163 neonatal foals that had thoracic radiographs taken within 48 hours of admission to a referral hospital were reviewed. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify risk factors for the development of thoracic radiographic changes and (2) to identify prognostic indicators for survival in foals with radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease. Failure of transfer of passive immunity (IgG concentration < or = 400 mg/dL) was the only risk factor for radiographic evidence of respiratory disease identified by multivariate analysis. Hypoxemic patients (PaO2 < or = 60 mm Hg) were 4.9 times more likely to reveal radiographic abnormalities in a subset of foals for which arterial blood gas results were available. Foals with a serum creatinine concentration > 1.7 mg/dL upon presentation, dyspnea, and a history of dystocia were significantly more likely to die based on the multivariate statistical outcome analysis. An anion gap > or = 20 mEq/dL was strongly associated with nonsurvival in a subset of foals with arterial blood gas results. These hematologic and biochemical variables can be readily obtained during the initial evaluation of sick foals. The presence of a high anion gap appeared to have the greatest clinical impact and may be a useful prognostic indicator in foals with radiographic evidence of respiratory disease. In contrast, the majority of physical examination variables, including evaluation of tachypnea, abnormal respiratory sounds, fever, weakness, and milk reflux from the nares, which are usually obtained during the general respiratory evaluation of foals, were unrelated to outcome.     

Ectoparasites: future challenges in a changing world

Ectoparasites are ubiquitous, often highly damaging and in most cases cannot be permanently eradicated; hence, they must usually be managed at a local scale with insecticides or endectocides. However, the growth in resistance, the slow rate of development of new actives, coupled with environmental and health concerns associated with the continued use of some of the existing neurotoxic insecticides, suggest that more sophisticated approaches to their management need to be identified. These approaches need to allow ectoparasite populations to be maintained at acceptable levels, while conserving the compounds that remain available. The development of integrated approaches, in which cascades of management tactics are deployed, with parasiticides available as one component to be used in requisite circumstances, may be the most appropriate route to achieving this aim. An essential element of such an approach is the clear articulation of the purpose of intervention and rational justification of the time-point and manner in which it is attempted. However, for this to be possible, considerably better information is required about the effects of ectoparasite abundance on animal welfare and productivity, in addition to the greater availability of effective alternative control tools. To this end, recent work undertaken at the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Bristol, into the use of biological control agents, off-host trapping and the selective treatment of more highly susceptible individuals or classes of host, is reviewed here.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.