Subspecies characteristics in filial generation of cross between indica and japonica rice under different environments

The recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population derived from the cross between “Zhongyouzao8” (hsien or indica) and “Fengjin” (keng or japonica) was grown in Liaoning and Sichuan Provinces to compare the subspecies characteristics under different environments. The results showed that the distribution of Cheng’s index was japonicalinous. The population was more japonicalinous in Sichuan than that in Liaoning as a whole. Further analysis indicated that indica and indica-cline in Sichuan were more indicalinous than those in Liaoning, japonica and japonica-cline in Sichuan were more japonicalinous than those in Liaoning. The effects of environment on six characteristics of Cheng’s index were different because of different characters, as well as on the correlations between the six characters, the Cheng’s index and the vascular bundle traits. For example, the length of the first and second rachis and leaf pubescence were more japonicalinous in Sichuan than in Liaoning, while the length/width ratio of spikelets and glume color at heading time were more indicalinous in Sichuan than in Liaoning. The vascular bundle characteristics of RILs in different environments changed remarkably. The number of large vascular bundles in panicle neck was less in Sichuan than in Liaoning, while the number of small vascular bundles in panicle neck and second top stem was greater in Sichuan than in Liaoning. The ratio of large to small vascular bundles in panicle neck decreased and the ratio of large vascular bundles between the second top stem and panicle neck increased in Sichuan. Though total trend was the vascular bundle ratio of large to small in indica was greater than that in japonica and the ratio of large vascular bundles in indica was less than that in japonica, it is not appropriate that the vascular bundle ratio of large to small and the ratio of large vascular bundles are regarded as the parameters for subspecies classification in rice. The vascular bundles characteristics from typical indica or japonica were recombined in the population derived from indica and japonica crossing. Translated from Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2007, 33(3): 370–377 [译自: 作物学报]     

生态环境对籼粳稻杂交后代穗部性状的影响及其与亚种特性的关系

 【目的】探讨生态环境对籼粳稻杂交后代穗部性状的影响及其与亚种特性的关系。【方法】以辽宁育成的两个典型的籼粳交重组自交系F6群体（RIL1：中优早8号/丰锦、RIL2：七山占/秋光）为试材,分别在四川和辽宁同年种植,研究穗部性状和亚种特性变化规律及其相互关系。【结果】穗部形态、解剖性状与亚种特性都发生了极显著的变化。从辽宁到四川,穗颈粗和穗颈大维管束数极显著减少,第二节间小维管束数和大维管束比极显著增加,结实率特别是二次枝梗结实率极显著下降,程氏指数更加偏粳。穗颈大维管束数、大小维管束比、大维管束比、结实率和千粒重在亚种类型间差异显著。穗颈节间维管束数目与穗“库”结构性状呈极显著正相关,与籽粒充实特性相关不显著;相反,亚种特性与穗“库”结构性状相关不显著,而与籽粒充实特性呈极显著的正相关。【结论】生态环境对籼粳交后代的穗部性状有极显著的影响。依穗颈粗去选择维管束性状是一条切实可行的途径。穗颈大维管束数、籽粒充实特性、程氏指数三者之间互相制约,北方的育种者要在实践中统筹兼顾。     

Effect of Environment and Genetic Recombination on Subspecies and Economic Trait Differentiation in the F2 and F3 Generations from indica-japonica Hybridization

indica and japonica are the two most important subspecies of Asian cultivated rice. Identifying mechanisms responsible for population differentiation in these subspecies is important for indica-japonica hybridization breeding. In this study, subspecies and economic trait differentiation patterns were analyzed using morphological and molecular (InDel and Intron Length Polymorphism) data in F₂ and F₃ populations derived from indica-japonica hybridization. Populations were grown in Liaoning and Guangdong provinces, China, with F₃ populations generated from F₂ populations using bulk harvesting (BM) and single-seed descent methods (SSD). Segregation distortion was detected in F₃-BM populations, but not in F₃-SSD or in F₂ populations. Superior performance was observed with respect to economic traits in Liaoning compared with that in Guangdong and 1 000-grain weight (KW), seed setting rate (SSR) and grain yield per plant (GYP) were significantly correlated with indica and japonica subspecies types. Analysis of molecular and morphological data demonstrated that the environment is the main factor giving rise to population differentiation in indica-japonica hybridization. In addition, we also found that KW, SSR and GYP are related to subspecies characteristics and kinship, which is possibly a significant factor resulting in economic trait differentiation and determining environmental adaptability. Our study has provided new insights into the process of population differentiation in these subspecies to inform indica-japonica hybridization breeding.     

不同类型籼稻区对杂交籼稻性状的影响

为明确不同稻作区对杂交籼稻表型的影响, 2014—2015年连续2年对种植于3个不同稻区(双季籼稻区、单季籼稻区和籼粳交错区)的40个籼稻杂交组合的农艺和抗病性状分析。结果表明,双季稻区和交错区对40个籼稻杂交组合农艺性状(生育期、株高、穗长、有效穗、穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量)变化影响很大,而单季稻区的杂交组合性状表现居于双季稻区和交错区之间。双季稻区的穗颈瘟、纹枯病和白叶枯病严重,交错区是穗颈瘟和纹枯病严重。基于农艺性状和发病情况数据,采用特有性简约性分析法分析,40个杂交组合的综合表型在不同稻作区多数呈现连续分布,在交错区87.5%(35/40)的籼稻杂交组合综合表型发生聚集,单季稻区为75.0%(30/40),双季稻区为57.5%(23/40)。在交错区和双季稻区都适宜种植的籼稻杂交组合占比仅为2.5%(1/40),在双季稻和单季稻区都适宜的杂交组合占比为40.0%(16/40)。     

Integration of C4-specific PPDK gene of maize to C3 rice and its characteristics in relation to photosynthesis

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a key enzyme in photosynthesis in some plants that exploit the C₄ photosynthetic pathway for the fixation of CO₂. The C₄-specific PPDK encoding pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase was introduced into C₃ plant, a rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. indica IR64) mediated by biolistic and Agrobacterium transformation. The C₄-PPDK gene of maize was integrated to indica IR64 with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Southern blotting. The total nitrogen of flag leaves of transgenic IR64 was analyzed with Kjeldahl method for quantitative determination of nitrogen, indicating that the total nitrogen of flag leaves of most transgenic IR64 was higher than that of non-transgenic control IR64 formants in the greenhouse. The maximum value of total nitrogen of flag leaves was 3.61% among transgenic IR64 plants, 1.07% higher than that of non-transgenic control IR64 formants. The total nitrogen of flag leaves of transgenic IR64 was increased by 42.1%. The factors for yield of transgenic IR64 plants were analyzed, indicating there was a greater difference in yield-forming factors among transgenic IR64 plants in the greenhouse, i.e. dried plant weight, harvested index and so on. Thus, it could help rice breeders select different materials for breeding. Translated from Molecular Plant Breeding, 2006, 4(6): 797–804 [译自: 分子植物育种]     

Not in my port: The “death ship” of sheep and crimes of agri-food globalization

We examine crime that emerges from the global restructuring of agriculture and food systems by employing the case of the Australian “Ship of Death,” whereby nearly 58,000 sheep were stranded at sea for almost 3 months in 2003, violating the Western Australia Animal Welfare Act of 2002. This case demonstrates that the acceleration of transnational trade networks, in the context of agri-food globalization, victimizes animals and constitutes a crime. Herein, we examine this case in depth and show how economic restructuring, driven by a “logic of capital” orientation, can exert pressure on the state causing it to fail to enforce its own regulations and in this way engage in criminal actions. Wynne Wright is an Assistant Professor at Michigan State University specializing in agri-food systems and political sociology. Her current interests lie in social change in the agri-food system and it's influence farm families and rural community culture. Stephen Muzzatti is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada specializing in critical theory, crime, and the mass media. He is Vice-Chair of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology.     

Correlation analysis of relationships between polymorphisms of high quality chicken myogenin gene and slaughter and meat quality traits

In this study, PCR-SSCP technique was designed to investigate the effect of the myogenin (MyoG) gene on quality of chicken meat (developed by Sichuan Dahen Poultry Breeding Company using local breeds). Four mutations at base position in the promoter region were detected among individuals in each line, i.e. T/C in locus A, and T/A, T/C and A/G in locus B. Least squares analysis showed that there was a significant difference between genotype and breast muscle percentage and some carcass traits (P < 0.05) for locus A. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in breast muscle weight between AC, AA and AB genotypes; a significant difference (P < 0.05) in leg muscle percentage between CC and AC for locus B, and an extremely significant difference (P < 0.01) in the frequency of genotype muscle fiber density for both locus A and locus B. Nonsignificant difference (P < 0.05) was detected in the other traits. It was concluded that the MyoG gene is the major gene affecting the muscle fiber traits of chicken or it links with the candidate gene, and the mutation can be used as the molecular genetic marker to select the chickens for meat quality traits. __________ Translated from Hereditas (Beijing), 2007, 29(9): 1089–1096 [译自: 遗传(北京)] These authors contributed equally to this work.     

Analysis of the apple fruit acid/low-acid trait by SSR markers

It is necessary to find out the genetic characteristics of malic acid in the course of apple genomic research and breeding. In this study, the SSR marker linked to the acid/low-acid trait in apple fruit was identified from 140 SSR primer pairs, using 91 F1 population hybrids from the intra-specific cross between apple cultivar ‘Dongguang’ and ‘Fuji’ as the experimental materials. Of 140 SSR primer pairs, only primer SDY085 produced a polymorphic band linked to acid trait, and the linkage distance was 8.89 cM. Also, the titrated acid and malic acid in different developmental stages were determined. The SSR marker analysis, coupled with the change of the total acid and malic acid contents, revealed that the acid/low-acid trait was governed by a major gene and acid trait was completely dominant. __________ Translated from Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2006, 33(2): 244–248 [译自 : 园艺学报]     

印度梨形孢对高丹草生长及Cd吸收与积累的影响

为探究植物和微生物联合修复对镉（Cd）的作用效应,以一年生草本植物高丹草（Sorghum Hybrid Sudangrass）为试验材料,通过水培试验,研究印度梨形孢（Piriformospora indica）在不同浓度Cd胁迫（0、5、10、30、50、100 mg·L^-1）下高丹草生长和生理特性,以及重金属Cd在高丹草植物体内转运、富集和分布特征。结果表明：在5 mg·L^-1低Cd浓度下,高丹草株高、叶片数、生物量均有一定程度的增加;随着浓度的增加,高丹草株高、叶片数减少,生物量降低,黄叶数增加,生长受到抑制,接菌后能够促进高丹草生物量的积累,缓解叶片发黄现象,改善生长状况。接菌提高了高丹草在Cd胁迫下的抗性生理指标。随着浓度的增加,高丹草未接菌组的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性总体上逐渐升高,过氧化物酶活性逐渐降低。接菌提高了可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及酶活性,降低了丙二醛含量。不同Cd浓度条件下,高丹草体内Cd含量呈根>叶>茎的分布,且含量随着浓度增加而增加,接菌后高丹草地下部Cd含量增加,地上部Cd含量降低,接菌减少了Cd从地下部向地上部的转移,减轻了Cd对高丹草地上部的毒害。研究表明印度梨形孢能有效降低Cd对高丹草生长的抑制作用和毒性损伤。     

Evaluation of an algorithm for automatic detection of broad-leaved weeds in spring cereals

Lack of automatic weed detection tools has hampered the adoption of site-specific weed control in cereals. An initial object-oriented algorithm for the automatic detection of broad-leaved weeds in cereals developed by SINTEF ICT (Oslo, Norway) was evaluated. The algorithm (“WeedFinder”) estimates total density and cover of broad-leaved weed seedlings in cereal fields from near-ground red–green–blue images. The ability of “WeedFinder” to predict ‘spray’/‘no spray’ decisions according to a previously suggested spray decision model for spring cereals was tested with images from two wheat fields sown with the normal row spacing of the region, 0.125 m. Applying the decision model as a simple look-up table, “WeedFinder” gave correct spray decisions in 65–85% of the test images. With discriminant analysis, corresponding mean rates were 84–90%. Future versions of “WeedFinder” must be more accurate and accommodate weed species recognition.     

The application of asymmetric PCR-SSCP in gene mutation detecting

The advantages and disadvantages of asymmetric PCR-SSCP and the traditional PCR-SSCP were compared in this study. The mutations in 3′UTR of Smad4 gene of Luxi cattle and the Holstein cow were analyzed by asymmetric PCR-SSCP and one insert “T” mutation and one G/A mutation in this region were found. The G/A mutation created a HhaI restriction enzyme digestion position and the frequencies studied by asymmetric PCR-SSCP and HhaI-RFLP in 116 Luxi cattle and 75 Holstein cows were all the same. The asymmetric PCR-SSCP had fewer, clearer and more stabile bands than traditional PCR-SSCP. This indicates that the asymmetric PCR-SSCP is suited for mutation detection. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2007, 35(6): 15–18, 23 [译自: 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Initial function determination for the open reading frame (ORF) region of Pib gene via rice transformation

Three plant binary expression vectors—pNAR501, pNAR502 and pNAR503—were constructed, carrying fragments of exon2-exon3, 5′partial deletion exon1 and 5′partial deletion exon1-exon2-exon3 of Pib gene driven by 35S. These three vectors were transformed into the japonica rice variety Nipponbare through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. More than 30 transgenic rice plants were obtained and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern hybridization and the hygromycin resistance test in seed germination of their progeny. A rice blast resistance test for in vitro leaves of T_o transgenic plants in the tillering stage showed higher resistance to the races of E1, F1 and G1 of rice blast than that of the control Nipponbare. However, results of rice blast resistance test for seedlings of T₁ transgenic plants in the 3-to 4-leaf stage were different. All T₁ transgenic seedlings had a lower level of resistance to E1, F1 and G1 races than that of the control Nipponbare. Translated from Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2006, 29(3): 1–5 [译自: 南京农业大学学报]     

Study on the origin and taxonomic status of yak (Poephagus) using cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA

There still exists a remarkable difference on the yak’s taxonomic status in Bovinae. Primers designed according to the mitochondrial gene sequences of Bos taurus reported were used to amplify and sequence the yak’s cytochrome b gene, and the whole sequence of cytochrome b gene was finally obtained. Using Ovis aries as outgroup taxa, the phylogeny about the representative species of Bovinae was analyzed. Results showed that among the different species, the ratio of transition/transversion (Ts/Tv) of Cytochrome b gene was 4.9, suggesting that the mutation was not saturation. The percentage nucleotide sequence divergence between yak and Bovinae was 8.0%–8.6%, which was higher than that of yak and Bison bison. Phylogeny analysis found that Poephagus grunniens and Poephagus mutus clustered first before gathering with Bison bison, indicating higher genetic comparability than that of Bos. The results sustained the idea that Poephagus grunniens and Poephagus mutus shared one ancestor—the primitive yak. The approximate divergence time between these two species was 0.55 million years. The data also supported the viewpoint that the yak is classified into Poephagus of Bovinae, including two species of Poephagus grunniens and Poephagus mutus. Translated from Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2006, 37(11): 1128–1123 [译自: 畜牧兽医学报]     

粳稻冠层叶绿素含量PSO-ELM高光谱遥感反演估算

目的 叶绿素含量是表征粳稻生长状态的重要指示信息,利用无人机高光谱遥感技术及时获取区域尺度的粳稻叶绿素含量。方法 以2016—2017年沈阳农业大学辽中水稻实验站粳稻无人机遥感试验数据为基础,利用连续投影算法(SPA)进行有效波段的提取,提取的特征波段分别为410、481、533、702和798 nm。将提取出的特征波段作为输入,利用极限学习机(ELM)和粒子群优化的极限学习机(PSO-ELM)分别建立粳稻冠层叶绿素含量反演模型。在PSO-ELM模型中,针对PSO算法的种群规模(p)、惯性权重(w)、学习因子(C₁、C₂)、速度位置相关系数(m)这5个参数进行了优化。结果 确定了最优参数：p为80,w为0.9~0.3线性递减,C₁和C₂分别为2.80和1.10,m为0.60。利用优化后的ELM和PSO-ELM所建立的粳稻冠层叶绿素含量模型的决定系数分别为0.734和0.887,均方根误差分别为1.824和0.783。结论 利用优化后的PSO-ELM建立的粳稻叶绿素含量反演模型精度要明显高于单纯利用ELM建立的反演模型,前者具有较好的粳稻叶绿素含量反演能力。本研究为东北粳稻叶绿素含量反演无人机遥感诊断提供了数据支撑和应用基础。     

常规籼稻品种的稻瘟病抗性基因及穗颈瘟抗性分析

目的 明确常规籼稻品种资源所携带的稻瘟病抗性基因及抗性效应。方法 利用PARMS SNP分型技术，检测14个稻瘟病抗性基因在121份常规籼稻品种中的分布情况，并进行田间穗颈瘟自然鉴定，分析基因型和抗性的关系。结果 大多数供试品种携带2~6个稻瘟病抗性基因，Pi46和Pia的检出率较低，分别为3.3%和7.4%；Pi54和Pi5检出率较高，分别为86.0%和67.8%；所有供试品种均不携带Pi9、Pigm、Pik-m和Pik。田间抗性鉴定结果表明，供试品种的穗颈瘟抗性普遍较弱，但广东品种的穗颈瘟抗性明显好于广西品种的；携带的抗性基因数量与穗颈瘟抗性间相关性不显著；Pi2和Pid3对穗颈瘟抗性贡献显著，优势比值分别为5.98和7.50；Pi2⁺Pid3⁺、Pi2⁺Pi33⁺和Pid3⁺Pi33⁺组合的田间穗颈瘟抗性表现较好。结论 本研究结果为两广籼稻区稻瘟病抗性基因聚合育种的亲本选择提供了理论支持，为常规稻的合理布局提供了科学参考。     

蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis spp.)与钻喙兰(Rhynchostylis retusa)远缘杂交种子无菌播种及后代表型分析

选择蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis spp.)与钻喙兰(Rh ynchostylis retusa)进行属间正反远缘杂交,杂交组合共计36个,获得远缘杂种后代141株.采用无菌播种技术和性状调查的方法分别对种子和杂种后代进行分析,研究结果表明:1)36个杂交组合共杂交180朵花,有12个组合座果,共获20个果荚,座果...     

Heterosis of maize photosynthetic performance

Four maize inbred lines with different photosynthetic rates and their two hybrids were used as test materials, and the diurnal variations of their photosynthesis parameters in the silking stage were measured to study the heterosis of photosynthetic performance. Results showed that net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) all presented an obvious single-peaked curve in a day, with the peak values occurring at 10:00–12:00, 12:00, 10:00–12:00 a.m., respectively, while water use efficiency (WUE) had a “V” type variant trend, with the lowest value appearing at 12:00. The diurnal variation of Pn and Tr was correlated markedly with Gs, suggesting that Gs played an important role in regulating the diurnal variation of Pn and Tr, and Pn, Tr and Gs had a higher heterosis in the afternoon than in the morning, while the WUE was in reverse, indicating that maize hybrid had higher resistance to the high temperature and dehydration in the afternoon, which provided a new path to select varieties with a high net photosynthetic rate. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(5): 1049–1054 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

不同覆土材料对印度丽蘑产量和生理活性的影响

【目的】分析不同覆土材料对印度丽蘑Calocybe indica子实体生长发育的影响,为印度丽蘑在我国的引种栽培提供理论基础。【方法】以田土(对照)、田土+牛粪(体积比为3∶1)、菌渣、田土+沙子(体积比为3∶1)为覆土材料,研究印度丽蘑子实体的农艺性状和产量,测定可溶性蛋白含量及胞外酶活性的变化。【结果】以田土+牛粪为覆土材料时,产量最高为2 078.50 g、出菇密度最高,现蕾所需时间最短,约为7.67 d;以菌渣为覆土材料时,产量、出菇密度次之,但现蕾所需时间最长,为22.67 d;田土+沙子处理与对照相比,印度丽蘑的产量、单菇质量和出菇密度等方面表现较差。在印度丽蘑不同生长期,各处理的可溶性蛋白含量总体呈上升趋势,且第2潮菇升高幅度更大(菌渣处理除外)。整个生长期,以田土+牛粪为覆土材料时可溶性蛋白含量较高,且胞外酶的活性变化最有利于菌体生长。【结论】结合印度丽蘑生长情况和经济效益等因素,建议以田土+牛粪为覆土材料。     

Physiological analysis on pre-harvest sprouting in recombinant inbred rice lines

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in rice production is usually caused by high temperature and humidity or continuous rains. It frequently happens in F₁ in hybrid rice seed production. The PHS or “Physiologically germinated” seeds are of lower quality, by which the hybrid rice seed production is badly affected every three years at a loss of 20% or even 50% yield in seed production over the vast Yangtse River Valley and Southwest China. It is estimated that PHS causes an average decrease of seed activity by 10%. A recombinant inbred line population including 304 lines, derived from a cross between Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Zhong-156 and Gumei-2, was used to study the PHS physiology. Based on the data of sprouting rate in panicles and sprouting rate in grains, two kinds of lines, namely easy-to-sprout lines and hard-to-sprout lines, were selected to investigate their physiological differences when PHS happened. The experiment was conducted in a special field with a microclimate of higher temperature and humidity. The results indicated that it was easier to produce PHS from the female parent GM-2 than the male parent ZH-156, besides, the GA₁ content and amylase activity in GM-2 grains were higher than those in ZH-156. However, the abscisic acid (ABA) content in GM-2 grains was lower than that in ZH-156. Higher temperature and higher humidity facilitated the GA₁ increment from milk ripe stage to yellow ripe stage. GM-2 and the easily-sprouting lines showed an even higher increase in GA₁ than ZH-156 and the hardly-sprouting lines, which enhanced the amylase activity and induced pre-harvest sprouting. This may be the physiological basis for pre-harvest sprouting induced by higher temperature and higher humidity, and these special characteristics must be inherited from their parents. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomoca Sinica, 2006, 32(5): 728–733 [译自: 作物学报]     

Reactive oxygen species activity in the interaction of rice with Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae

Activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated in the interaction between rice and Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae. Results showed that O₂·⁻, H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) in resistant variety (128) had higher increases in activity compared to those in the susceptible variety (Texian 13) 24 hours after bacteria inoculation. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased in 128 and Texian 13 twenty-four hours after inoculation and then decreased, but the SOD activity in 128 was found to be usually lower than that in Texian 13. The CAT activity in Texian 13 had two peaks at 24 h and 96 h after inoculation, while little change was seen in 128. In conclusion, ROS and its related enzymes could be correlated to rice resistance against E. chrysanthemi pv. zeae. __________ Translated from Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2007, 26(4): 451–455 [译自: 华中农业大学学报]