Organic anion-transporting polypeptides are involved in the elimination of insecticides from the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum

Journal of Pest Science - Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are integral membrane transporters that mediate cellular uptake of a broad range of substrates in humans. The functions of...     

Treatment of rice with diatomaceous earth and effects on the mortality of the Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Diatomaceous earth has been demonstrated in Australia, Germany, and the USA to protect stored products from infestation by insect pests. However, application of diatomaceous earth has rarely been used in Asian countries for the protection of stored grain from insect damage. These facts and the paucity of existing data from the tropics prompted the present study of storage with diatomaceous earth. We exposed rice treated with the diatomaceous earth product Fossil Shield® to infestation by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. During the dry season, when tests were conducted, the mean temperature was 29?±?2?°C and relative humidity was 80?±?3?%. The population of T. castaneum in rice was significantly reduced after treatment with Fossil Shield®. Diatomaceous earth at 1?g and 2?g per kilogram rice reduced population growth of T. castaneum to a coefficient of 0.27, and 0.02 respectively after 42 days. Fossil Shield® at 0.5?g per kilogram rice increased the mortality of T. castaneum, but did not stop population growth.     

Activity of a novel compound produced by Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coleopteran insects

Aspergillus is a promising source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The addition of insect-derived material in the broth culture could trigger the biosynthesis of insecticidal and antimicrobial compounds by entomopathogenic fungus (EF). Insects inhabit diverse niches and interact with various bacteria, for this reason, when a fungus kills an insect should inhibit the insect’s gut bacteria to prevent the insect consumption by bacteria. According with this hypothesis, the EF is able to produce substances that inhibit bacteria growth or bacteria virulence strategies. In the present, investigation is demonstrated that the addition of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) components (2 % w/v) in a culture of saprophytic fungus Aspergillus parasiticus MOR 3 induces the production of a novel compound present inside mycelium 2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-oxoethyl benzoate, that is reported here for the first time as a natural product of A. parasiticus. In addition, increased significantly the fungal extracellular production of undecyl 4-fluorobenzoate. The mycelium extract (ME) at 250 μg per g of diet on adult population of T. castaneum produced an alteration of the feeding behavior of coleopteran insects (Repellency index = +30). The fraction derived from ME (Fr2) that contained the organobromine compound, 2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-oxoethyl benzoate had the highest inhibition of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors like elastase enzyme (49 %) at 5 μg/ml and biofilm formation (43 %) at 100 μg/ml. The results suggest that the extract from mycelium of a non-aflatoxigenic A. parasiticus MOR 3 strain is a potential candidate as food coleopteran repellent as well as an anti-virulence strategy of P. aeruginosa.     

Chemical composition and bioactivities of three Chrysanthemum essential oils against Tribolium confusum (du Val) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Essential oils from three species of Chrysanthemum growing in Tunisia (C. coronarium, C. fuscatum, and C. grandiflorum) were first analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) and then evaluated for toxicity and antifeeding action against Tribolium confusum. The essential oils obtained from leaves and flowers shared a similar qualitative composition, but the relative proportions of the constituents were quite different. The essential oil of C. grandiflorum was rich in sesquiterpenoids, while those of C. fuscatum and C. coronarium were rich in monoterpenoids. The main common constituents of all the essential oils were ??-pinene, myrcene, ??-humulene, ??-caryophylene, spathulenol, and caryophyllene oxide. The most effective essential oil was obtained from the leaves of C. grandiflorum, that inhibited the relative growth rate (?0.03?mg/mg/d), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (?50.69%), relative consumption rate, caused an antifeeding effect (66.43%) and a high mortality (80%) of T. confusum larvae. Topical application C. grandiflorum essential oil caused a significant insect mortality that attends 27% after 7?days of treatment. While essential oil from C. coronarium flowers has contact and fumigant toxicity with a mortality of 9 and 13%, respectively. Results analysis highlights a relationship between essential oils composition and insecticidal activity against T. confusum. The study showed that each essential oil has specific chemical composition and act differently according to the nature of attributed test. The use of essential oils from different Chrysanthemum species with different methods helps poor farmers who store small amounts of grains to preserve it against pest infestation.     

The effects of different rearing diet media on the irradiated pupae and adults of flour beetle,Tribolium confusum (J. du val)

In this study, gamma radiation was applied between 10–120 Gy at 10 dose levels for 2–4 days-old pupae; 10–150 Gy at 11 dose levels for 12–14 days-old adults ofT. confusum. All experiments were carried out in incubators maintained at 27±0.5°C and 70±5% relative humidity. The development of adults reared on different flours from irradiated pupae was not prevented by exposing these stages investigated doses. Rapidly developing confused flour beetle were more susceptible to killing by gamma radiation. Adults that emerged from treated pupa had elytral and other deformities. In barley flour, rate of deformed individuals were higher than the other rearing media. LD₅₀, LD_99,9 and SD_99,9 values for wheat flour were high compared with both barley and maize flour. For adult treatment, there were differences in survival among rearing diets especially at doses of 40, 50 and 60 Gys. But there were no differences for LD₅₀ and LD_99,9 values at adult stage, indicating little influence of rearing medium on susceptibility of adults. On the other hand, there were little differences between rearing diets for SD₅₀ and SD_99,9.With 6 tables and 4 figures     

Fumigant and repellent activities of essential oil from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coriandrum sativum</Emphasis> (L.) (Apiaceae) against red flour beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The biological activity of essential oil extracted from coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) against eggs, larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Bioassays conducted in air-tight glass chambers showed vapour toxicity and strong repellency on filter paper arena test towards all the stages used. Responses varied significantly (P < 0.001) within insect stages, dosages and exposures. At 12.0 μg/ml dosage, mortality of adults reached 95%, but for 12-, 14- and 16-days larvae, mortalities were 65, 74 and 82%, respectively. On the developmental inhibition, individuals fumigated at the larval stage confirmed that the percentage of larvae reaching to pupal stage and pupae to adult stage, decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dosage concentration. The oil fumigation yielded 100% mortality for T. castaneum larvae, pupae and adults at 0.08 μg/ml dosage. The oil had fumigant activity against eggs and the toxicity progressively increased with increased exposure times and concentrations. One hundred per cent T. castaneum egg mortalities were obtained with oil fumigation at 20 μg/ml and 96 h exposure period. C. sativum oil also showed highly repellent activity to the adults of T. castaneum, with overall repellency was 90% and at a dosage of 12 μg/ml repellency was 100% in a filter-paper arena test.     

Potential of zimtaldehyde, 4-allyl-anisol, linalool, terpineol and other phytochemicals for the control of the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum J. d. V.) (Col., Tenebrionidae)

Toxicity and repellency effects of several pure compounds (of plant origin) against the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) were investigated in a filter paper test. The compounds were α-pinen, β-pinen, 4-allyl-anisol, camphor, 1,8-cineol, eugenol, linalool, menthol, piperin, terpineol, thymol and zimtaldehyde. Five compounds (4-allyl-anisol, linalood, terpineol, thymol and zimtaldehyde) caused enough mortality of this insect to allow the determination of LD₅₀ and LD₉₅ values. Zimtaldehyde and 4-allyl-anisol showed the strongest toxicity effects with LD₅₀ values of 0.04–0.05 μl/cm² within an exposure period of 24 h. When the isolated fumigant effects were tested by separating the insects from the filter paper, the toxicity of zimtaldehyde (LD₅₀=0.29 μl/cm²) was much lower than that of 4-allyl-anisol (LD₅₀=0.10μl/cm²).     

浅析加强天牛检疫的重要性

天牛作为一种林木主要害虫，正随大量进口的木材和日益增多的货物木质包装涌入我国，仅2000年江苏口岸就截获国外天牛多达22种。该文列举了口岸截获的具有危险性的国外天牛种类，并提出了应密切关注的天牛种类。     

Possible functions of the microtrichia on the cuticle of Ulomoides dermestoides(Chevrolat)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Ulomoides dermestoides(Chevrolat)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is one of the most notorious pests in northeastern China. We examined microtrichia on the thorax, elytra and abdomen of U. dermestoides using scanning electron microscopy and recorded their conformations(size, shape and insertion method) and distributions(length, width and location). Possible functions of the microtrichia were(1) stridulation: microtrichia on the inner surface of the elytra interacted with microtrichia on the dorsoventral axis of the thorax or on the costal vein of the hind wing;(2) to increase friction: at the major surface on the middle of the abdominal tergum, hind-wings, inner surface of the medial edge of the elytra and the posterior end of the elytra;(3) protection: the microtrichia covering the posterior face of the abdomen conserved water in the body and protected the body from damage; and(4) sensing organ: the special shape of the microtrichia on the nervation near the vannal fold of the hind wing, the anteriometapleuron on the metathorax, and the posterior field of the abdomen could perceive the environment. In conclusion, the size and shape of the microtrichia are tightly related to their functions, which may have evolved with the beetles' lifestyle.     

大麦虫成虫活体的雌雄鉴别

大麦虫(Zophobas morio)属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)资源昆虫,其个体大、营养价值高,可作为高蛋白鲜活饲料,国外主要用作爬行类动物的活体饲料,我国主要用作高档宠物、人工养殖鱼类、鸟类等食虫动物的饲料(苗少娟,2010)。大麦虫幼虫营养成分较高,体内含蛋白质19.7%、脂肪17.7%、无氮浸出液1.1%、中性洗涤纤维     

Development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on natural and synthetic diets

The development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was investigated on a newly developed semiartificial diet as compared with two natural diets namely sugarcane stem and banana fruit. The weevil was successfully maintained on these diets and duration of the life cycle for males and females, respectively were 164.97 and 194.61 days on the semiartificial diet, 192.5 and 186.5 days on banana, and 172.00 and 170.00 days on sugarcane. The average egg production per female was shown to be significantly higher on the semiartificial diet, being 184.00?±?18.68 eggs compared with an average of 125.00?±?11.97 and 133.00?±?15.21 eggs on banana and sugarcane, respectively. The fertility ranged between 94?–?100?% in those eggs deposited by females previously reared on the tested diets. The developed semiartificial diet was shown to be suitable for maintaining laboratory colonies of the red palm weevil, and it can substitute natural diets.     

Thermal-death kinetics of the bark beetle (Dendroctonus armandi; Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Data on thermal-death kinetics of bark beetles are essential to develop phytosanitary heat treatments for pine wood and pine wood packaging materials. Using a heating block system, effects of different heating rates between 44 and 50°C at 2°C intervals on destruction of Dendroctonus armandi adult insect were examined. Heat resistance of the insects was found to increase at low heating rates (0.1 or 0.5°C/min). Therefore, the thermal-death kinetics of the beetles were determined at a high heating rate of 5.0°C/min which simulated the rapid dielectric heating of wood products. Results showed that the thermal death curve of D. armandi followed a zero-order reaction kinetic model, indicating the heat destruction rate of the beetle at different treatment temperatures to be independent of their population size. The required thermal holding times to result in destruction of the entire population were 40, 8, 4, and 2?min at 44°C, 46°C, 48°C, and 50°C, respectively. The evaluated thermal-death kinetic data are useful in developing effective beetle elimination quarantine protocols for the wood. A 50°C ?2?min heat treatment with a heating rate of ～5°C/min can be effectively used for disinfesting bark wood materials.     

Effect of oilseed type on the efficacy of five diatomaceous earth formulations against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The insecticidal efficacy of five diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Protect-It^®, SilicoSec^®, Insecto^®, Perma-Guard^? D-10 and Dryacide^® was evaluated against adult Tribolium castaneum Herbst, the red flour beetle, on three oilseeds: safflower, sunflower and sesame. The DE formulations were applied at three rates: 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg. The experiment was carried out at 26°C and 55 (±5)% RH in the dark. The mortality of T. castaneum adults was measured after 3, 7, 14 and 21 days exposure. After the 21-day mortality count, all surviving insects were removed and the samples retained under the same conditions for a further 45 days to assess progeny production (F1). Significant differences were recorded among the three oilseed types as well as between the DE formulations tested. After 21 days exposure, even at the lowest treatment rate, adult mortality was high (>90%) in safflower for all DE formulations. In contrast adult mortality was significantly lower in the case of sesame. Increased application rates improved the efficacy of DEs in sunflower and sesame. Even at the lowest rate the complete suppression in progeny production was achieved on treated safflower. The greatest number of progeny was recorded for treated sunflower seeds. Protect-It^® and Dryacide^® were the most efficient DE formulations against T. castaneum.     

环境因子对喙尾琵甲卵孵化的影响

研究了温度、光照和基质含水量对喙尾琵甲(Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire)卵孵化的影响。结果表明:12 - 28 ℃ 6个恒温条件下卵均可孵化,随着温度的升高卵的发育历期缩短(32.92 - 5.83 d),发育速率加快(0.03 - 0.172/d)。12 - 25 ℃下孵化率较高,平均孵化率70%,8 ℃和31 ℃未见卵孵化。喙尾琵甲卵的发育起点温度为(10.08±0.93) ℃,有效积温为(99.91±8.11)日·度。在0 - 8 000 lx光照条件下,随着光照度的增加,孵化率呈下降趋势,光照度≥8 000 lx,卵不孵化。基质含水量和温度共同影响试验中,基质含水量、温度以及二者的交互作用均对卵的孵化有显著影响,多重比较分析后筛选出了适宜卵孵化的温度含水量组合;并对云南地区限制喙尾琵甲卵孵化的气候因素进行了探讨。     

Gamma radiation sensitivity of larvae and adults of the red flour beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> Herbst

In this study, the susceptibility of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to gamma radiation was investigated in the laboratory in Turkey. Gamma radiation was applied at 6 dose levels between 20 and 200Gy to 13–15day-old adults and at 5 dose levels between 20 and 180Gy to 18–20day-old larvae of T. castaneum. All experiments were performed in growth chambers maintained at 27±1°C and 70±5% r.h. The larvae proved to be the more susceptible stage, survival to the adult stage being prevented by exposure of the eggs to 100Gy; the adult stage was less susceptible. LD₅₀ and LD₉₉ values were determined as 19,75 and 42,97Gy for larvae and 33,21 and 64,50Gy for adult stage, respectively. It was concluded that 100Gy is the effective dose for both larval and adult stages.     

Effect of aging in adult Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the susceptibility of the beetle to Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)

To clarify the effect of aging in adult Monochamus alternatus on the susceptibility of the beetle to Beauveria bassiana, we inoculated the fungus into adult beetles 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after emergence. The number of days from B. bassiana inoculation to M. alternatus death increased with the number of days from beetle emergence to inoculation up to 14 days after emergence. This indicated that the susceptibility of adult beetles to the fungus decreased with aging. However, B. bassiana-inoculated beetles 28 days after emergence died earlier after inoculation than those inoculated with the fungus 14 days after emergence; i.e., the beetle’s susceptibility to the fungus increased again. We considered this phenomenon to be the result of senescence of adult beetles. We concluded that the susceptibility of M. alternatus to B. bassiana decreased first and then increased again with aging.     

森林有害生物红脂大小蠹的危险性分析

该文参照国际上有害生物危险性分析 (Pest Risk Analysis,简写 PRA)方法 ,从有害生物的国内分布状况、潜在的危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及危险性的管理难度等几个方面进行定性和定量分析 ,对红脂大小蠹 Dendroctonus valens的危险性做出综合评价。评价结果表明红脂大小蠹在我国属于高度危险的森林有害生物     

Blue stain fungi associated withTomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Japanese red pine

A number of various species of blue-stain fungi were isolated fromTomicus piniperda adults at various stages of development, as well as from the galleries, pupal chambers and sapwood underneath galleries on Japanese red pine. This study was an attempt to identify the species, composition of blue-stain fungi associated withT. piniperda, the frequency of occurrence of the fungi, and their role in the sapwood-staining of Japanese red pine in Tsukuba City, central Japan. Among the seven species of blue-stain fungi isolated, an undescribed species ofOphiostoma together withO. minus were the dominant species and closely associated withT. piniperda. These two species occurred on newly emerging adults more frequently than the overwintered adults.Hormonema dematioides was also associated with the beetle, however, its frequency of occurrence from the emerged new adults was very low. Although the two other species,O. ips andGraphium sp. were also isolated from emerged beetles, the frequency of these fungi from gallery systems suggested that they were accidentally carried byT. piniperda. Leptographium wingfieldii, known to be associated with the beetle in Europe, was also isolated at a very low frequency and the fungus seemed not to be closely associated with the beetle.Ophiostoma sp. andO. minus appear to be the most important causes of blue-stain of Japanese red pine sapwood after infestation byT. piniperda.     

喙尾琵甲DNA提取方法比较与AFLP反应体系的建立

采用CTAB法、改进SDS-蛋白酶K法、SDS-饱和氯化钠法和提取试剂盒对喙尾琵甲的肌肉、虫卵和幼虫进行DNA提取,比较了DNA的提取和保存质量,并对AFLP试验的酶切时间、预扩增产物稀释倍数和选择性扩增引物量等关键因子进行试验和优化。结果表明:4种方法对肌肉组织提取的DNA质量都较好;3种传统方法提取的DNA的保存时间长于试剂盒提取的DNA;使用EcoR Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ内切酶组合,10 U EcoR Ⅰ和2 U Mse Ⅰ分两步各酶切2 h,T4连接酶3 h连接后,以20倍稀释的预扩增产物和5 ng/35 ng的E+3/M+3引物量进行选择性扩增,建立了喙尾琵甲AFLP分子标记体系。     

Effects of post-fire salvage logging on boreal mixed-wood ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera,Carabidae)

The frequency and intensity of salvage logging has recently increased in burned forests of the Canadian boreal so that post-fire areas make up a significant annual share of all harvested forest land in some years. However, little is known about how this practice affects re-establishment of animal and plant communities that already have been strongly altered by the fire. We pitfall-trapped carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) for two consecutive years following a large-scale boreal wildfire (276,000 ha) in burned mixed-wood forests of 12 landscape units (2.5 km × 2.5 km each). These units included four salvage treatments, each replicated three times: control (no salvaging), low (ca. 20–30% of merchantable mixed-wood removed), moderate (40–50%) and high salvage intensity (60–70%). We established 16 sampling sites in each unit: on the control landscapes, all 16 sites were in un-logged stands; in low-salvage units, 4 out of 16 sites were in salvaged areas; in moderate- and high-salvage units, 8 and 12 out of 16 sites, respectively, were in salvaged areas. Salvage logging positively affected carabid species richness. However, there was an overall salvage-caused decrease in the abundance of many common forest-dwelling carabids, and an increase in the abundance of disturbance or open-habitat specialists. Interestingly, the effects of salvage logging on the total catch and several abundant forest species (e.g., Calosoma frigidum, Harpalus laevipes, Pterostichus punctatissimus, P. adstrictus and Platynus decentis) appeared to be more important at the landscape level (the four landscape treatments) than at the level of sampling sites (site logged versus not). We suggest that this observation resulted from ambiguous site-level responses to salvage that collectively contributed to the (mostly negative) significant responses at the landscape level. Effects of fire severity (estimates based on tree survival) on carabids were species-specific; however, the impact of this measure was most often significant at the site, and not at the landscape, level. A Multivariate Regression Tree revealed that fire severity and the overall (pre-fire) amount of mixed-wood forest on the landscape were significant determinants of assemblage structure, with the local effects of fire severity being strongest.