优质高产水稻新品种粤丰占

粤丰占是广东省农科院水稻研究所以高收获指数型水稻品种粤香占为母本，丰矮占为父本杂交育成的早晚兼用优质高产水稻新品种。１９９９～２０００年连续２年早季参加广东省优质稻区试，表现出丰产性好、米质优、适应性广等优点。１９９９年全省仅试种约２００ｈｍ２，２０００年迅速发展到２２０００ｈｍ２。２００１年通过广东省农作物品种审定。 一、主要特征特性 １．丰产性突出 粤丰占于１９９９年早季参加广东省优质稻区试，平均产量 ４７６．２８ ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２，比对照粤香占增产４．６１％，居第二位；２０００年早造复试，平均…     

优质常规稻品种粤莉占的选育与应用

粤莉占是广东省农业科学院水稻研究所利用水稻高收获指数育种理论,以粤银丝苗为母本、丰秀占/黄莉占为父本配组育成的一个优质高产水稻新品种,2014年通过广东省农作物品种审定。该品种作晚稻种植,平均全生育期114 d,比对照粤晶丝苗2号短2~3 d,丰产性好,米质鉴定为国标、省标优质3级,抗稻瘟病,中感白叶枯病,耐寒性中等。     

高收获指数型水稻品种粤香占库、源、流特性的研究

以广东省主栽水稻品种七山占、粳籼89为对照,采用对比分析的方法,研究了高收获指数型优质水稻品种粤香占库、源、流特性。结果表明,粤香占的库容较大,填库能力较强;全生育期叶片的光合作用能力,尤其是抽穗至黄熟期的光合作用能力强,粒叶比高;花后光合产物用于籽粒充实的比例大,库源间流的通畅性好。库、源、流在较高水平上协调平衡是粤香占高收获指数高产的主要成因。     

优质高效水稻新品种溪野占10的特征特性及栽培技术

溪野占１０是早晚兼用、优质高产高效的水稻新品种。２００１年３月通过广东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。广东省２０００年试种２９７３．３ｈｍ２,２００１年种植９０１３．３ｈｍ２。一、产量表现１９９９年早季广东省区试每６６７ｍ２ 产量为４５７．９４ｋｇ,比对照品种粤香占略增０．５８ % ;２０００年续试每６６７ｍ２产量为４６３．５７ｋｇ,比对照品种粤香占略减２．９９% ;两年平均每６６７ｍ２产量为４６０．７６ｋｇ,比粤香占略减１．２５%。生产试验单产４５０～５００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２。二、特征特性溪野占１０属感温型早、…     

插植密度与插植苗数对超级稻产量和抗倒力的影响

2009年早、晚季以常规超级稻桂农占为试验材料,研究不同插植密度和栽插苗数对产量、产量构成和植株抗倒力的影响。结果表明,(1)栽插密度对晚季水稻产量具有极显著的影响,高密度有利于高产,但对早季水稻产量的影响不显著;插植苗数对早、晚季的产量影响较小,未达显著水平。(2)栽插密度对单位面积的有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和群体颖花量影响较大,对结实率和千粒重影响较小;插植苗数对单位面积的有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数影响较大,对群体颖花量、结实率和千粒重影响较小。(3)丛、株抗倒力随插植密度的增大和插植苗数的增多而下降。综上所述,对于常规超级稻品种桂农占在高肥力稻田、适宜的施N量和合理的N肥运畴条件下,早季插植密度以24万丛/hm2、每丛插3苗,晚季插植密度以30万丛/hm2、每丛插4苗,能较好兼顾高产、高效和有效防止倒伏。     

直播晚稻品种的筛选及其丰产性分析

为筛选出适宜赣北地区直播的晚稻品种,以33个晚稻品种为材料,人工模拟机械穴直播,比较分析了其生育期、成穗率、干物质积累动态及产量构成等。结果表明,不同品种的全生育期为105～120 d,其中黄华占、春优84、天优华占生育期最长(120 d),盛泰优9712和泰丰优208生育期最短(105 d)。不同品种的成穗率有一定的差异,且相关分析表明,直播晚稻的产量与成穗率呈显著正相关。以产量为指标进行聚类分析,将参试的33个水稻品种分为高产、中产和低产3类,其中,兴安香占(常规稻)、银丰优华占、粤王丝苗(常规稻)、万象优双占、春优84、桃优香占为高产类品种,广8优金占、美香占2号、五山丝苗、中香1号、粤晶丝苗、丰美占和恒丰优华占为低产类品种,其余为中产类型。高产类品种分别比中产和低产类品种增产了13.98%和28.57%。对不同产量类型水稻品种的群体质量和产量构成特征分析表明,高产类品种表现为在一定穗数的基础上穗大、总颖花量大、千粒重大、结实率和日产量高、各生育期叶绿素含量高、抽穗后干物质增速快、茎鞘和叶片物质输出及转化率高等特点。试验结果可为赣北地区直播晚稻品种选育和遗传改良提供参考。     

优质杂交稻绿香313种植表现及高产栽培要点

绿香313是福建农乐种业从四川省农科院水稻高梁研究所引进的优质稻新组合,来源于绿香1378A×沪恢7313,2007年通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定。2008年尤溪县种子管理站引进示范种植,表现为株叶形态好,作中稻种植全生育期145d,群体整齐,穗大粒多,结实率高,熟期转色好,米质优,丰产性稳定,抗稻瘟病中等,生长后期穗颈瘟有零星发生,是适合尤溪县中高海拔稻瘟病轻发区推广的优质稻新组合。     

优质高产水稻新品种粤农占简介

粤农占是广东农科院水稻所抗病育种室育成的常规籼稻品种。2001年参加广东省非优质组区试,每667m2产量409.31kg。2002年参加广东省优质组复试和华南早籼组初试,每667m2产量分别为475kg和488kg。在广东种植,早季全生育期约128天,晚季翻秋种植约110天。早季米质达到广东省标优质一级和部标优质二级。田间中抗稻瘟病优质高产水稻新品种粤农占简介@廖耀平$广东省农业科学院 @陈钊明$广东省农业科学院     

高产优质常规稻——七袋占

七袋占是1994年早季平和县农业局从广东农科院引进的早晚兼用型高产优质新品种。同年晚季参加县良种场新品种区试，1995年早晚季在全县示范试种，1996年早季全县种植5千亩，1997年将做为平和县重点示范推广的主要常规品种，现将七袋占主要特征特性和栽培技术简介如下：一、主要特征特性1.产量1994年晚季参加县良种场常规稻组区试，平均亩产586，skg，比对照种79106亩增48．6kg，大田种植亩产480～50Dkg，高可达600kg。2．生育期该品种属中迟熟常规稻，在早季种植全育期130d，晚季种植全生育期110d。3．形态结构株型紧凑，集散适中，叶片直…     

杂交早稻新组合福优晚3高产栽培技术总结

福优晚3是福建省农业科学院稻麦研究所育成的迟熟三系杂交早稻新组合,生育期比威优77长4-5d。生物学优势强、耐寒抗倒、分蘖力强、成穗率高、穗大粒多、收获指数高、米质中上、高抗稻瘟病。上杭县茶地乡于2000年引进种植,成为当地早稻主栽组合,年推广面积达到100hm^2左右,占全乡早稻播种面积的50％以上,为水稻稳定发展,提高产量起到了显著作用。2004年早季。茶地乡农技站承担了福建省农科院稻麦研究     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).