不同氮素形态及比例对烤烟长势、产量及部分品质因素的影响

在湖南浏阳,运用田间小区试验研究了硝态氮、铵态氮比例(RN)对烤烟田间长势与产量以及部分品质因素的影响。结果表明:1)RN对烤烟的农艺性状、产量、产值、均价等没有明显影响,而对烤烟的等级结构、内在化学成分含量、氮、钾、氯的吸收量有着显著影响,可以用显著的二次多项式模型或直线相关方程描述产值、均价、上等烟产量、下等烟产量等经济性状以及烟碱、总氮、钾、还原糖、氯、淀粉、挥发碱等内在化学成分的含量与铵态氮份额之间的关系;2)RN为75%∶25%时,中上等烟比例、烟碱、总氮、钾、钾氯比、氮吸收量最高,挥发碱含量最低。RN为25%∶75%时,挥发碱含量最高,总氮、淀粉含量最低。100%铵态氮时,还原糖、氯含量、淀粉的含量最高,碱、钾、钾氯比最低,同时显著地降低烤烟的等级结构。100%硝态氮时,总氮、钾、氯在烟叶中的含量最低,吸收总量也最少,同时产量、产值、均价也处于最低水平;3)本试验的任何RN下,烟碱、总氮、钾、氯、淀粉的含量均符合优质烟叶要求,而还原糖相反。综合考虑经济效益、养分利用率和烟叶内在化学成分的协调性,整体上RN为54%∶46%～50%∶50%较好。     

云南保山市植烟土壤养分状况与烤烟化学成分相关分析

采用描述统计和典型相关分析方法研究了保山烤烟化学成分与土壤养分状况之间的关系,结果表明:①保山土壤养分含量总体处于富足状态,但土壤养分不均匀,微量元素硼和氯含量较低,烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量较高,烟碱和总氮含量适中,钾、氯含量偏低;②在一定范围内土壤中碱解氮和有效硼含量与烟碱、总氮含量存在显著或极显著正相关,有效磷和有效镁含量与烟叶还原糖、钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比呈显著或极显著正相关;③控施氮肥,增施磷肥,提高烟株对土壤中钾的利用率,适当增施微肥,有利于提高保山烟叶的质量。     

2018—2020年昆明烤烟主要化学成分变化分析

为了探明昆明市烤烟品质状况,进而有助于提高昆明烟叶工业可用性,2018—2020年开展了烟叶B2F、C3F、X2F主要化学成分分析。结果表明:1)烟叶总糖、还原糖、总氮、烟碱、钾、氯、淀粉、 pH值、氮碱比和两糖差范围分别为16.77%～39.04%、 14.17%～33.50%、 1.41%～3.00%、1.12%～4.49%、 1.11%～2.88%、 0.12%～1.57%、 0.80%～7.81%、 5.12～5.61、 0.61%～1.62%和0.41%～7.51%;2)品种对烟叶主要化学成分影响较小;3)还原糖、烟碱、总氮、钾、氮碱比、两糖差在各等级间相差较大,氯含量差异较小;4)烟叶主要化学成分在相邻年份差异较小。昆明烟叶主要化学成分较协调,品质较稳定。     

成熟期淹水对烤烟石油醚提取物、主要化学成分及致香物质含量的影响

以烤烟云烟97为材料,采用田间试验研究了成熟期不同淹水时间处理对烤烟石油醚提取物、主要化学成分及致香物质含量的影响。结果表明,在不同淹水处理后,烤烟中部叶石油醚提取物、总糖、还原糖、烟碱、钾、氯含量以及钾/氯低于对照,而总氮和氮/碱高于对照;其中总糖、烟碱含量降幅达到44.06%和48.52%,总氮含量升幅达到47.64%。大多数致香物质含量和致香物质总量及不同种类致香物质含量都有不同程度的降低,致香物质中以新植二烯降幅最大达到52.15%,4种致香物质种类中以苯丙氨酸类和类西柏烷类致香物质下降最为明显,分别达到34.75%和31.90%。在各淹水处理中,以淹水5d对烤烟烟叶品质影响最大,说明成熟期淹水时间越长,对烟叶品质形成越不利。     

南阳烤烟矿质元素及化学成分次适宜因子与土壤生态因子的典型相关分析

为了解南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子及其与土壤生态因子的关系,选取代表南阳不同生态类型的13个样点的土壤样品和烟叶样品,以及2个津巴布韦、14个巴西的优质烟样,测定烟样矿质元素及化学成分与土壤生态因子.对优质烟与南阳烤烟间矿质元素及主要化学成分指标的比较表明,南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子为磷、钾、钙、钠、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉.对次适宜因子与土壤生态因子进行典型相关分析的结果表明,在一定范围内,随着土壤锌含量提高,烟叶还原糖呈显著增加趋势而烟碱呈显著减少趋势:土壤氨化菌数减少、硝化菌数增加,烟叶烟碱显著增加而总糖、淀粉、磷含量显著减少;随土壤放线菌数减少、解钾菌数增加,烟叶还原糖含量增加;随土壤铜含量提高,烟叶钙、钠含量减少;随土壤硝化菌数减少、真菌数增加,烟叶钙含量呈增加趋势而钠含量呈减少趋势.改良土壤特别是改良土壤微生物性状可望改善烟叶质量.     

不同海拔垂直性地带烤烟品质的差异比较——以云南省曲靖市为例

以云烟85为试验材料,分析了云南省曲靖市不同海拔烟区烟叶的化学成分及协调性指标的差异,并对其进行了感官评吸鉴定。结果表明:(1)随海拔升高,烟叶总氮、烟碱含量呈降低趋势;总糖与还原糖含量、氮碱比、糖碱比、两糖比总体上呈先增后降趋势(除氮碱比),最高值均出现在海拔1900~2100 m;不同海拔之间,烟叶钾、氯、淀粉、石油醚提取物含量和钾氯比的差异不显著。(2)不同海拔之间,烟叶感官评吸质量指标中的香气质、香气量、杂气、刺激性、余味和总分,风格特征指标中的劲头和香型,烟气特征指标中的成团性、甜度和干燥感的差异均达到显著水平,而燃烧性、灰色、浓度和柔和性差异不显著。(3)总的看来,海拔l700~2100 m的烟区,烤烟化学成分较为协调,烟叶评吸质量较好,烟气特征指标较适宜,清香型风格特征较为突出。     

玉溪烟区土壤钾镁交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响

以2019年玉溪烟区9个植烟县34个主要植烟乡镇各1个代表性烟田的土壤和烤烟为研究对象，分析了土壤速效钾和有效镁及其交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响。结果表明：土壤速效钾和有效镁平均含量分别为325.9 mg/kg和207.9 mg/kg，变幅分别为93.0～713.0 mg/kg和40.0～610.0 mg/kg，土壤速效钾和有效镁缺乏的烟田分别占14.7%和23.5%。随着土壤速效钾含量的增加，烟叶钾含量先增后减，烟叶镁含量递增，烟碱和总氮含量先降后增，总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比递减，其中土壤速效钾含量与烟叶镁含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。随土壤有效镁含量的增加，烟叶钾含量递减，烟叶镁含量递增，烟碱含量先增后降，总氮含量递增，总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比先降后增，其中土壤有效镁含量与烟叶钾、镁含量分别呈极显著负相关和正相关(P<0.01)。土壤速效钾和有效镁含量的增加能分别显著提升烟叶清甜香和香气量(P<0.05)。土壤钾镁交互作用对烟叶总糖、还原糖含量及氮碱比均产生显著影响(P<0.05)。因此，为提升玉溪烤烟品质，应在适当施用镁肥...     

曲靖中海拔烟区不同土壤类型烤烟品质的差异比较

以云烟85为试验材料,分析了云南省曲靖市中海拔烟区主要植烟土壤红壤、水稻土和紫色土常规化学性质、烟叶化学成分、协调性指标、感官评吸品质的差异。结果表明:(1)总体上看,所有土壤类型的pH值和水溶性氯均在最适烤烟生长范围内,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量十分丰富,全磷、速效磷居中等水平,全钾含量整体缺乏;有机质、总氮、碱解氮含量水稻土最高,紫色土最低。(2)烟碱含量由低到高为紫色土红壤水稻土;总糖与还原糖含量、糖碱比、两糖差值由高到低为紫色土红壤水稻土;不同类型土壤之间,烟叶的总糖、总氮、钾、氯、淀粉、石油醚提取物、香气量、杂气、余味、灰色、总分、劲头、甜度和干燥感均成极显著差异,燃烧性、浓度和香型差异显著,而香气质、刺激性、成团性和柔和性差异不显著。(3)总的来看,紫色土产出的烤烟化学成分较为协调,烟叶评吸质量较好,烟气特征指标较适宜,清香型风格特征较为突出。     

种植密度和施钾量对烤烟化学成分和香气物质含量的影响

以吉烟9号为试材,采用密度和施钾量2因素裂区设计,研究了种植密度和施钾量对烤烟化学成分及香气物质含量的影响.结果表明,1)随着种植密度的增加,总糖含量升高,总氮、烟碱、蛋白质、氯含量均降低,钾含量先升后降.随着施钾量的增加,总氮、烟碱、蛋白质、钾含量均升高,而总糖和氯含量均降低;2)种植密度和施钾量及其两者互作对香气物质总量均有极显著影响.香气物质总量随着种植密度的增大而增大,以16 500株/hm2处理最高,随着施钾量的增大则先降后升,以328.5 kg/hm2处理最高;3)综合分析认为,种植密度15 100株/hm2和施钾量328.5 kg/hm2组合群体结构较为合理,其烟叶化学成分较协调,香气量较高,烟叶品质较优.     

一定碳氮比条件下不同有机物对烤烟生长及烟叶品质的影响

通过选用蔗糖、淀粉、纤维素和腐殖酸等4种有机物质,调节土壤碳氮比为20的情况下,研究了不同有机物对烤烟生长、烟叶生理生化特性及烟叶化学成分的影响。结果表明,不同有机物均能有效地促进烟株生长,且不同程度地提高了烤烟叶绿素的含量,以蔗糖和腐殖酸处理表现较好;成熟期各处理可以降低烤烟中叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、转化酶活性;淀粉酶活性较旺长期大,利于淀粉的分解转化,提高烤烟单株叶重;有机物显著提高了烟叶氮、磷、钾含量和积累量,其中以蔗糖处理和腐殖酸处理效果最显著;同时,显著提高烟叶总糖、还原糖和烟碱含量,并能降低烟叶中淀粉含量,各项指标综合来看以蔗糖的显著最为显著。烤后烟叶香气成分总含量以蔗糖处理最高,趋势为蔗糖处理>腐殖酸处理>淀粉处理>对照>纤维素处理,且香气成分含量较高的种类以蔗糖处理最高,腐殖酸处理次之。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.