铜胁迫下小白菜叶片基因表达谱的cDNA-AFLP分析

本研究以小白菜品种‘上海青’为试验材料,利用Cu2+质量浓度为10 mg·L-1的营养液水培小白菜幼苗,通过cDNA-AFLP技术分析小白菜响应铜胁迫相关基因及其表达情况。试验中利用多态性较好的135对引物进行扩增,共获得5 800多条转录衍生片段(TDFs),平均每个引物组合扩增出30~60条,片段大小主要集中在100~1 000 bp,根据条带强弱和有无的变化,其表达模式可以分为持续表达、瞬时表达、上调表达和下调表达4种情况。通过筛选获得180条差异表达TDFs,其中上调表达77条(42.8%),下调表达61条(33.9%),瞬时表达42条(23.3%)。选取其中152条差异表达TDFs进行回收测序,最终得到151个有效序列,其中上调表达68条(45%),下调表达50条(33.1%),瞬时表达33条(21.9%)。Blastx比对结果显示,112条TDFs序列与已知基因具有较高的相似度,涉及能量代谢、物质合成与运输、逆境响应、信号转导等多种途径,16条TDFs序列与功能未知或假定基因的同源性较高,其余23条TDFs序列与已知功能基因的同源性较低或零匹配,可能是一些新的铜胁迫应答基因。从151条TDFs选取4条TDFs,以小白菜actin基因为内参照,对其在不同胁迫处理时间的表达情况进行荧光定量RT-PCR验证,分析结果与cDNA-AFLP结果基本吻合,表明cDNA-AFLP技术是研究小白菜铜胁迫相关基因差异表达的有效方法。小白菜铜胁迫相关基因表达情况较为复杂,涉及多种代谢途径。本研究结果可为探讨小白菜铜胁迫的分子机理和相关基因的克隆提供理论依据。     

利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析东乡野生稻干旱胁迫的差异表达基因

为探索东乡野生稻抗旱性分子调控机制,以东乡野生稻、协青早B和渐渗系后代M749为材料,利用c DNA-AFLP技术,分析了东乡野生稻干旱胁迫相关的差异表达基因。结果表明,使用6对引物组合对材料进行选择性扩增,共分离得到27条差异表达的转录衍生片段(TDFs),对这些TDFs进行测序分析,发现其可能编码多种类型蛋白,包括转座子和逆转座子蛋白、D-甘露糖结合凝集素家族蛋白、驱动蛋白马达结构域蛋白、植物PDR ABC转运相关结构域蛋白、细胞壁联合受体激酶3前体蛋白、乳酸/苹果酸脱氢酶蛋白、氧化还原酶蛋白、萜烯合成酶蛋白、富甘氨酸蛋白以及血红素结合蛋白等,其中一些蛋白与植物应答干旱胁迫密切相关。利用荧光定量PCR技术检测5个差异表达TDFs,其结果与c DNAAFLP表达谱结果一致,说明研究结果稳定可靠,这为进一步探讨东乡野生稻抗旱性分子调控机制和相关基因的克隆提供了理论依据。     

鲤鱼cDNA-AFLP技术反应体系的建立

将cDNA扩增片段长度多态性（cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism）技术应用在鲤鱼基因的转录表达研究中,本文通过对cDNA-AFLP主要步骤的优化和改进,建立起鲤鱼cDNA-AFLP反应体系。结果表明,采用MseⅠ和BstYⅠ酶切鲤鱼cDNA100ng,分别处理2h和3h后,以接头浓度分别为2pmol/μL和0.2pmol/μL、T4连接酶浓度为0.12U/μL的反应体系进行连接。以稀释50倍的预扩增产物为模板、BstYⅠ和MseⅠ比例为1：4的引物配比进行选择扩增可得到稳定的扩增结果。本研究建立的cDNA-AFLP技术将为鲤鱼转录组研究建立基础和技术支持。     

药用植物的化感自毒作用与连作障碍

本文阐述了药用植物化感自毒作用的概念、产生机理和作用特点,指出药用植物的药用活性成分与化感自毒物质的同源性是药用植物栽培中连作障碍与化感自毒作用更重要的根本原因.文章分析了连作障碍产生的原因与药用植物化感自毒作用的关系,结合作者运用DGGE和T-RFLP技术对根际土壤微生物区系的系统研究结果,提出综合运用农艺措施减缓连作障碍与化感自毒作用的危害.     

杂种和纯种猪之间脂肪组织差异表达基因的分离、克隆和序列分析

实验选取中国地方品种梅山猪和外国品种大白猪进行正反向杂交产生杂种梅大和大梅猪，用mRNA差异显示技术，分析了亲本和杂种猪背部皮下脂肪组织间基因差异表达。结果发现，在10条5＇端随机引物和10条3＇端锚定引物共100对引物组合的差异显示扩增下，共获得l500多条可重复的扩增条带，选取其中能够重复出现的40条差异表达带（在4组样本中不能同时出现的条带）进行重扩增、克隆并测序。通过GenBank／BLAST比对发现，其中有4条EST分别与GenBank序列同源性较高，其余36条属于新的EST，将这36条EST提交GenBank获得注册号，并选取其中的3条进行半定量RT-PCR验证并检测其相对表达，其中2条表现不同程度的差异，l条没有明显差异。为提高DDRT-PCR真阳性，实验中的4种组合各屠宰6头以建立RNA池，采取低高严谨结合的退火温度进行差异显示扩增以及只回收在2次PCR扩增均能重复出现的条带。结果表明，所获得的36条新的EST在亲子代之间的差异表达方式不尽相同，这些差异表达的基因可能与脂肪组织杂种优势的形成有关。     

四种甘蓝雄性不育类型差异基因表达分析

通过cDNA-AFLP分析了4种甘蓝(Brassicaoleracea)雄性不育类型的花粉败育特异中断基因表达特点,并对不同特异表达类型分别选取代表性TDFs克隆测序。结果表明,表达差异在转录片段多态性上能反应出不同雄性不育类型在细胞学水平上的败育时期和特征差异,4种不育类型中萝卜胞质不育(OguCMS)与可育类型遗传距离最近。实验未检出萝卜胞质不育特异中断的TDFs,说明其特异中断基因数目较少,因此检测到这一类基因较为困难。三种代表黑芥胞质不育(NiCMS),隐性核不育(Ms-cr1)和显性核不育(Ms-cd1)特异中断表达的TDFs共计46条。序列分析结果表明,黑芥胞质不育,隐性核不育和显性核不育类型分别与烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)脱氢酶,具RNA识别结构域(RRM)的蛋白,质膜类钙转运ATP酶基因表达受阻有关。     

不同甘蓝雄性不育类型差异基因表达分析

通过cDNA-AFLP分析了4种甘蓝(Brassica oleracea )雄性不育类型的花粉败育特异中断基因表达特点，并对不同特异表达类型分别选取代表性TDFs克隆测序。结果表明，表达差异在转录片段多态性上能反应出不同雄性不育类型在细胞学水平上的败育时期和特征差异，4种不育类型中萝卜胞质不育(OguCMS)与可育类型遗传距离最近。实验未检出萝卜胞质不育特异中断的TDFs,说明其特异中断基因数目较少，因此检测到这一类基因较为困难。三种代表黑芥胞质不育(NiCMS)，隐性核不育( Ms-cr1)和显性核不育(Ms-cd1)特异中断表达的TDFs共计46条。序列分析结果表明，黑芥胞质不育，隐性核不育和显性核不育类型分别与烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)脱氢酶，具RNA识别结构域(RRM)的蛋白，质膜类钙转运ATP酶基因表达受阻有关。     

甘草种子水浸液对其种子萌发及GuSQS1和GubAS基因表达的影响

为探讨甘草种子是否存在化感自毒作用,以甘草种子为试验材料,采用常规萌发试验和实时荧光定量PCR方法,研究10g·L~(-1)浓度的甘草种子水浸液对其种子萌发率、Gu SQS1基因和Gub AS基因表达的影响。结果表明:甘草种子具有较强的化感自毒作用。10g·L~(-1)甘草种子水浸液处理下甘草种子的萌发率为62%,极显著低于对照处理(76%);该处理极显著抑制了Gub AS基因的表达,但对Gu SQS1基因的表达却具有显著促进作用。该研究结果可为人工调控栽培甘草质量提供一定参考。     

与甜瓜性别分化相关植物激素生物合成途径分析

甜瓜性别分化是由多因素构成的一个复杂的网络系统调控,受到多种环境因素及激素水平的影响。本研究利用甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)WI 998×TopMark 构建重组自交系群体,通过第二代高通量测序技术对F2S6群体中雌雄异花同株及全雌系植株的转录组测序,比较差异表达基因,分析与性别差异表达相关的植物激素合成途径。结果显示,雌雄异花同株获得77376 条 Unigenes,平均长度为 435 bp;全雌系转录组测序获得 80 825 条 unigenes,平均长度为 509 bp。比较雌雄异花同株与全雌系转录组,发现共有 8966个基因差异表达,4 296 个基因下调,4 670 个基因上调。对差异基因进行基因本体论(GO)功能分类,发现2 352 条 Unigenes 归入到生物学过程,4 107 条 Unigenes 归入到细胞学过程,2 507 条 Unigenes 归入到分子功能。差异表达基因共参与 121 个 Pathway,发现赤霉素(gibberellin, GA)合成途径中 GA3 - 氧合成酶(GA3-ox)(MU3674)、GA7- 氧化酶(GA7-ox)(MU36987)、GA2- 氧化酶(GA2-ox)(MU13098/MU13099)、GA20-氧化酶(GA20-ox)和 GA2- 氧化酶(GA2-ox)(MU33020)等基因差异表达;共有 38 个基因在脱落酸(abscisicacid, ABA)合成途径中差异表达,其中 19 个上调,19 个下调;油菜素内酯(brassinolide, BR)合成途径中,MU22012 (cytochrome P450),MU26893 (cytochrome P450) 基因上调 ,MU56098 (cytochrome P450,CYP724B3),MU76596(CYP724A1)下调。本研究还发现参与甜瓜性别表达,分别与赤霉素、脱落酸、油菜素内酯及玉米素等多种激素合成、信号传导等代谢途径相关。研究结果为分析甜瓜决定性别分化的可能机理,为下一步研究甜瓜性别修饰基因的克隆,提供重要依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.