磁珠富集法分离草鱼微卫星分子标记

磁珠富集法是一种快速、高效的分离微卫星分子标记的方法。本研究通过该方法分离草鱼的微卫星分子标记。将草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idella）基因组DNA经Sau3AI酶切,同收纯化400～900bp片段,连上接头,构建“基因组PCR文库”。用生物素标记的简单重复序列（CA）15作探针与其杂交,杂交复合物结合到包被有链霉亲和素的磁珠上,经一系列的洗涤过程,去除磁珠表面不含有微卫星的片段。将吸附在磁珠上的片段洗脱,PCR扩增放大,再进行克隆和测序,根据微卫星两端的保守序列设计引物,即可得到微卫星分子标记。本研究义通过同位素标记的探针（CA）15进行二次杂交筛选,获得阳性克隆132个,所得到的阳性克隆经测序,86．36％含有微卫星序列,共获得130个微卫星DNA序列。用引物设计软件Primer Premier5．0没计引物83对。     

瓦氏马尾藻微卫星分子标记的筛选

采用锚定PCR技术,构建了瓦氏马尾藻(Sargassum vachellianum)微卫星富集文库。阳性克隆筛选、测序和序列分析结果表明,在筛选的523个白色菌落中,214个克隆(占筛选白色菌落数的41%)含有重复的微卫星序列,其中105个(20.1%)有随机侧翼区,可以进行引物设计,109个缺乏足够的侧翼序列。在获得的微卫星序列中,完全的占50%;不完全的占2.3%;复合的占47.7%。重复次数5以上的微卫星序列主要以二碱基重复为主,除引物中使用的CT、GT和CAC重复单元外,还观察到AC、GA、CG、AT、CTA、TAG和AGT的重复序列。微卫星重复次数主要集中在6~10次之间,占92%,最高为23次。设计的54对微卫星引物中有8对能够在野生瓦氏马尾藻群体中进行多态性扩增。本研究中构建的瓦氏马尾藻富集微卫星文库将为以后开发未知微卫星标记提供帮助。     

日本蟳微卫星富集文库的建立与多态性标记的筛选

采用磁珠富集法筛选日本蟳微卫星分子标记。日本蟳基因组DNA经Sau3 AⅠ酶切后,收集400~1 200 bp大小的片段并纯化,利用生物素标记的寡核苷酸探针(AC)¹⁵从中筛选出含有微卫星序列的DNA片段,连接到pMD18-T载体中,构建富集微卫星序列的基因组文库,经PCR检测筛选出阳性克隆进行测序。从随机挑选的970个菌落中筛选出369个阳性克隆进行测序,结果86.99%(321个)含有微卫星序列,其中完美型占80.54%,非完美型占15.95%,混合型占4.28%。除使用的探针AC重复外,还得到GA、CT等重复序列。共设计出102对微卫星引物,其中65对能扩增出清晰条带,27对具有多态性。同时筛选出的微卫星标记可为今后研究日本蟳的分子遗传育种提供有效的遗传标记。     

青蟹微卫星DNA的筛选及特征分析

利用磁珠富集法,结合生物素标记的(CA)16寡核苷酸探针从青蟹基因组MboI酶切片段中筛选微卫星DNA序列.将得到的片段与pGEM-T Easy载体连接后转化克隆构建微卫星富集文库.经PCR筛选检测,对89个阳性克隆进行测序,其中52个克隆中含有64个微卫星,完全型占87.50%,重复次数超过11次的占78.12%.根据所获微卫星的侧翼序列设计并合成了30对引物,通过优化PCR反应条件,并在35只青蟹个体中进行PCR扩增检测,最终获得了10对具有多态性的引物,为进一步开展青蟹遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建等研究提供了基础资料.     

胭脂鱼微卫星富集文库的构建及其应用前景展望

以湖北武汉和四川宜宾人工增殖放流的胭脂鱼子一代酒精浸泡鳍条样本为材料,提取完整基因组DNA,选用人工合成的生物素标记(AAAG)7探针,采用FJASCO(fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats)磁珠富集法构建胭脂鱼(Myxocyprirnus asiaticus)微卫星富集文库.以Msel-N引物组和设计合成的微卫星核心序列引物(AAAG)5,用双引物PCR法筛选含有微卫星的阳性克隆,从54个阳性克隆中共获得22个微卫星序列,其中完美型(perfect)共15个(占68.2%),非完美型(imperfect)6个(占27.3%),混合型(compound)1个(占4.5%);(AAAG/ITYC)n序列在胭脂鱼的基因组DNA中含量非常丰富.根据微卫星侧翼序列最终设计并合成了18对胭脂鱼微卫星引物,经其有效性检验后,可应用于胭脂鱼遗传多样性、种群遗传结构等进一步研究及人工增殖放流效果评估.     

大黄鱼微卫星标记的富集与筛选

根据生物素与链霉亲和素的亲和原理，采用生物素-磁珠富集微卫星，与传统放射性同位素杂交法相结合，构建筛选大黄鱼的微卫星文库。用生物素-微卫星捕捉单链限制性酶切片段（含有接头和大黄鱼微卫星序列），经PCR扩增单链目的片段形成双链，然后连接至T载体上，转化感受态细胞。将移至硝酸纤维素膜的重组菌用^32P标记的放射性同位素探针50[γ-^32P]ATP（CA）15筛选出阳性克隆菌。测序结果发现，阳性克隆率为71.9％，105个微卫星位点。其中选取设计合成30对并筛选出22对可用引物。说明所建大黄鱼微卫星文库是一个高质量的文库，可为大黄鱼基因组结构分析、大黄鱼精密微卫星连锁图谱构建、分子进化和系统发育研究、分子标记辅助育种以及经济性状的QTL定位提供大量的微卫星标记。     

磁珠富集法制备大口鲶的微卫星分子标记

通过磁珠富集的方法分离大口鲶（Silurus meriaionalis）的微卫星分子标记。将基因组DNA酶切，梯度离心收集400～900bp片段并纯化，连接Brown接头，用生物素标记的寡核苷酸（CA）15作探针与其杂交，杂交复合物结合到包被有链霉亲和素的磁珠上，然后将这些片段洗脱，PCR扩增，进行克隆构建“基因组文库”，再通过同位素标记的探针（CA）15进行2次杂交筛选，所得到的阳性克隆测序。从所获得593个阳性克隆中选取178个经测序，97．19％（173个）含有微卫星序列，90．60％重复数在10以上，75．98％为完美型。除探针中使用的CA重复单元外，还观察到Cr、GA、ATG的重复序列。设计获得120对微卫星引物，合成40对经PCR筛选，结果31对引物扩增出多态性条带。显示出，磁珠富集法是获得微卫星分子标记的一种有效的方法，可成为今后发展该标记的主要方法。同时，制备出的微卫星标记可为今后研究大口鲶的分子遗传育种提供有用的遗传标记。     

牙鲆基因组 (CAG)n微卫星 DNA 特征分析

通过磁珠富集法筛选牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的微卫星分子标记,采用限制性内切酶Sau 3A Ⅰ对牙鲆完整基因组DNA进行酶切;通过蔗糖溶液梯度离心,收集400～900 bp大小的片段,连接Brown接头,构建牙鲆基因组文库.用生物素标记的微卫星探针(CAG)15,对基因组文库进行杂交,利用磁珠富集含有微卫星的DNA单链序列,并对其进行PCR扩增;将扩增产物连接到pMD18-T载体后转入感受态大肠杆菌DH5α中,得到微卫星序列文库.利用大量质粒检测法进行二次筛选,成功地从牙鲆基因组中分离出含有CAG重复的微卫星序列,测序其中的3000个单菌落,获得2805个(占93.5%)含有微卫星序列的克隆,其中含有微卫星座位3120个,完美型1808个,占57.97%;非完美型226个,占7.25%;混合型1085个,占34.78%.从中选出186个微卫星序列设计120对引物并合成,经过筛选,74对引物可扩增清晰条带,其中68对呈多态性.     

富集文库－菌落原位杂交法筛选栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记

应用微卫星富集文库─菌落原位杂交法,筛选得到了40个栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记.用固定了(AG)15和(AC)15探针的尼龙膜(Hybond N )捕捉含有微卫星DNA的片段,经洗脱、PCR扩增和TA克隆,构建栉孔扇贝的微卫星富集文库.利用ECL试剂盒(Amersham公司)标记的(AG)15和(AC)15探针进行菌落原位杂交筛选微卫星富集文库,阳性克隆经测序获得微卫星DNA.富集文库中1200个重组克隆经过菌落原位杂交后,532个(44.3%)为阳性克隆.任意挑选100个克隆测序,结果显示所有的克隆都至少含有一个微卫星位点.利用软件设计了65对特异性PCR引物,40对能扩增出清晰的带谱;利用48个栉孔扇贝个体评价微卫星位点,分析表明37个位点具有多态性.不同的位点获得的等位基因数目为2～14个不等,37个多态性位点共获得258个等位基因,平均每个位点获得7.0个等位基因.观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及多态性信息含量值(PIC)的范围分别为0.1000～1.0000、0.1197～0.9831和0.1172～0.9782.结果表明,富集文库─菌落原位杂交法适合大规模筛选目标物种的微卫星标记.     

兰州鲇（CAG）n、（GATA）n微卫星文库构建与鉴定

应用磁珠富集法构建兰州鲇（ Silurus lanzhouensis） CAG重复和GATA重复的微卫星文库,并分析其序列特征。兰州鲇基因组DNA经MseI酶切,选取200～800 bp的片段与生物素标记的探针（CAG）8和（GATA）6杂交,捕获到含有微卫星序列的目的DNA片段连接到pMD19-T载体,转化到大肠杆菌DH5α菌株中构建微卫星富集文库,经PCR检测筛选出阳性克隆进行测序。从126个阳性克隆中随机选取96个进行测序,获得59个微卫星序列（ GenBank登录号： KJ545973～KJ545998, KJ598088～KJ598120）。其中完美型31个（52.54％）、非完美型20个（33.9％）、混合型为8个（13.56％）。根据侧翼序列,成功设计48对引物,选取25对微卫星引物在10个个体进行扩增与多态性筛选,共获得10对多态性引物。结果表明,经优化的磁珠富集法能够高效地获得兰州鲇微卫星标记,这些标记将为兰州鲇种质资源保护、微卫星连锁图谱构建、经济性状的QTL定位及分子标记辅助选育奠定基础。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.