白唇鹿肾上腺,甲状腺的组织学观察

白唇鹿是我国特有的珍贵兽类,但很少研究。就目前资料看,在白唇鹿的野生生活习性和人工饲养管理方面已有报道,组织学研究仅见胃肠和雌性生殖器官。肾上腺、甲状腺作为内分泌器有在机体的内分泌调节中发挥着重要作用。为此,作者选用白唇鹿肾上腺、甲状腺为材料,对其组织结构作了观察研究,旨在为白唇鹿的研究利用提供基础资料。     

祁连山白唇鹿的分布

白唇鹿(Cerous albirostris)为我国特产珍贵动物,栖于高寒高原地区,系青藏高原的特有种。自1876年6月,Cossack Kalmynin在甘肃省西部祁连山采集第一只白唇鹿以来,有关祁连山白唇鹿分布散见于各区系研究(中国科学院青海甘肃综合考察队,1964;王香亭等,1982等)中,     

如何提高白唇鹿幼仔的成活率

如何提高白唇鹿幼仔的成活率张林源（北京麋鹿生态实验中心）白唇鹿（Ｃｅｒａｕｓａｌｂｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ）是中国特产的珍贵动物，野生种群仅分布于西藏、青海、甘肃和四川等海拔３０００－５０００米的高山草甸地带。其生活环境气候严寒，干燥季长而温湿季短，气候垂直...     

小种群白唇鹿结核病的流行与诊断

青海省内某养鹿场，自1998年秋开始白唇鹿群陆续发生死亡，病变表现一致，主要是干酪样肺炎所属淋巴结肿大及干酪样坏死。通过对7例送检病料病理织织学诊断，发现都有典型结核结节及抗酸染色阳性杆菌。后对3例结核体症明显的重症白唇鹿进行剖检、病理组织学检查、结核菌培养及豚鼠接种实验确诊为结核病，经PCR检测进一步证实是因感染人型结核杆菌引起的白唇鹿结核病。     

蜜蜂的行为（十五）

蜜蜂的行为（十五）李紫贤第五节分工机制与领域机制蜜蜂是一种无个性特征的封闭型社群组织，这类社群中的成员，具有个体识别的机制，这种功能主要基于共同的气味，动物行为学家认为封闭型社群是由“家庭”延伸而形成，因此只有在抚育行为广泛发展的动物中才有这类高度发...     

青海省大通鹿场的现状与发展措施

大通鹿场位于青藏高原和黄土高原的过渡地带，位于青海省东部，祁连山麓之南，湟水上游北川河流域。现有鹿种主要为梅花鹿、白唇鹿、马鹿等。     

白唇鹿在华南炎热地区的饲养及繁殖

白唇鹿 (Ｃｅｒｖｕｓａｌｂｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ) ,别名白鼻鹿 ,是我国特有珍稀濒危动物。野生种群仅分布于我国海拔 3 5 0 0～5 0 0 0ｍ的青藏高原 ,被誉为高原神鹿。白唇鹿在分类学上属偶蹄目鹿科 ,通过形态、解剖、化石等综合研究分析 ,确认它是从黑鹿分化而来的较古老的一支。西藏聂拉木全新世纪地层中就有白唇鹿的化石。由于白唇鹿被藏族人民奉为神鹿 ,故在相当长时间得到很好保护。但自 2 0世纪 5 0年代后 ,人类的乱捕滥杀与破坏环境的行为愈演愈烈 ,使这一青藏高原特有动物濒临危险境地 ,已列入我国Ⅰ级保护动物。目前 ,国内对白唇鹿的…     

不同时期断奶对白唇鹿繁殖性能及仔鹿繁活率的影响

白唇鹿是我国特有的1类珍稀保护动物,主要生活在高海拔严寒地带,海拔3000~5000m以上的高山及灌木丛是该种珍稀动物的主要生活地区。白唇鹿全身被毛粗硬,毛色呈现黄褐色,鼻端两侧和下唇呈白色,眼圈发白,走路过程中会发出"咯吱、咯吱"的声响。由于白唇鹿臀部尾巴周围存在1个黄色斑块,很多人称它为黄臀鹿。白唇鹿属于典型的高寒动物,繁殖问题一直是制约白唇鹿群难以扩大的主要因素。笔者主要结合实际情况,分析了不同断奶时期对白唇鹿繁殖性能及仔鹿繁活性能的影响。     

野生白唇鹿的驯养

青藏高原是白唇鹿的主要产区,玉树州位于青藏高原的中部,界于昆仑山与唐古拉山之间,平均海拔在4000米以上。山间、林丛、原野栖息着珍贵的野生动物。为了利用野生动物资源,自治州从1958年开始,进行了野生白唇鹿的驯化工作。到目前为止,全州已驯养野生鹿1096头(内有部分马鹿),其中玉树州治多县鹿场驯养鹿706头,社队和社员分散饲养390头。现就野生白唇鹿的哺育和驯养方面的情况介绍如下。     

(秦苓)金丝猴资源及保护

金丝猴(Rhinopthecus roxellanaeMilne—Edwards)为我国特产珍稀动物。早在三百多万年前的中更新世就已存在,曾在四川万县盐井沟、贵州桐梓、及广西各山洞堆积中找到这一属的化石。金丝猴的出现较北京猿人早(六十多万年前)但比猕猴(Macaca)属晚(六百多万年前)。金丝猴由于珍贵稀有需要进行保护,并需研究其形态结构、生理、生化、遗传、组织、胚胎以及生态习性等。另方面它又是与人类亲缘较近的动物。了解分析其社群结构和信息传递,对于了解灵长目和人类进化均能提供很有价值的材料。金丝猴的裘皮华丽柔美,有     

Latent herpesvirus infection in red deer: characterization of a specific deer herpesvirus including comparison of genomic restriction fragment patterns

Glucocorticoid treatment of imported red deer (Cervus elaphus), seropositive to Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, reactivated a latent herpesvirus infection, which was transmitted to a seronegative deer with a fatal outcome. However the virus did not spread to cattle housed in close contact with the infected deer, and serological indication og infection in the cattle was observed only on direct nasal installation of virus. The virus isolate had characteristics in common with other Alpha herpesviruses and especially the Bovid Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) but distinguished itself from the latter by its host specificity, serological reaction and genomic restriction fragment pattern (RFP). The host specific red deer herpesvirus was tentatively designated Cervid Herpesvirus type 1 (CHV-1). It was concluded that CHV-1 seropositive deer can be a threat to red deer farming, while in cattle the infection may only cause minor inconvenience through interference with the serological IBR diagnosis.     

马鹿夏季放牧对祁连山草原群落多样性的影响

祁连山草原是我国重要的生态安全屏障,素有“高原冰原水库”和“生命之源”之称,同时也是我国西北地区“江河源”、河西走廊水资源安全的战略基地。祁连山北坡高寒灌丛作为这个安全屏障的重要组成部分,对区域内畜牧业发展的贡献不可忽视。马鹿是祁连山草原重要的特色放牧家畜,目前关于马鹿放牧对高寒灌丛群落学过程的影响研究缺乏。本研究在祁连山中段北麓以甘肃马鹿-高寒灌丛放牧系统为研究对象,探讨了夏季马鹿的放牧强度和地形对高寒灌丛β和γ多样性的影响。结果表明:1) 阴坡和谷地放牧强度之间β多样性差异显著,谷地β多样性嵌套现象显著;2) 中度放牧促进γ多样性,地形间差异不显著。总体来讲,马鹿适度放牧显著提高了高寒灌丛草地的γ多样性。研究结果以期为祁连山草原的可持续放牧管理提供科学理论依据。     

Browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) on secondary vegetation in forest plantation

The browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity (ECC) of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) in acacia plantations for management and conservation of the ecosystem were investigated at Sabal Forest Reserve in Sarawak, Malaysia. The identification of the species browsed by the sambar deer was based on an observation of the plant parts consumed. ECC estimation was based on body weight (BW) and the physiological stages of animals browsed in six fenced 4‐ha paddocks. Sambar deer were found foraging on only 29 out of 42 species of secondary vegetation in the acacia plantation. The remaining species are too high for the deer to reach. Planted species, Shorea macrophylla are not palatable to the deer. This augurs well for the integration of sambar deer into shorea plantations. The most frequently exploited plants were Ficus spp. Sambar deer preferred woody species more than non‐woody species and they are browser animals. By producing metabolizable energy of 19 000 to 27 000 MJ/ha, the ECC was five head/ha to 5.25 head/ha. Given its contribution to the conservation of wildlife and its capacity to sustain the ecosystem, the sambar deer integrated farming system offers a promising strategy for the future of tropical forestry management.     

鹿类动物冬季环境容纳量估算方法评价

根据国内外鹿类动物环境容纳量研究现状，按确定容纳量的研究方法将其归纳为营养容纳量和空间容纳量两大类。这两类研究方法中，营养容纳量应用较早，是以目标种群生境所能提供的营养和野生动物本身的能量需求为估算基础，该方法受较多因素的影响，需进一步改进；空间容纳量是以野生动物总体生境格局和最小生存空间需求为依据，结合地理信息系统等现代技术及空间模型的模拟研究，可以更为客观地确定环境容纳量，将成为确定环境容纳量的主要研究手段和方法。     

Additional cases of Chronic Wasting Disease in imported deer in Korea

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), which had previously occurred only in the U.S.A. and Canada, broke out in a farm at Chungbuk, Korea from imported Canadian deer (Aug. 8, 2001). CWD distribution, through surveillance and epidemiologic investigations, was reported for 93 deer (43 from the CWD originating farm and 50 imported with the CWD originating farm's deer) out of 144 deer (72 from the CWD originating farm and 72 imported with the CWD originating farm's deer) that were breeding at 30 different farms. On Oct. 4 and Oct. 8, 2001, additional cases of CWD were investigated. As a result of slaughtering cohabitating deer, it was verified that other imported deer from Canada were also infected with CWD. Since it was thought that this might cause horizontal transmission, 93 deer imported from Canada in 1997 and 130 cohabitating Korean deer were slaughtered and examined. There were no infected Korean deer, but CWD re-occurred on Nov. 20, 2004 and is still under investigation.     

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in free-ranging wild cervids in Norway

Faecal samples were collected from 1,190 wild cervids in Norway and analyzed for cysts/oocysts of the protozoan parasites Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Samples were from calves, yearlings and adults of moose (Alces alces), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) shot during the hunting season. Cryptosporidium was found in 15 (3.3%) of 455 moose, 1 (0.3%) of 289 red deer, 18 (6.2%) of 291 roe deer, but was not found in any of 155 reindeer. Giardia was found in 56 (12.3%) moose, 5 (1.7%) red deer, 45 (15.5%) roe deer and 11 (7.1%) reindeer. The calves had the highest prevalence of infection, but this was only statistically significant for Giardia in moose and for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in roe deer. Calves generally had the highest intensity of infection, but this difference was only statistically significant for calves with Giarda and the highest intensity of infection. Both Giardia and Cryptosporidium were found in samples from several geographical areas, indicating that these parasites are distributed among the cervid population in all parts of Norway, especially in moose and roe deer. This is the first published report of Cryptosporidium in moose and of Giardia in reindeer.     

Malignant catarrhal fever: experimental transmission of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease from cattle and deer to cattle, deer, rabbits and hamsters

Attempts to transmit malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) from 16 bovine cases of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease are described. On two occasions disease was transmitted to bovine calves but transmission to red deer (Cervus elaphus) was not achieved. In addition, MCF was transmitted from one experimentally affected calf to a rabbit and on another occasion directly to rabbits with material from a field case which failed to transmit to a bovine calf or red deer. Subsequently each of these isolates was readily passaged through rabbits and one was also passaged to Syrian hamsters. Tissue from MCF-affected red deer consistently produced disease on inoculation into rabbits and deer but failed to cause disease in bovine calves. Contact infection between red deer occurred once and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were also shown to be susceptible to infection by inoculation. Passage of MCF in rabbits with an isolate from red deer failed to produce evidence of further adaptation even after 125 serial passages. Despite the failure to transmit disease from cattle to deer or from deer to cattle it is considered probable that there is only one sheep-associated agent which causes MCF in both species. The reasons for the anomalies in transmission of this form of the disease are discussed.     

鹿生茸期配合饲料研究

根据鹿生茸期营养需要，设计一种适合梅花鹿和马鹿的配合饲料。该配合饲料由玉米、小麦麸、大豆粕、玉米DDGS、玉米蛋白饲料、玉米胚芽饼、常量元素添加剂、微量元素添加剂和维生素添加剂组成。对30只梅花鹿和30只马鹿进行饲养试验，结果表明：该配合饲料能显著提高梅花鹿和马鹿鹿茸产量和质量，降低饲料成本，提高个体产值、鹿茸售价、饲粮转化率和报酬率，直接经济效益提高1～2倍。     

利用Y染色体SRY基因分析马鹿的父系起源和遗传多样性

试验旨在从分子水平上研究中国马鹿的父系起源结构和遗传多样性水平,判断各种群间的系统发育关系和亲缘关系远近。通过DNA提取、PCR扩增和直接测序的方法,对天山马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、塔河马鹿、东北马鹿等11个群体共159头马鹿的SRY基因序列进行了检测和分析,计算碱基组成、核苷酸多样性（Pi）、单倍型多样性（Hd）以评估遗传多样性,构建单倍型网络图;以白唇鹿为外群,用邻接法（NJ）和最大似然法（ML）构建系统进化树,探讨马鹿的聚类及遗传多样性。结果显示,所获序列长度为1 615 bp,在基因中共鉴定出18个SNPs多态性位点,占核苷酸总数的1.11%,根据多态性位点鉴定出14个单倍型,优势单倍型为Hap-1,所占频率35.84%,为天山马鹿、阿尔泰马鹿、阿拉善马鹿、塔河马鹿、东北马鹿、甘肃马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王种群的共有单倍型。其中,阿拉善马鹿、塔河马鹿、甘肃马鹿、川藏马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王均具有独有单倍型。单倍型多样性介于0~0.857,核苷酸多样性介于0~0.00272,各亚种间遗传距离最大的是塔河马鹿与西藏马鹿（0.002406）,最小的是阿拉善马鹿与青海马鹿（0.000124）。基于邻接法和最大似然法构建的系统进化树一致,显示11个野生马鹿种群间共存在3个分支,支系S1包含全部马鹿种群,塔河马鹿、甘肃马鹿、北美马鹿和高产鹿王构成支系S2,北美马鹿构成支系S3,单倍型最小网络图与系统进化树一致。表明各马鹿种群之间的遗传多样性存在差异,塔河马鹿、高产鹿王和甘肃马鹿分别存在2个父系类型,北美马鹿存在3个父系类型,其他马鹿种群只存在1个父系类型,Hap-1在单倍型组S1中处于核心位置,其他单倍型分散分布于其周围,推测Hap-1为马鹿种群中较为原始的单倍型。     

模糊层次分析法为基础的东北地区鹿类动物生境评价体系初探

生境是生物生活繁衍的场所,由生物与非生物因子构成。近几个世纪以来,物种灭绝的速度加快,最重要的原因是生境被破坏。生境评价,是分析物种种群数量减少和濒危原因的重要手段。因此,在对国内外马鹿生境评价的理论和实践进行分析和研究的基础上,提出了以模糊层次分析法为基础的东北马鹿生境的评价体系。对东北马鹿生境的评价,将为管理部门对东北地区马鹿生境的规划、管理和保护提供科学的决策依据。