青海高原牦牛肩钾上,下神经和腋神经解剖

本文报道了生活在高寒低氧环境下的青海高原牦牛的肩钾上,下神经和腋神经的起源,位置,行程,分支和分布情况,其主要特征是肩钾上神经、肩胛下神经纤维都来自第６、第７项神经的腹侧支,其神经的分支支配与牛、水牛、马的基本相同。腋神经纤维来自第７、第８颈神经和第１胸神经,其分支支配三角肌,小圆肌,冈下肌,臂头肌锁臂部以及前臂的筋膜和皮肤。     

山羊子宫内胆碱能神经分布及妊娠时的变化

采用乙酰胆碱酯酶组化法，研究了山羊子宫内胆碱能神经的分布，结果，山羊子宫颈是经较丰富，在浆膜和肌层内有神经束伴血管而行并分支分布于血管壁，在粘膜及其皱褶上皮下，粘液腺上皮有神经丛分布，妊娠时子宫颈部的神经分布与未妊娠时相比无明显变化，子宫角部神经密度均低于子宫颈部，其内环行肌层中及其与内膜交界处神经密度略高，神经束伴血管而行并分支分布于血管壁，在子宫腺上皮下及内膜上皮下无神经分布，妊夺时作胎盘内无神经分布外，仍有神经束伴血管而行交分支分布于血管壁，在分布于血管壁的神经纤维减少，结果提示，胆碱能神经主要支配山羊子宫内血管壁及颈部粘液腺上皮和粘膜上皮，妊 时子宫颈部胆碱能神经无明显变化，而子宫角内支配血管壁的胆碱能神经纤维减少。     

马“肩胛上神经麻痹”质疑

运用解剖学知识对马属动物四肢疾病中的肩胛上神经麻痹 ( paralysis of the suprascapular nerve)进行了分析 ,认为该病大多为数支神经麻痹所致     

奶牛闭孔神经麻痹的治疗

闭孔神经麻痹,为闭孔神经受到损伤而使它所支配的后肢内收肌丧失机能的一种疾病。笔者在1981—1990年临床中,遇到14例奶牛闭孔神经麻痹病例。一、发生的原因:闭孔神经来自腰荐神经丛的4—6对腰神经腹侧支和1—2对荐神经的腹侧支,沿左右髂骨内侧向后下方伸延,穿过闭孔,分布于闭孔肌、内收肌、耻骨肌和股薄肌,起支配后肢的内收作用。母牛分娩过程中,出现异常情况,使产     

鹅颈动脉颈神经的解剖学观察和溃变法研究

鹅颈动脉颈神经分布到颈动脉上的神经丛有两种情况：有神经节与无神经节。溃变结果表明在颈前神经节和颈交感干神经节上都出现有溃变细胞，说明颈动脉神经中至少含有由颈前神经节的节后纤维和经由颈交感干神经节的节前与节后纤维。颈动脉颈神经在第１５～１６颈椎段从两侧颈长肌缝中走出分布于皮下。     

bFGF复合膜对兔自体不同神经桥接物作用的影响

为了探讨 b FGF复合膜对自体不同神经桥接物作用的影响。在兔的缺损神经桥接处 ,分别置入被 b FGF复合膜包裹的自体肌桥或自体神经桥。术后 1 80 d,切取神经桥接部位 ,常规制成光、电镜标本 ,进行镜下观察、图象分析测定和统计学处理。结果表明 :自体神经桥组再生的有髓神经纤维的数量及平均直径均小于自体肌桥组 ,但两组间再生神经纤维的数量无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5) ,而平均直径间存在显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5)。由此可见 ,在创伤局部自体肌桥缝接神经处应用含 b FGF的复合膜 ,不仅对缺损神经的再生有明显的促进作用 ,而且其效果(特别是再生神经纤维发育程度方面 )明显好于自体神经桥接组     

牛肩胛上神经麻痹的诊断与治疗

牛肩胛上神经麻痹容易误诊为肩关节脱臼 (俗称错胛、叉胛 ) ,采用传统的整复方法治疗效果差 ,且容易引起病情加重 ,甚至骨折。在临床实践中根据特征性症状而诊断本病 ,采用中西药结合的方法治疗 1 0例病牛 ,全部治愈。     

牛股神经麻痹症

闭孔神经麻痹,是闭孔神经受到损伤而使它所支配的后肢内收肌丧失机能的一种疾病.     

兔减压神经的纤维成分—HRP法

艇ＨＲＰ法对兔减压神经进行了研究，标记的传入神经元绝大多数位于迷走神经结状节尾侧半部偏一侧，少数见于颈静脉神经节，其中枢突标记终末见于延髓闩以上的孤束核内侧部，腹侧部以及迷背核内。在颈前节也出现标记细胞，表明减压神经中也含有起源于 前节的交感节后纤维成分。主动脉压力感受器有经减压神经来的感觉神经交感节后神经纤维支配。提示减压神经是含有一般内脏传入和一般内脏传出纤维的混合神经，为研究心血管生理提供了     

下丘脑神经的研究进展

下丘脑位于间脑的腹侧部 ,构成第三脑室底壁和侧壁腹侧部 ,是重要的植物性神经的皮质下中枢 ,也是神经体液调节的关键部位。下丘脑含有许多重要的神经核团 ,这些神经核团涉及多种生理功能 ,共同管理一系列的代谢活动和内分泌活动 ,它们已经引起了国内、外神经解剖学者的普遍重视。因此 ,对这些神经核团的超微结构、神经纤维的支配等方面的研究 ,对于进一步探讨下丘脑的复杂功能具有重要意义。近年来研究较多的神经核团有 :视上核、室旁核、弓状核、交叉上核、下丘脑外侧核、室周核、视交叉上核。1　视上核视上核跨起视束的前段 ,横于内外侧…     

Spinal Nerve Root Origin of the Median, Ulnar and Musculocutaneous Nerves and their Muscle Nerve Branches to the Canine Forelimb

The contribution individual ventral spinal nerve roots made to the canine median nerve, ulnar nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and their muscle nerve branches was determined electrophysiologically. Each spinal nerve root was sequentially stimulated. Utilizing quantitative signal averaging techniques, the evoked potential was measured at each tested peripheral nerve. Evoked potential to the median nerve originated from the seventh cervical spinal root (C7) through the second thoracic spinal root (T2) with most input from C8 and T1. The ulnar nerve received evoked potential from C7-T2. Although T1 provided the major input to both the median and ulnar nerves, the relative contribution of T1 was greater in the ulnar nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve received input from ventral spinal roots C6-T1 with C6 and C7 providing most of the evoked potential. The ventral spinal roots which supplied the bulk of the evoked potential to a particular muscle nerve were consistent between individual dogs. Variation of evoked potential input was greatest from spinal roots which supplied less than 10% of the total potential.     

青海高原牦牛肌皮神经的解剖

本文首次报道了生活在世界屋脊青海高原主同寒低氧环境下牦牛肌皮神经的来源及其行走路一和分布的情况。     

Spinal Root Origin of the Radial Nerve and Nerves Innervating Shoulder Muscles of the Dog

The ventral spinal root origin of the radial nerve, its muscle branches, and brachial plexus nerves which supply shoulder and thoracic musculature was determined in the dog. Electrophysiological signal averaging techniques measured evoked potential from specific ventral spinal roots to individual muscle nerves. The entire radial nerve received input from the sixth cervical (C6) through the second thoracic (T2) spinal roots. The most significant (p less than .05) input to triceps brachii came from C8 while the deep ramus of the radial nerve received its largest input from C7. The brachiocephalicus, suprascapular, and subscapular nerves all received their most significant (p less than .05) innervation from C6. Approximately 90% of the evoked potential to the axillary nerve originated from C7. The thoracodorsal nerve received most of its innervation from ventral roots C7 and C8. The lateral thoracic nerve which innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle was supplied by ventral roots C8-T2. Examination of innervation patterns suggests that only modest variation of spinal root input to specific nerves occurred between individual dogs.     

萱草根素对家兔中枢神经损害的病理学研究

本研究旨在对萱草根素中毒家兔中枢神经系统进行病理学研究。从北黄花菜根中提取萱草根素，用1％的淀粉溶液配制成2％混悬液，试验组家兔每只每天灌服萱草根素混悬液4mL／kg，对照组灌服等量的1％淀粉溶液。于处理后第4、7、10、13、16、19天进行常规病理学检查。试验第4天大脑、小脑、脊髓和视神经中的神经纤维出现脱髓鞘变化，在小脑从白质中央向两侧进行性扩展，在脊髓从边缘向中央扩展，最终呈丝瓜络样变；第7天起，蒲肯野氏细胞和脊髓神经细胞发生固缩、坏死；第10天，大脑神经细胞出现坏死、凋亡，并且数目逐渐增多，出现噬神经现象，视网膜萎缩，节细胞固缩、溶解消失。超微结构观察显示，髓鞘变薄，板层崩解、断裂、分离，失去原来的致密结构；神经细胞染色体边集，线粒体肿胀、消失并空泡化、粗面内质网扩张，结构模糊。结果表明，萱草根素可引起神经纤维脱髓鞘和神经细胞的广泛性坏死，并最终导致家兔失明和死亡。     

Sex-related macrostructural organization of the deer's brachial plexus

We describe the morphological organization of the deer brachial plexus in order to supply data to veterinary neuroclinics and anaesthesiology. The deer (Mazama gouazoubira) brachial plexus is composed of four roots: three cervical (C6, C7 and C8) and one thoracic (T1). Within each sex group, no variations are observed between the left and the right brachial plexus, though sex-related differences are seen especially in its origin. The origin of axillary and radial nerves was: C6, C7, C8 and T1 in males and C8-T1 (radial nerve) and C7, C8 and T1 (axillary nerve) in females; musculocutaneous nerve was: C6-C7 (males) and C8-T1 (females); median and ulnar nerves was: C8-T1 (males) and T1 (females); long thoracic nerve was: C7 (males) and T1 (females); lateral thoracic nerve was: C6, C7, C8 and T1 (males) and T1 (females); thoracodorsal nerve was: C6, C7, C8 and T1 (males) and C8-T1 (females); suprascapular nerve was: C6-C7 (males) and C6 (females) and subscapular nerve was: C6-C7 (males) and C7 (females). This study suggests that in male deer the origin of the brachial plexus is more cranial than in females and the origin of the brachial plexus is slightly more complex in males, i.e. there is an additional number of roots (from one to three). This sexual dimorphism may be related to specific biomechanical functions of the thoracic limb and electrophysiological studies may be needed to shed light on this morphological feature.     

Gross anatomy of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve ofthe head and cranial neck region in the Bactrian camel

Seven heads and necks of Bactrian camels were dissected to investigate the origin, course, branches anddistribution of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve in the cranial cervical region. The spinal root and external branch of the accessory nerve were not present, but there was a delicate communicating branch between the dorsal root of the first cervical nerve and the root of the vagus nerve. The sternocephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve while the brachiocephalic and trapezius muscles were supplied by the sixth and seventh cervical nerves. In the head and cranial cervical region of the Bactrian camel the vagus nerve gave oft the auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, cranial laryngeal nerve, a common trunk to the larynx, oesophagus and trachea, and some communicating branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, first cervical nerves and the cranial cervical ganglion.     

Spinal dysraphism in a newborn Holstein-Friesian calf

Spinal dysraphism, not associated with vertebral defect or arthrogryposis, was found in a 3-day-old Holstein-Friesian calf that was clinically diagnosed as having encephalopathy. The dysraphic lesion occurred in the sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) segments of the cervical spinal cord. Microscopically, the lesion was characterized by hydromyelia, syringomyelia, anomaly of the ventral median fissure, abnormal running of the myelinated nerve fibers in the white column, and absence of the central canal due to a developmental defect of the ependymal cells.     

Ultrasound‐guided approach for axillary brachial plexus,femoral nerve,and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs

Objective To describe an ultrasound‐guided technique and the anatomical basis for three clinically useful nerve blocks in dogs. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Four hound‐cross dogs aged 2 ± 0 years (mean ± SD) weighing 30 ± 5 kg and four Beagles aged 2 ± 0 years and weighing 8.5 ± 0.5 kg. Methods Axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic combined ultrasound/electrolocation‐guided nerve blocks were performed sequentially and bilaterally using a lidocaine solution mixed with methylene blue. Sciatic nerve blocks were not performed in the hounds. After the blocks, the dogs were euthanatized and each relevant site dissected. Results Axillary brachial plexus block Landmark blood vessels and the roots of the brachial plexus were identified by ultrasound in all eight dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the four ventral nerve roots (C6, C7, C8, and T1) and the axillary vessels. Three roots (C7, C8, and T1) were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Femoral nerve block Landmark blood vessels (femoral artery and femoral vein), the femoral and saphenous nerves and the medial portion of the rectus femoris muscle were identified by ultrasound in all dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the femoral vessels, femoral nerve, and the rectus femoris muscle. The femoral nerves were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Sciatic nerve block. Ultrasound landmarks (semimembranosus muscle, the fascia of the biceps femoris muscle and the sciatic nerve) could be identified in all of the dogs. In the four Beagles, anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the biceps femoris muscle, the semimembranosus muscle, and the sciatic nerve. In the Beagles, all but one of the sciatic nerves were stained adequately. Conclusions and clinical relevance Ultrasound‐guided needle insertion is an accurate method for depositing local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic nerve blocks.     

Anatomical architecture of the brachial plexus in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) with special reference to the derivation and course of its unique branches

The anatomy of the brachial plexus in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), which has not been previously reported, was first examined bilaterally in a newborn hippopotamus. Our observations clarified the following: (1) the brachial plexus comprises the fifth cervical (C5) to first thoracic (T1) nerves. These formed two trunks, C5-C6 and C7-T1; in addition, the axillary artery passed in between C6 and C7, (2) unique branches to the brachialis muscle and those of the lateral cutaneous antebrachii nerves ramified from the median nerve, (3) nerve fibre analysis revealed that these unique nerve branches from the median nerve were closely related and structurally similar to the musculocutaneous (MC) nerve; however, they had changed course from the MC to the median nerve, and (4) this unique branching pattern is likely to be a common morphological feature of the brachial plexus in amphibians, reptiles and certain mammals.     

Origin and distribution of the brachial plexus of the Van cats

Knowing the structure and variations of the plexus brachialis is important in neck and shoulder surgery. The knowledge of the brachial plexus reduces the injury rate of the nerves in surgical interventions to the axillary region. The major nerve trunks of the thoracic limb were the suprascapular, subscapular, axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves. In Van cats, the brachial plexus was formed by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves, C6-C7-C8 and T1. The 7th cervical nerve was quite thick compared to the others. The subscapular nerve was the thinnest (on the right side, the average length was 6.55 ± 0.60 mm and on the left side was 6.50 ± 0.60 mm), and the radial nerve was the thickest (the average length on the right side was 28.48 ± 0.44 mm and on the left side was 29.11 ± 0.55 mm). The suprascapular nerve was formed by the ventral branch of the 6th cervical nerve. The subscapular nerves were formed by a branch originating from the 6th cervical nerve and the two medial and caudal branches originating from the 7th cervical nerve. No communicating branch between the ulnar nerve and the median nerve was observed in the palmar region. The axillary nerve was formed by the ventral branches of the 7th nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve was formed by ventral branches of the 6th and 7th cervical nerves, and the ulnar nerve was formed by ventral branches of the 8th cervical and the 1st thoracic nerves. The radial nerve was the thickest branch in the brachial plexus. In Van cats, the origin and distribution of nerves were similar to those reported in the literature for other species of cats, with the exception of the suprascapular, subscapular and axillary nerves.