棉花缺素的叶色诊断

渝水区位于江西省中部偏西，气候温和（年平均气温16．8～18℃）、日照充足（年平均日照时数1677．4h）、雨量充沛（年平均降雨量1573．6mm）、无霜期长（平均283d），非常适合棉花的生长，是江西省三大棉花主产区之一，常年棉花种植面积7000hm^2左右。棉田土壤主要有黄泥土、黄沙泥土、潮土以及石灰泥土。据土壤测试结果，渝水区棉田土壤有机质含量2％～3％、速效磷（P2O5）含量10～20mg／kg、速效钾（K2O）含量100mg／kg左右、有效硼含量0．18～0．55mg／kg。可见棉田土壤磷、钾养分较缺乏，尤以缺硼严重；     

不同地区土地沙漠化过程中土壤退化演变规律

对不同地区沙漠化土地演变过程与土壤理化性质的相互关系和分异规律进行了研究。结果表明：（1）各地区的沙漠化土地土壤养分含量具有K多．P少，N贫乏的特征；（2）在沙漠化过程中，土壤退化的分异规律与地区分带性有关。其中土壤有机质、速效P、速效K的受损程度为西部区〉中部区〉东部区，全N为中部区（91．49％）〉东部区（67、30％）〉西部区（61．45％），全盐为中部区（52．94％）〉西部区（43．00％）〉东部区（20．00％）；（3）速效K和速效P及全盐的分布格局具有明显的地带性特征，其中速效K为西部区（228．8～81．4mg／kg）〉东部区（62．5～32．5mg／kg）〉中部区（40．1～19．2mg／kg），速效P为东部区（7．84～3．45mg／kg）〉中部区（4．84～2．19mg／kg）〉西部区（2．73～0．72mg／kg），全盐为西部区（7．75～1．18g／kg）〉中部区（0．57～0．08g／kg）〉东部区（0．10～0．04g／kg）。土壤盐分与沙漠化关系不明显．而与水环境和人为经营活动有关；（4）从总体上看，土壤机械组成受沙漠化影响的程度为东部区〉中部区〉西部区；其中西部砂粒受损率低于东部、中部．但粉砂高于东部、中部，而粘粒却低于东部、高于中部；（5）中部和东部区砂粒递增高峰期和粉砂与粘粒的递减高峰期（轻度后）均早于西部区（中度后）。在时间序列上中部和东部区受抄漠化危害较西部区早，因此在中部和东部区应重视沙漠化土地的早期防治。     

钻石玫瑰的组织培养与快繁研究

研究表明,适宜钻石玫瑰离体芽诱导分化的培养基为MS 6-BA0．50 mg／L NAA0．10～0．20 mg／L;适宜丛生芽继代增殖的培养基为MS 6-BA1．00 mg／L NAA0．10～0．20 mg／L;适宜试管苗生根的培养基为1/2MS NAA0．10 mg／L,其生根率达90％。     

叶面喷施硫酸镁锌硼对甜菜农艺性状和经济性状的影响

新疆阿勒泰地区由于常年种植喜硼、镁、锌作物如甜菜、玉米、油葵等，土壤含硼、锌、镁元素极度不均，耕层（0～20cm）有效硼含量为0．02～6．75mg／kg，平均0．54mg／kg，有效锌含量为0．22—2．0mg／kg，平均0．65mg／kg，代换性镁含量为0％～0．0354％，平均0．011％。目前土壤严重缺硼面积占50．75％，严重缺锌面积占62．59％，严重缺镁面积占42．1％，特别是甜菜种植区缺硼、镁、锌现象较为普遍，已经导致产量和品质的下降，     

水分淋洗下菜园土壤各形态锌的迁移转化特征

采用室内模拟降雨淋溶土柱的方法，研究了经过1年降雨的淋溶后，菜园土壤垂直方向上各形态锌的迁移转化规律。结果表明：锌的大多数形态很难随水分运动发生迁移，～年的降雨至多能使占总量0．57％的水溶态锌发生淋溶损失。水分淋洗和施磷锌平均能使分别占总量3％和4％的难溶态RES—Zn和OX-Zn向易被植物利用的EX—Zn、CABS—Zn和OM—Zn形态转化。随施锌量的增加，土壤锌的有效性指数增加30％～78％．有效锌总量增加3．12～10．07mg／kg。当施磷50mg／kg时，土壤Zn的有效性指数增加3％～28％，有效锌总量增加0．04～0．28mg／kg，磷锌在土壤中表现为协同作用。     

山西小麦主产区土壤中钴含量状况及影响因素研究

试验分析研究了山西省小麦主产区之一——运城市土壤中钴的含量状况及其影响因素。研究结果表明。运城市4县区土壤全钴含量为1.65～17．85mg／kg，平均6．00mg／kg，略高于缺钴临界值5．0mg／kg，而低于全国平均值11．2mg／kg;土壤有效钴含量为0．060～2．235mg／kg,平均0．694mg／kg。在34个土样中，大约有60％的样品有效钴含量低于均值．而含量高于均值的土样仅占总样品数的40％。试验区主要土类褐土和潮土全钴含量分别为6．17mg／kg和4．73mg／kg，有效钴含量分别为0．708mg／kg和0．589mg／kg。影响土壤中全钴含量的因素主要是成土母质、成土过程和铁锰含量，影响有效钴含量的因素主要是成土母质、成土过程和有机质。     

吡虫啉在叶用莴苣及土壤中的消解规律及安全性评价

通过在湖南、江苏、河北、宁夏、重庆、广东6地的田间试验,利用高效液相色谱串联质谱分析技术研究10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂在叶用莴苣和土壤中的消解动态及其最终残留量,结果显示,吡虫啉在叶用莴苣和土壤中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,其在叶用莴苣中的消解半衰期为3.9~4.6 d,在土壤中的消解半衰期为8.6~8.7 d。收获期吡虫啉在叶用莴苣中的残留量为<0.78 mg/kg,在土壤中残留量为<0.13 mg/kg。结果表明,吡虫啉属易降解农药,其在叶用莴苣上的最终残留量低于国际食品法典委员会(CAC)等规定的吡虫啉在圆生菜上的最大残留限量(2 mg/kg),按试验推荐剂量和方法使用是安全的,安全间隔期为7 d。     

毛乌素沙地南缘改良与利用风沙土性质研究

对毛乌素沙地南缘半流动沙地、新垫土改良地和改良4年的麻黄地土壤理化性质的研究结果表明：垫土对沙地土壤有明显的改良作用，细粒物质增加，持水能力提高，0～20cm平均粒径由0．24～0．28mm降到0．14～0．18mm。土壤中有机质平均含量为0．107％、全氮为0．0113％，速效氮为11．522mg／kg，分别是半流动沙地的1．67．1．67，2．75倍。改良后通过4年种植的麻黄地土壤得到进一步发育，20～40cm层粉沙含量占到10．38％～18．38％，是新改良地的7．98～14．94倍。有机质平均含量为0．208％，全氮为0．0183％．速效氮为17．658mg／kg，分别是半流动沙地的3．25，2．71．4．21倍，且有机质和全氮含量在30～40cm深处出现峰值。     

合肥市绿地土壤氮磷有效性特点

以合肥市典型道路、公园和庭院绿地土壤为对象,测定分析了绿地土壤理化性状和氮磷有效性特点。结果表明,绿地表层土壤容重平均值为1．45g／cm^3,总孔隙度为43．6％;土壤电导率平均值为159μ S／cm;pH值多在7．5～8．5,碱性化明显。老城区土壤氮磷有效性显著高于政务新区,老城区表层土壤全氮和速效氮含量的平均值分别为1．38g／kg和4．52mg／kg,高出政务区18．9％和42．1％;全磷和速效磷分别为1009．3mg／kg和41．9mg／kg,分别是政务区的3．0和1．9倍。园林绿地土壤具明显的富磷特征。     

芒果保鲜机及其保鲜效果研究

根据中国芒果业发展的实际情况而设计的6MX-600型芒果保鲜机,经农业部热带作物机械质量监督检验测试中心检测得到其主要技术参数为：生产率大于1.1 t/h;单位产品耗柴量10～13 kg/t;单位产品耗溶液量13～24 kg/t;整机质量96 kg;外形尺寸2.4 m×1.1 m×2.7 m;溶液箱容积600 L。该机结构简单,装拆方便,加热温度易于控制,保鲜效果好,保鲜成本低,适合于分散、偏僻和电能短缺的果园进行芒果采后处理。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.