EFFECTS OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR AND MYCORRHIZAE ON THE YIELD OF WHEAT IN DIFFERENT SOILS

Yield responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to elemental sulfur (S), mycorrhizae (mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae), and phosphorus (P) alone and collectively in two different soils were investigated. Plants were grown on calcareous sterilized Karaburun and Menek?e soils (sub-group of Typic Xerorthent). In the all treatments mycorrhizae inoculation alone compared to the control treatment increased shoot and root yields. The yield responses to S alone, P alone, and combined application of S and P in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments in two different soils were interestingly fluctuating. The findings obtained in this study indicated that S tended to increase the efficiency of mycorrhizae in the well aerated Karaburun soil in comparison to a less aerated (heavier textured) Menek?e soil. This potential to increase the efficiency of mycorrhizae on the root growth indicate that yield increase of shoot and grain can occur being an important finding for ecological agriculture.     

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ZINC INFLUENCES THE LEAF MINERAL STATUS,VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH,YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF ‘KINNOW’ MANDARIN

Deficiency of zinc (Zn) is widespread in many citrus orchards of Pakistan, consequently hampering fruit yield. Effects of foliar applications of zinc sulfate on tree nutrition, growth, productivity and fruit quality were studied on ‘Kinnow’ mandarin. Leaf nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and manganese (Mn) were highest for trees sprayed with 0.2% zinc sulfate, while phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) were highest with 0.6% zinc sulfate and potassium (K) and Zn were highest with 0.8% Zn sulfate applications. Trees sprayed with 0.6% zinc sulfate exhibited highest increase in height, crown width and stem girth, fruit diameter, fruit weight, ascorbic acid contents, and total phenolics compared to all other treatments. Pre-harvest fruit drop was lowest and total number and weight of fruit per tree was highest at harvest with 0.4% zinc sulfate application. In conclusion, foliar application of zinc sulfate up to 0.6% improved tree mineral nutrients, growth, and productivity with better fruit quality in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin.     

CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD,MUST ATTRIBUTES AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE GREEK RED WINE GRAPE VARIETY ‘AGIORGITIKO’

The appropriate tissue and sampling time for the Greek wine-grape variety ‘Agiorgitiko’ nutritional diagnosis was to be evaluated by relating leaf tissue nutrient contents with the yield and must potassium (K), pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA). At bloom, véraison and harvest, leaves opposite the basal cluster (LOBC) and youngest mature leaves (YML) were harvested, and soil and berry samples were collected from six vineyards in Nemea, Greece. Petiole K concentration of the LOBC was found to be better correlated with the yield, TSS, TA and must K than the blade or whole leaf K content; the contrary was observed in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. The LOBC reflected better the nutritional status of the variety compared to the YML. Regarding the sampling time, petiole K presented stronger correlations with yield and must K, TSS, TA at harvest whereas N and P at bloom and véraison.     

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF BORON INFLUENCES THE LEAF MINERAL STATUS,VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH,YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF ‘KINNOW’ MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA BLANCO.)

The effects of foliar application of boron (B) in the form of boric acid on vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco.) were investigated. Kinnow mandarin was sprayed with different concentrations of boric acid viz. (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%) at fruit set stage. Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), B, and zinc (Zn) along with flush length, tree height, tree spread and tree trunk diameter increased, while leaf length and leaf age showed non-significant results after foliar B application. Yield of the ‘Kinnow’ mandarin was significantly affected by foliar application of B and a significant increase in fruit weight at harvest was also observed. Soluble solid concentration (SSC): titratable acidity (TA) ratio, ascorbic acid, total sugars, total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidants significantly affected, while pH of juice, SSC, TA, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars showed non- significant results.     

黑土有机质含量高光谱模型研究

通过对黑龙江省典型黑土区土壤样品高光谱反射率的室内测定,研究了典型黑土可见光/近红外波段光谱反射特性;利用多元统计分析方法,以土壤光谱反射数据及其数学变换数据作为自变量,以黑土有机质含量对数变换数据作为因变量,建立黑土有机质含量高光谱预测模型,并对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验。结果表明:(1)620~810nm波段范围是黑土有机质的主要光谱响应区域,最大响应值在710nm附近;(2)对光谱数据进行归一化处理可以部分消除不同土样测试过程中存在的噪声;(3)模型及其检验的决定系数R2都在0.9以上,模型的总均方根差RMSE均小于2.1,模型具有很好的稳定性和预测能力,可以用于黑土有机质含量的快速测定;(4)归一化一阶微分模型为最优预测模型。     

辣椒苗期耐热耐湿鉴定方法的研究

以辣椒各生理指标的耐逆系数为衡量辣椒单项耐逆能力大小的指标,用聚类分析法、主成分分析法、隶属函数法对辣椒不同品种（系）耐热耐湿性予以综合评价。综合评价的结果,将10个供试品种（系）按耐热耐湿由强到弱划分为4级：高度耐热耐湿（I）、中度耐热耐湿（G、J、W、H）、不耐热耐湿（C、E、F、K）和极不耐热耐湿（D）。几种关于辣椒品种（系）耐热耐湿综合评价的方法具有较好的一致性,同时利用耐热耐湿性的综合评价值与单项指标间建立的最优回归方程可以预测其它辣椒品种（系）耐热耐湿性大小。     

氮肥有效率的概念及意义——兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区

自氮肥发明和施用以来,人们一直想通过氮肥利用率来度量氮肥施用效果。传统氮肥利用率是指当季作物吸收肥料氮占施用肥料氮的百分率,而没有反映氮肥对土壤氮消耗的补偿效应。由于概念和算法本身缺陷,加之对结果解析和理解不够,在文献和日常交流中产生了许多误区。为此,国内外研究者尝试了许多改进算法,虽涉及到氮肥在后茬作物上的残效,但并未触及到残留肥料氮对土壤氮消耗补偿效应这一核心问题。本文根据土壤-作物体系氮素主要流动通量,及肥料氮-土壤氮-作物吸氮"三氮"之间关系,提出了氮肥有效率的概念和算法,其核心是将残留肥料氮作为补偿土壤氮消耗的有效部分。文章分析了国内15N示踪试验资料,认为我国现有农田管理水平的氮肥有效率在50%~60%,损失率在40%~50%之间,损失率很高。采取改进氮肥和农艺管理措施,我国未来将氮肥有效率提高至70%~90%,是完全有可能的。氮肥有效率拓展了氮肥效应理念,在解析氮肥对作物增产、维持土壤氮肥力的真实效果,对环境的实质影响方面具有重要意义。     

THE ADSORPTION AND PRECIPITATION OF PHOSPHATE ONTO CALCITE

Scanning electron micrographs show that the reaction products of solution phosphate and calcite are hemispherical, coral-like growths on calcite surfaces. Electron probe micro-analysis indicates that these are a calcium phosphate, and solution data plotted against solubility isotherms suggest that dicalcium phosphate (DCP) is formed rapidly and slowly changes to octa-calcium phosphate (OCP). X-ray diffraction shows that DCP and OCP are present with DCP predominating. The ratio of Ca:P in the treated calcite, after allowing for the CaCO₃ present, is that in DCP, and a surface coating of OCP on DCP is likely. The exchangeability of the reacted P falls from 100 per cent for small amounts (0–10 μg P per g calcite) to a constant 30 per cent when larger amounts are present (200–1000 μg/g) resulting from the porous structure of the coral-like growths. These cover only a small fraction of the calcite surface even when large amounts of P are present so allowing calcite to control solution pH.     

土壤温度与气温及纬度和海拔关系的研究

土壤温度影响植物根系的生长和分布,影响土壤化学过程的速度和成土母质中原生矿物的风化,所以在美国土壤系统分类中,把在土表下5 0cm深度处的年均土壤温度作为分异特性,用于不同分类级别的区分[1] ,在我国的土壤系统分类中也采用了此办法,把土壤温度状况作为土壤分类的重要依据     

REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF THE CONDUCTIVITY AND pH OF PRECIPITATION SAMPLES

A microprocessor-based acid rain monitor was used to make real-time measurements of conductivity and pH of rainwater within individual storms. The automated measurements were compared with laboratory analyses of a subset of the samples taken. The laboratory measurements tended to overestimate the pH because of temperature induced changes in dissociation and Henry's Law constants affecting ionic compounds in the rainwater. The measurement artefact due to these effects may result in average hydrogen ion concentrations being underestimated by approximately 10 to 15% at UK sites. The greatest systematic discrepancies would be anticipated at highly polluted sites and during low temperature acidic episodes. The concept of a rainwater acid fraction was investigated and found to be useful fro quality control and interpretative purposes. The field measurement of conductivity of low ionic strength samples was slightly lower than the corresponding laboratory measurement, possibly caused by limited resolutio nof the conductivity probe or dissolution of fine particulate material.     

产量预报的加权多重回归模型

本文分析了多重回归模型及其两种修正模型的不足,并根据作物不同生育阶段的农艺性状与产量的关系,分别给出了累加型和阶乘型中各生育阶段对产量贡献的权重,并结合考虑各生育阶段预报子模式的拟合效果,建立了加权多重回归模型.     

模拟酸雨和酸雾对水稻生理和生长的影响

模拟酸雨和酸雾（ｐＨ２．０～５．６）的土培试验结果表明，低ｐＨ酸雨和酸雾处理对水稻产生明显伤害，水稻叶片出现坏死斑点，细胞膜透性增大，汁液ｐＨ值明显下降，叶绿素含量和光合速率明显降低，并随酸雨和酸雾的酸度增大、处理剂量增加而加重；叶片Ｎ，Ｐ和Ｋ养分被淋失，生长受抑制，产量明显下降。酸雨和酸雾处理诱导叶片过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性增高，但不同酶的活性峰值出现在不同的处理酸度梯度上。相同酸度下，对水稻生长的抑制作用以酸雾大于酸雨。     

土壤中有机化学品降解动力学的某些模型与机理建模中的相似观

如果不同事物的机理可被函数形式严格相同的数学模型所描述。我们就认为在这些事物之间存在机理相似性。机量相似性可以帮助我们在机理建模方法的科学探索。降解有机化学品的微生物在机理上相似于相互用种群的Ｖｏｌｔｅｒｒａ模型中的捕食者种群；但有机化学品浓度的变化在数理上不同于Ｖｏｌｔｅｒｒａ模型中被捕食者种群密度的变化。