杂草种类、叶龄及药后降水时间对烟嘧磺隆药效的影响

温室盆栽条件下研究了反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、稗草Echinochloa crus-galli、牛筋草Eleusine indica和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti 5种杂草对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性。结果表明:反枝苋和稗草对该药剂最敏感,而苘麻对烟嘧磺隆的耐药性最高。药液中添加2.5 mL/L的有机硅助剂Silwet L-77提高了对除马唐以外的所有草种的防除效果,表明在作用于马唐时Silwet L-77与烟嘧磺隆之间存在拮抗作用。杂草叶龄对烟嘧磺隆的药效有明显的影响,3~5叶期施药,防效高达89.9%以上,而7叶期的防效只有75%。药后1.5 h和3.0 h降水3 mm降低了烟嘧磺隆的防效,但药后6.0 h降雨对药效无显著影响。烟嘧磺隆与Silwet L-77混用,可提高药剂对反枝苋的抗雨水冲刷能力,但对马唐的效果没有提高。     

异唑草酮及其混剂噻酮·异唑的除草活性及对玉米的安全性

异噁唑草酮和噻酮·异噁唑是新型?广谱?高活性的土壤处理除草剂?明确异噁唑草酮和噻酮·异噁唑对玉米田杂草的除草活性及对玉米的安全性是该药剂在玉米田应用的重要内容?本文采用温室整株生物测定法研究了两种药剂对玉米田常见杂草的除草活性及对玉米的安全性?结果表明:20%异噁唑草酮悬浮剂和26%噻酮·异噁唑悬浮剂土壤处理对玉米田杂草有较高的除草活性, 两种药剂对各种杂草的GR90均低于田间推荐剂量?20%异噁唑草酮悬浮剂土壤处理对阔叶杂草藜?苘麻?反枝苋和苍耳均有较高的除草活性, GR90均小于54 g/hm 2, 对禾本科杂草狗尾草?马唐?稗和野黍也有较高的除草活性, GR90均小于63 g/hm 2?26%噻酮·异噁唑悬浮剂对阔叶杂草藜?反枝苋?苘麻和苍耳也有较高的除草活性, GR90均小于62 g/hm 2, 对禾本科杂草狗尾草?马唐?稗和野黍也有较高的除草活性, GR90均小于59 g/hm 2?20%异噁唑草酮悬浮剂和26%噻酮·异噁唑悬浮剂土壤处理对玉米的安全性很高, 对玉米和杂草的选择性指数均高于17?异噁唑草酮及其混剂噻酮·异噁唑用药量低?除草活性强?对玉米安全, 是玉米田土壤处理除草剂较为理想的替代产品?     

磺草酮防除夏玉米地杂草的效果

15%磺草酮AS对玉米地常见的马唐、旱稗、凹头苋、马齿苋、碎米莎草、鳢肠、千金子等多种杂草均有较好的防除效果,杀草谱广,对玉米安全.在生产上使用15%磺草酮AS宜在杂草3～4叶期均匀喷雾,用量为200ml/667m2为宜.     

烟嘧磺隆·莠去津防除春玉米田杂草的效果

防除春玉米田一年生2～3叶期稗草、灰菜、反枝苋,用52％烟嘧磺隆·莠去津WP100—125g／667m。进行茎叶喷雾处理,药后30d对杂草鲜重防效为96．0％～97．8％,好于4％玉农乐SC100g／667m^2和莠去津SC200g／667m^2,可达到一次用药同时防除玉米田单双子叶杂草的目的。     

二氯喹啉酸防除玉米田禾本科杂草试验初报

田间试验表明,在玉米出苗后3～5叶期、稗草2～5叶期时施用50%二氯喹啉酸WP450～600g(a.i)/hm2,对玉米田禾本科杂草具有较好的防除效果。施药后40d对杂草株防效可达90%以上,鲜重防效达92%,对玉米安全性好。     

氯氟吡氧乙酸·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津防除玉米田杂草的效果

以复配制剂30%氯氟吡氧乙酸·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂为供试药剂,以对应的3种单剂为对照,进行田间施药试验,测定供试药剂处理对玉米田杂草的防除效果。在玉米苗后3~4叶期、杂草2~3叶期使用30%氯氟·烟·莠分散油悬浮剂茎叶喷雾,药后15、35 d调查,制剂用量82.5、100、165 m L/667m2处理对玉米田反枝苋、藜和狗尾草的株防效和鲜重防效均在95%以上,可有效防除上述杂草,且对夏玉米安全,并有一定增产效果。     

烟嘧磺隆·莠去津防除春玉米田杂草的效果

防除春玉米田一年生2～3叶期稗草、灰菜、反枝苋,用52％烟嘧磺隆·莠去津WP100—125g／667m。进行茎叶喷雾处理,药后30d对杂草鲜重防效为96．0％～97．8％,好于4％玉农乐SC100g／667m^2和莠去津SC200g／667m^2,可达到一次用药同时防除玉米田单双子叶杂草的目的。     

硝磺草酮·莠去津550克，升悬浮剂防除夏玉米田杂草田间药效试验

通过硝磺草酮·莠去津550克／升悬浮剂在夏玉米苗2、4、6叶期对田间杂草进行防效试验,结果表明：其对夏玉米田间禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草具有较好的防除效果,且对夏玉米生长安全。在60～120mL／667m。剂量下,药后30d,对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草的株防效分别为76．1％～100．0％,95．5％～100．0％,鲜重防效为82．6％～100．0％,且2、4叶期施药,对夏玉米产量增产8．4％～27．5％。     

50%炔苯酰草胺WP防除移栽莴苣田杂草的效果及安全性

50%炔苯酰草胺WP 1 120~2 000 g/hm2对藜、反枝苋、稗、马唐等莴苣田主要一年生杂草具有好的防效,药后40 d鲜重防效达95%以上,对莴苣安全。     

烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮复配剂防除玉米田杂草效果

以3种单剂为对照,调查三元复配制剂35%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂不同用量处理对山西临汾玉米田主要杂草反枝苋、藜和狗尾草的防效。该复配剂140~320 g/667m2处理对3种杂草的株防效和鲜质量防效均在98%以上,总体高于各对照单剂处理。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.