MPTP在庆大霉素诱导MDCK细胞线粒体凋亡途径中的作用

为研究线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeablity transition pore,MPTP)在庆大霉素(gentamicin,GM)诱导MDCK细胞线粒体凋亡中的作用,试验用4 mmol/L GM和2μmol/L抑制剂CsA(cyclosporin A,CsA)单独或联合处理MDCK细胞24 h,流式细胞术检测MPTP开放情况和细胞凋亡率;JC-1探针检测线粒体膜电位的变化;荧光检测线粒体变化;免疫印迹法检测Bax与Bcl-2表达量,Caspase-9、Caspase-3和PARP蛋白活化情况,Cyt C和AIF释放。结果显示,CsA能够显著或极显著抑制GM引起的MDCK细胞MPTP的开放,细胞凋亡率的上升,线粒体膜电位下降,Bcl-2/Bax比值下降,Caspase-9、Caspase-3和PARP蛋白的活化以及Cyt C与AIF的释放(P0.05或P0.01);说明MPTP正向调节GM引起的MDCK线粒体凋亡。     

Fas对镉激活PC12细胞线粒体凋亡通路的影响

旨在探究死亡受体Fas在镉致大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞（PC12）凋亡中的作用及其对线粒体通路的调控机制,用10 μmol·L^-1镉处理Fas基因沉默的PC12细胞株12 h,通过Western blot检测BH3相互作用域死亡激动剂（BID）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9（caspase-9）、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）、多聚二磷酸腺苷核糖聚合酶（PARP）的活化情况,Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bax）、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2基因（Bcl-2）、凋亡诱导因子（AIF）、核酸内切酶G（Endo G）的表达情况,以及细胞色素C（Cyt C）在细胞内的分布情况,免疫荧光染色检测AIF核转位。结果显示,镉极显著上调tBID/BID比值和Bax/Bcl-2比值,诱导Cyt C从线粒体释放到细胞质,激活caspase-9、caspase-3和PARP,增加AIF和Endo G蛋白表达水平（P<0.01）,并诱导AIF核转位;沉默Fas极显著抑制镉引起的tBID/BID比值和Bax/Bcl-2比值升高,Cyt C从线粒体释放到胞浆,caspase-3、PARP蛋白活化和AIF、Endo G蛋白表达水平极显著升高（P<0.01）,显著抑制镉激活的caspase-9（P<0.05）,并抑制AIF核转位。综上表明,Fas通过调控线粒体通路参与镉致PC12细胞凋亡。     

线粒体与细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是一种由基因控制的细胞自杀性死亡过程,是机体维持自身稳定的一种基本生理机制。机体通过细胞凋亡清除损伤、衰老与突变的细胞,维持生理平衡。通过对细胞凋亡的研究发现,线粒体在调节细胞凋亡中发挥着关键作用。尤其是被称为细胞凋亡主开关的线粒体通透性改变孔(MitochondrionPermeabilitytransitionPore,MPTP),它是细胞色素C、Smac、AIF等凋亡诱导因子的主要来源。本文以MPTP的开放、细胞色素C、AIF在细胞凋亡中的作用以及Bcl-2家族对细胞凋亡的调控做一综述,以便广大读者能系统地了解线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用。     

线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用

在细胞凋亡的过程中,线粒体起着主要的作用。线粒体外膜(OMM)上的VDAC-ANT复合物是线粒体通透性转换孔(PTP)的主要成分,调节着膜两侧的电位,是线粒体凋亡蛋白释放的主要通道。线粒体中细胞色素C(Cyt C)的释放可通过一种新的通道MAC直接进入胞质,而且OMM的结构不发生破裂。另外,其他因子诸如Bcl-2族因子、Cyt C、AIF等能够直接或间接地调节PTP或线粒体凋亡通道(MAC),令线粒体的通透性改变,将各种促凋亡因子释放,从而激活caspase的水解反应,诱导细胞的凋亡。     

α-硫辛酸对镉致PC12细胞线粒体凋亡途径的保护作用

为研究α-硫辛酸(α-lipoid acid,α-LA)对镉致PC12细胞线粒体凋亡途径的保护作用。10μmol/L醋酸镉和100μmol/Lα-LA单独或联合作用PC12细胞24h,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot法检测cleaved caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达量和细胞色素C(cytochrome c,Cyt C)的释放。结果表明,镉引起细胞凋亡率上升,cleaved caspase-3表达上调,Bcl-2/Bax比值极显著下降(P<0.01),Cyt C从线粒体释放进入胞浆中(P<0.01);α-LA联合Cd处理,细胞凋亡率下降,cleaved caspase-3表达量下降,Bcl-2/Bax比值升高,并且能抑制线粒体中Cyt C的释放。表明α-LA对于镉诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的线粒体途径具有一定的保护作用。     

细胞色素C与细胞凋亡研究进展

在细胞凋亡过程中,线粒体是调控细胞凋亡的中心,而细胞色素C(Cyt-C)从线粒体的释放则起着关键性作用。细胞色素C释放到胞质后可激活Caspase,引发级联反应,从而导致凋亡;Bcl-2蛋白家族具有调控细胞色素C释放的功能;凋亡诱导因子AIF保证着凋亡的有序进行;内质网(ER)通过应激、招募、活化等提高线粒体对促凋亡因子的敏感性,从而使细胞色素C从线粒体线粒体膜间隙(intermembrane space,IMS)释放,发挥了重要的作用。     

线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用

细胞凋亡属机体的生理机制 ,是多细胞生物更新正常细胞和清除异常细胞的重要手段 ,线粒体为细胞各种生命活动提供能量 ,二者紧密相关 ;线粒体参与细胞凋亡 ,并且是细胞凋亡的调控中心。淋巴细胞 ,巨噬细胞 ,神经细胞 ,肿瘤细胞等的凋亡都证实了这一点 ;NO和 Ca2 诱导的细胞凋亡也通过线粒体来完成 ;在线粒体调控细胞凋亡机理的研究上也有大量研究成果 ,如 :半胱天冬酶的诱导机制 ,细胞色素 c引起细胞凋亡的机制 ,胞内氧化还原电势改变引起细胞凋亡 ,Bcl-2家族蛋白调控细胞凋亡等。但线粒体参与调控的凋亡机制并不是唯一的细胞凋亡通路。本文综述了近年来有关线粒体与细胞凋亡关系的研究进展     

线粒体膜通透性变化与细胞凋亡的关系

线粒体膜通透性转换孔是一种位于线粒体内膜的非选择性孔道,它的开放引起线粒体膜通透性改变,导致细胞色素C、凋亡诱导因子和Ca²⁺及膜间隙中的胱冬肽酶原等凋亡因子释放到细胞质中,致使细胞整体结构破坏、功能紊乱,发生凋亡。以前普遍认为线粒体膜通透性改变(mitochondrial permeability transition,MPT）是导致细胞凋亡的关键点,但一些新的研究结果表明,MPT与细胞凋亡并不存在必然的联系。作者结合细胞凋亡方面的研究着重就线粒体膜通透性转换的生物学功能和腺嘌呤核苷酸转位子、环孢素A 结合蛋白D及Bcl-2家族蛋白定位、转位在通透性转换中的作用及其与细胞凋亡的关系进行概括性论述与分析。     

铜和锌对肉鸡线粒体膜通透性的影响

线粒体是细胞能量合成和贮存以及物质代谢、能量转化的重要场所,线粒体的结构和功能对细胞、组织乃至整个机体功能都起着关键性的作用 [1-2].线粒体膜内外的各种物质进出线粒体的通道我们称之为线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP),是线粒体内外信息交流的中心枢纽,其开放状态指示着线粒体正常功能的发挥与否.     

西洋参总皂苷(PQS)对鼠模拟缺血-再灌注心肌细胞Bcl-2及Cyt c表达的影响

本文探讨西洋参总皂苷(PQS)对缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌细胞凋亡的抑制机制。试验采用原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞,模拟心肌缺血-再灌注损伤模型,并给予PQS干预。应用RT-PCR、Westernblot方法和免疫荧光方法观察Bcl-2的表达,并检测细胞色素c(Cytc)的表达。结果I/R组与对照组比较Bcl-2和Cyt c的表达明显增加(P<0.05);PQS干预组较I/R组Bcl-2的表达增加,而Cyt c表达减少(P<0.05)。结论得出PQS可上调心肌细胞Bcl-2并减少Cyt c表达,从而抑制心肌细胞凋亡。     

Kinetin inhibits apoptosis of aging spleen cells induced by D-galactose in rats

Kinetin (Kn) is a cytokinin growth factor that exerts several anti-aging and antioxidant effects on cells and organs. To investigate the mechanism underlying apoptotic events in aging cells induced by D-galactose (D-gal), we examined the effect of Kn delivered via nuchal subcutaneous injection on D-gal-induced aging and apoptosis in rats. Our results showed that interleukin (IL)-2 levels and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were decreased by Kn in aging rats while IL-6 production and apoptosis increased. In addition, the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was low while that of Bax was high in the aging group. After treated with Kn, compared with aging group, there showed obvious difference in Kn group with elevated IL-2, proliferation index, Bcl-2, ΔΨm and decreased IL-6 and Bax in splenic lymphocyte. Based on these results, we concluded that Kn can effectively protect the rat spleen from aging, apoptosis, and atrophy.     

‘Soya Milk Tris‐based Phytoextender Reduces Apoptosis in Cryopreserved Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Spermatozoa’

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of newly developed soya milk Tris (SMT)‐based phytoextender as an alternative to egg yolk Tris (EYT) extender used for cryopreservation of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa on apoptosis. Fresh buffalo semen (control without dilution) was cryopreserved in conventional EYT (20% egg yolk v/v in Tris) and SMT (25% soya milk v/v in Tris) extender and used for the assessment of expression of apoptotic proteins. Proteins extracted from a total number of nine ejaculates from three individual buffalo bulls chosen at random were separated using SDS–PAGE followed by immunoblotting against caspase‐8, caspase‐9, caspase‐3, poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase (PARP), cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). In addition, fluorescence microscopy was used for the detection of mitochondrial membrane potential (JC‐1 assay) and apoptotic cells (annexin V‐FITC/PI assay). The results obtained clearly indicate the significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the expression of caspase‐3 (27 kDa), caspase‐8 (53 kDa), caspase‐9 (50 kDa) precursor and cytochrome c (17 kDa) in semen cryopreserved in SMT extender in comparison with EYT extender. A non‐significant (p > 0.05) reduction in expression of PARP‐DNA‐binding subunit (24 kDa) was observed in SMT extender. No expression of AIF was found in cryopreserved semen samples. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in the mean percentage of cells having high mitochondrial membrane potential and a non‐significant (p > 0.05) decrease in late apoptotic cells (AN+/PI+) was observed in SMT extender when compared to EYT extender. The results demonstrated that cryopreservation of buffalo semen in SMT‐based phytoextender can replace the traditional egg yolk extenders as it reduces the expression of apoptotic proteins maintaining high mitochondrial membrane potential and gives better protection to sperms in terms of its non‐animal origin.     

日粮添加酵母硒对鸡肉线粒体氧化损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加酵母硒对白羽肉鸡宰后成熟过程中线粒体氧化损伤及细胞凋亡的影响。以饲喂不同酵母硒添加量日粮肉鸡的胸肉为研究对象,测定宰后成熟过程中鸡肉线粒体氧化损伤程度、抗氧化酶活性、Caspase-3和Caspase-9活性及肉嫩度的变化。结果表明,宰后成熟过程中,酵母硒饲喂组活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平、线粒体膜通透性转换孔（mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP）开放程度、线粒体膜通透性、Caspase-3以及Caspase-9活性均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;硒含量、胞浆细胞色素c （cytochrome c,Cyt-c）还原水平、线粒体膜电位及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。酵母硒饲喂组总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）在宰后成熟初期显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,而在其他时间点虽有提高但差异不显著（P>0.05）。此外,酵母硒饲喂组肌原纤维小片化指数（myofibrillar fragmentation index,MFI）在宰后成熟过程中显著低于对照组,相对应的剪切力显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。由此可见,饲喂酵母硒通过降低鸡肉线粒体的氧化损伤进而抑制了细胞凋亡,最终减弱了肌原纤维蛋白的降解。     

Gap junction blockage promotes cadmium-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A derived from Buffalo rat liver cells

Gap junctions mediate direct communication between cells; however, toxicological cascade triggered by nonessential metals can abrogate cellular signaling mediated by gap junctions. Although cadmium (Cd) is known to induce apoptosis in organs and tissues, the mechanisms that underlie gap junction activity in Cd-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A rat liver cells has yet to be established. In this study, we showed that Cd treatment decreased the cell index (a measure of cellular electrical impedance) in BRL 3A cells. Mechanistically, we found that Cd exposure decreased expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), increased expression of p-Cx43 and elevated intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration, corresponding to a decrease in gap junctional intercellular communication. Gap junction blockage pretreatment with 18β-glycyrrhizic acid (GA) promoted Cd-induced apoptosis, involving changes in expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and the mitochondrial transmembrane electrical potential (Δψm). Additionally, GA was found to enhance ERK and p38 activation during Cd-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, but had no significant effect on JNK activation. Our results indicated the apoptosis-related proteins and the ERK and p38 signaling pathways may participate in gap junction blockage promoting Cd-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A cells.     

玉米赤霉烯酮对Leydig细胞凋亡及caspase-9、caspase-3蛋白表达的影响

以不同浓度的玉米赤霉烯酮（Zearalenone,zEA）对大鼠睾丸间质细胞（Leydig）细胞进行染毒,采用噻唑蓝比色法观察了ZEA对Leydig细胞活力的影响;流式细胞术分析检测了ZEA对细胞的凋亡率、线粒体膜电位变化的影响;Westernblotting等技术检测了Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3、caspase-9、PARP蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,ZEA可明显抑制睾丸Leydig细胞的活力（染毒各组与对照组比较P〈0．05）,40mg／L染毒组相对活力为40．67％;与对照组比较,5、10、20mg／LZEA染毒组睾丸Leydig细胞凋亡率均极显著升高（P〈0．05）,呈明显剂量关系;线粒体膜电位变化测定显示,各染毒组与对照组比,线粒体膜电位均下降（P〈0．05）,且有明显的剂量关系;Westernblotting分析显示,与对照组比较,5、10、20mg／LZEA染毒组Bax、caspase-9、caspase-3、PARP蛋白表达均上调,bel-2蛋白表达均下调。结果表明,ZEA能诱导大鼠睾丸间质细胞发生凋亡,Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-9、caspase-3等基因参与ZEA诱导Leydig细胞凋亡的调控。