益生菌剂对仔猪肠道菌群的影响

为研究益生菌剂对仔猪肠道菌群的影响,选择60头7.5 kg左右的"杜洛克猪×长白猪×大白猪"原种猪,随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。将仔猪分为试验组和对照组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+0.1%益生菌剂,检测各组仔猪生产性能及肠道菌群等。试验结果表明,益生菌制剂能显著降低仔猪腹泻率(P<0.05),促进仔猪的生长;大肠杆菌和肠球菌是仔猪肠道非常住菌群(过路菌),乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌为常住菌群;益生菌剂能极显著减少仔猪肠道的好氧菌(P<0.01),极显著增加仔猪肠道的厌氧菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌(P<0.01),显著降低仔猪肠道的产气荚膜梭菌(P<0.05)。因此,饲料中添加益生菌剂能有效改善仔猪肠道菌群。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对肉鸡肠道菌群和小肠形态学的影响研究

将408只青脚麻鸡随机分配成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复34只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加地衣芽孢杆菌,依次为低剂量组(1×107 CFU/g),中剂量组(5×107 CFU/g),高剂量组(1×108 CFU/g)。试验期为56d,结果显示:在各添加组中,盲肠内容物中肠杆菌,肠球菌和葡萄球菌的数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),肠乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在各芽孢杆菌添加组中,十二指肠、空肠和回肠的肠绒毛显著高于对照组(P<0.05),十二指肠和回肠的隐窝深度显著低于对照组,肉鸡小肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(V/C值),显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究提示:给肉鸡饲喂地衣芽孢杆菌可以显著改善肠道菌群和促进小肠绒毛的发育。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群的影响

在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bafillus natto),探索其对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群数量的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,1‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的仔犬日增重(ADG)提高了7.51%,差异不显著(P>0.05);2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的日增重提高了27.48%,差异极显著(P(0.01)。添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌后,两个处理组粪便的大肠杆菌数量均比饲喂前极显著降低(P<0.01),而对照组的大肠杆菌浓度却比饲喂前升高13.86%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌处理组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了8.9%(P<0.05)和18.95%(P<0.01),对照组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了13.27%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。表明在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌,能够促进仔犬生长,调节肠道菌群。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群的影响

在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bafillus natto),探索其对仔犬日增重和肠道菌群数量的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,1‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的仔犬日增重(ADG)提高了7.51%,差异不显著(P>0.05);2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌组的日增重提高了27.48%,差异极显著(P﹤0.01).添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌后,两个处理组粪便的大肠杆菌数量均比饲喂前极显著降低(P<0.01),而对照组的大肠杆菌浓度却比饲喂前升高13.86%,差异极显著(P<0.01).添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌处理组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了8.9%(P<0.05)和18.95%(P<0.01),对照组粪便的乳酸杆菌数量比饲喂前增加了13.27%,差异极显著(P<0.01).表明在断奶仔犬日粮中添加1‰和2‰纳豆芽孢杆菌,能够促进仔犬生长,调节肠道菌群.     

芽孢杆菌微生物制剂对黄羽肉鸡生长及养分利用的影响

日粮添加芽孢杆菌微生物制剂对黄羽肉鸡生长及养分利用的影响研究结果表明:与添加杆菌肽锌的对照组相比,日粮添加芽孢杆菌微生物制剂分别提高黄羽肉鸡日增重和采食量5.79%和5.46%(P＜0.05),降低料肉比3.83%(P＞0.05);代谢试验结果表明,芽孢杆菌微生物制剂提高了日粮蛋白质表观消化率4.48%(P＜0.05),氨基酸的表观消化率0.37～8.39个百分点,差异达显著水平(P＜0.05);对盲肠微生物分析发现,日粮添加芽孢杆菌微生物制剂使盲肠乳酸杆菌数和双歧杆菌数分别增加了,17.01%和9.79%(P＜0.05),而大肠杆菌数降低了16.92%(P＜0.05).提示芽孢杆菌微生物制剂提高黄羽肉鸡生产性能可能与其提高饲料蛋白质氨基酸的消化和改变盲肠微生物菌群有关.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及肠道健康的影响北大核心

试验旨在研究饲喂纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillis natto)对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及肠道菌群的影响。选取180只1日龄科宝肉仔鸡,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡,对照组肉鸡饲喂基础日粮,试验组肉鸡饲喂基础日粮+300 mg/kg纳豆芽孢杆菌。试验期42 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,1~42日龄试验组肉鸡的平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),肉鸡42日龄体重显著提高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,21日龄和42日龄试验组肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白M (IgM)含量分别提高了37.63%、38.85%(P<0.01);42日龄试验组肉鸡空肠黏膜白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。基于PCoA分析结果显示,试验组肉鸡肠道菌群结构发生改变,与对照组相比,试验组肉鸡肠道另枝菌属(Alistipes)占比有所提高(P>0.05),试验组的Enorma、未分类_f_黄杆菌属(norank_f_Flavobacteriaceae)、Paludicola显著升高(P<0.05)。研究表明,纳豆芽孢杆菌能够改善肠道菌群结构,提高肠道菌群丰富度和多样性,增强机体免疫功能,进而提高肉仔鸡生长性能。     

复合微生物制剂对反刍动物瘤胃调控的影响

本研究以荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物，旨在研究酿酒酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、屎肠球菌制备的复合微生物制剂对反刍动物瘤胃调控的影响。本试验选取健康荷斯坦奶牛70只（体重为600 kg左右且泌乳期在60 d左右），随机分为7组，每组10个重复，其中1组为对照组，饲喂含有豆渣-橘皮酶解物全混合日粮，试验组在此基础上分别饲喂酿酒酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、屎肠球菌单菌株制剂和不同配比的复合微生物制剂，预试期10 d，试验期20 d，分别测定各试验组产奶情况、挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮含量。结果表明，饲粮中补充酿酒酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、屎肠球菌的复合微生物制剂可以显著提高荷斯坦奶牛产奶量和乳蛋白率，显著降低瘤胃中乙酸、丁酸浓度并显著增加丙酸浓度，且显著降低乙酸/丙酸值（P<0.05），并能够有效改善以荷斯坦奶牛为例的反刍动物瘤胃调控，使瘤胃发酵向丙酸型发酵转变，改善瘤胃代谢水平，提高反刍动物的生产性能。     

芽孢乳杆菌对肉仔鸡生产性能、肠道发育和微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平芽孢乳杆菌对内仔鸡生产性能、肠道发育及微生物菌群的影响.选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡2 400只,随机分为4组(每组6个重复,每个重复100只):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂分别添加200、100和50 mg/kg芽孢乳杆菌的试验饲粮,试验期42 d.结果表明:1)饲粮添加200 mg/kg...     

枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肠道pH及微生态菌群的影响

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肠道p H及微生态菌群的影响。400羽1日龄罗斯308肉鸡随机分为4组。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组)分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的枯草芽孢杆菌。结果表明:试验前期、后期及试验全期,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组均能显著提高肉鸡均质量、平均日增质量和降低肉鸡的料重比(P0.05),显著降低肉鸡肠道p H(P0.05),显著提高肉鸡肠道中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量(P0.05),显著降低肉鸡肠道大肠杆菌和沙门菌的数量(P0.05)。     

微生态制剂对产蛋后期蛋鸡饲料营养物质消化率的影响

本文通过代谢试验研究了饲料中添加微生态制剂芽孢杆菌和粪肠球菌对产蛋后期鸡饲料营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选用健康的50周龄左右的海兰褐蛋鸡96只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复3只鸡,对照组饲喂基础且日粮不添加任何抗菌药物或微生态制剂,其他3个试验组在日粮基础上分别添加0.01%粪肠球菌,0.02%芽孢杆菌,及0.03%复合微生态制剂(0.01%粪肠球菌+0.02%芽孢杆菌),试验预饲期为30 d,在鸡只充分适应日粮营养和表现最佳生产性能的基础上,连续收集各重复鸡3 d的排泄物,分别测定各处理饲料能量、粗蛋白质、干物质、钙、磷及氨基酸的利用效率。试验结果表明:添加0.01%粪肠球菌可以显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡日粮中钙、磷表观消化率及精氨酸、亮氨酸、半胱氨酸的表观消化率(P<0.05);添加0.02%芽孢杆菌、0.03%复合微生态制剂可以分别显著提高蛋鸡日粮代谢能、干物质、粗蛋白质、钙磷表观消化率以及丝氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸等氨基酸表观消化率(P<0.05),并且两者效果差异不显著。因此,微生态制剂可以显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡饲料营养物质消化率。     

Further study of Codiostomum struthionis (Horst, 1885) Railliet and Henry, 1911 (Nematoda, Strongylidae) parasite of ostriches (Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves, Struthioniformes)

Codiostomum struthionis is a nematode parasite of the ostrich caecum. Little is known about its pathology, being considered by many authors as a non-pathogenic parasite. Infections by C. struthionis are sometimes overlooked because its eggs are indistinguishable from another ostrich nematode, Libyostrongylus spp. Fecal cultures and infective larvae identification are necessary for proper identification. The aim of this study is to provide improved morphological characterization of adults and infective larvae of C. struthionis. Ten caeca of adult ostriches were collected and washed in 0.09% saline solution. Male and female nematodes were collected and quantified separately. Nematodes were fixed in A.F.A. for optical microscopy or fixed in Karnovsky solution for scanning electron microscopy. To obtain infective larvae, fecal samples were collected at sites of high concentration of parasites in the caeca and fecal cultured. The resultant larvae were identified and measured with light microscope at 400x. Nine of the 10 slaughtered ostriches were parasitized by C. struthionis. All nematodes were found in the distal third of the caeca. A total of 566 parasites were recovered (234 males and 332 females). All the cultured larvae had characteristics of C. struthionis (rounded cephalic region with a flat extremity, an acute larvae tail termination and a long and filamentous sheath tail). All the adult parasites were characterized as C. struthionis. Through the analysis of the infective larvae it was determined that the morphology of the larvae tail was the best trait to use in the distinction of this species (live bird diagnosis).     

昆虫(蚕)信息激素(续)

上接2003,342:96信息激素的电生理反应Schneider(1956、1957、1959)曾详细地研究了桑蚕雄虫触角对于性外激素(蚕醇)的电生理效应。他们用刚切下的一段触角,插入一个微小的、涂氯化银的电极,通过一个放大器连接到一个示波器上,记录下触角在受雌虫性外激素(及其他化合物)的作用下的作用电位。这个典型的反应就是触角电位图(Electroan-tennogram简称EAG),而其它的嗅觉刺激物或药品则引起不同形状的EAG。EAG的振幅和该引诱剂的浓度直接相关。当嗅觉刺激物是雌性蚕蛾性引诱剂的提取物时,在雄蛾触角中的电活性提高,但在雌蛾中则没有。当刺激…     

柑橘大实蝇的发生及综合防治

柑橘大实蝇是柑橘生产的重大害虫,目前柑橘大实蝇疫情呈逐年加重趋势,特别是“蛆柑事件”（大实蝇幼虫）给广大橘农造成了巨大的经济损失,严重制约了柑橘产业的健康发展。本文论述了柑橘大实蝇的形态特征、发生规律、传播途径和综合防控措施。     

Ovarian Structure and Oogenesis of Catfish Pimelodella vittata (Lütken, 1874) (Siluriformes,Heptapteridae)

The morphology of the ovaries and oogenesis of Pimelodella vittata were studied using anatomical and histological techniques to provide information of its reproductive biology. Eighty adult females were captured trimonthly during the period November 2005 to October 2006. The ovaries are paired, saculiform organs, which are coated with tunica albuginea and contain ovigerous lamellae, where the oocytes develop before being released into the ovarian lumen and following the ovarian duct until reaching the genital papilla. Oogenesis was divided into stages based on the alterations to the nucleus, ooplasm and surrounding follicular layers. Oogonia form groups from the germinal epithelium have asynchronous development and differentiate into initial perinucleolar oocytes. The formation of the zona pellucida is initiated in the advanced perinucleolar oocytes reaching a thickness of 1.46 ± 0.58 μm in the vitellogenic oocytes. The follicular cells are squamous in perinucleolar oocytes, become cubical in the pre‐vitellogenic oocytes and prismatic in the vitellogenic oocytes with a height of 11.20 ± 4.74 μm. The histochemical reactions indicate that zona pellucida, cortical alveoli and yolk globules contain neutral glycoproteins and the follicular cells contain neutral glycoproteins in association with carboxylated and sulphated glycoconjugates. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in the diameter of the oocytes and follicular cells height as oocytes matured. This study represents the first data about the ovarian structure and oogenesis of this species.     

Degeneration of salivary glands of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The present study examined the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus males at days 0, 3, and 7 post-detachment from the host. Degeneration of this organ occurred in the three stages and it advanced as time away from the host progressed. Thus, characteristics of degeneration were more prominent in males at day 7 post-detachment than in males at day 0 post-detachment. In males at day 0 post-detachment, type I acini were intact; while in other stages these acini exhibited signs of degeneration. In type II acini of individuals at day 0 post-detachment, cells a, c1-c5, c8, and indeterminate were identified. Only c1 and c8 were intact. The remaining cell types were undergoing degeneration, as well as all cells d-f in type III acini, and all g in type IV acini. In males at day 3 post-detachment from the host, all cells (a, c1-c5, c8 and indeterminate) of type II acini, cells d and e in type III acini, and g in type IV were undergoing degeneration. In some Indeterminate acini, the boundaries of cells still could be distinguished, while in others, only a cytoplasmic mass was observed. At day 3 post-detachment, apoptotic bodies were present. In males at day 7 post-detachment from the host, the degeneration process progressed. All cells a, c1, c3-c5, c8 and indeterminate in type II, and d and e in type III acini were undergoing degeneration. Type IV acini still contained remnants of secretion and in Indeterminate acini, only a cytoplasmic mass could be observed. At this stage, apoptotic bodies were also present. The present study still revealed that cells of salivary glands of R. sanguineus males when degenerating undergo the following changes: (a) decrease in secretion production with or without granule breakage, (b) changes in nuclear morphology, (c) cytoplasm shrinkage, (d) loss of cell shape, (e) loss of cell boundaries, and (e) cytoplasmic vacuolation. Together, these changes result in cell fragmentation with release of apoptotic bodies.