Inhibition ofTrichoderma cellulase activity by a stilbene glucoside fromPicea glehnii bark

The stilbene glucoside isorhapontin (5,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxystilbene-3--D-glucoside) is the major constituent of the ethyl acetate extracts fromPicea glehnii bark. Isorhapontin inhibited the hydrolytic activity ofTrichoderma cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) for both bacterial microcrystalline cellulose and the soluble cellooligosaccharide celloheptaitol. The inhibitory effect for celloheptaitol, however, was more drastic than that for bacterial microcrystalline cellulose. The hydrolytic activity of the CBH I core domain for celloheptaitol was also inhibited by isorhapontin to a similar extent, suggesting that the interaction between isorhapontin and the core domain of CBH I is the reason for this phenomenon. The inhibition of CBH I activity by isorhapontin showed mixed noncompetitive and uncompetitive types in a concentration of the inhibitor of less than 125M. TheK _i andK _i values were estimated to be 57.2 and 33.3M, respectively. Whereas isorhapontin strongly inhibited CBH I activity, its aglycone isorhapontigenin (3-methoxy-3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene) showed almost no inhibition. Consequently, both the stilbenic and the-glucosidic structures in isorhapontin are essential for the inhibitory effect on CBH I activity. Isorhapontin also inhibited the activity ofTrichoderma endoglucanase I for celloheptaitol, whereas almost no effect was observed for the activities of both endoglucanases II and III.An outline of this work was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999     

Two lignan rhamnosides from birch leaves

The extractives of shirakamba (Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var.japonica Hara) leaves were investigated. Two lignan glycosides were isolated, and their structures were elucidated to be 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[1-(3--l-rhamnopyranosyloxypropyl)-3-hydroxyphenoxy]-1,3-propanediol (I) and a new 2,3-dihydro-2-arylbenzofuran configuration neolignan,cis-2,3-dihydro-2-(4--l-rhamnopyranosyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-7-hydroxy-5-benzofuranpropanol (II). These neolignan rhamnosides were newly found in shirakamba.     

A new diterpene dimer from the bark ofChamaecyparis obtusa

This paper describes characterization of diterpenes of the bark of Japanese cypress,Chamaecyparis obtusa (S. and Z.) Endl, without the resinous stem canker to learn the difference between the cypress bark affected with the canker. A diterpene dimer and two diterpenes, 6,12-dihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one and 6,12-dihydroxyabieta-5,8,11, 13-tetraen-7-one, were firstly isolated from Japanese cypress. The dimer, 6-(abieta-6,8,11, 13-tetraenyl-12-oxy)-7-methoxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-12-ol, was a new compound. It is a terpene indicative ofC. obtusa not infected with the resinous stem canker. Five known diterpenes were also isolated.     

Synthesis of isoacteoside, a dihydroxyphenylethyl glycoside

The total chemical synthesis of isoacteoside (1), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 6-O-caffeoyl-3-O-(-l-rhamnopyranosyl)--d-glucopyranoside, is described. An acteoside acetate with benzyl groups at the catechols (3: 2-(3,4-dibenzyloxyphenyl)ethyl 2,6-di-O-acetyl-4-O-[3,4-bis(O-benzyl)caffeoyl]-3-O-(-l-rhamnopyranosyl)--d-glucopyranoside) was treated with a solution of methy-lamine in methanol (MeNH₂ in MeOH) to perform both deacetylation and caffeoyl migration, affording an isoacteoside derivative with benzyl groups at the catechols4b: 2-(3,4-dibenzyloxyphenyl)ethyl 6-O-[3,4-bis(O-benzyl) caffeoyl] -3-O-(-l-rhamnopyranosyl)--d-glucopyranoside —in 34% yield. Debenzylation of4b was successfully accomplished by catalytic transfer hydrogenation using 1,4-cyclohexadiene to give the target compound isoacteoside (1) in 54% yield.¹H and¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data of the synthesized isoacteoside (1) were identical with those of the natural isoacteoside isolated fromPaulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Steud.Part of this research was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001     

Die Massenvermehrung des Hagebuchenspanners,Himera pennaria L., 1962 in Niederösterreich und im Burgenland und die Ursachen des Zusammenbruches der Kalamität

Summary The Outbreak of Himera pennaria L. in 1962, in Lower Austria and Burgenland, and Causes of its break-down.The Hornbeam Measuring Worm,Himera pennaria L., hitherto described but once in forest-entomological literature as a bigscale forest pest, performed mass-attacks in 1962 in the Leitha hills (1500 acres) and Maria-Ellend wood, even clean-eating several hardwood species, especially hornbeam and also oak. The outbreak which occurred about mid-May broke perfectly down as soon as early June. The paper characterizes several bionomical and morphological data obtained during the course of the outbreak from individual development stages, also discussing the possible causes of the outbreak illustrated by climatograms. In conclusion, the biotical factors of the breakdown are treated, pointing out a virus disease (cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of mesenteron) as playing the greatest part. Along withH. pennaria L., alsoHibernia defoliaria L.,Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., andCheimatobia brumata L., as well as 4 species ofNoctuidae and 1 species ofArctiidae occurred rather frequently in the above-mentioned area, especially in the marginal zones of the Hornbeam Measuring Worm's mass-attack.

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Résumé La gradation de l'Arpenteuse du Charme —Himera pennaria L. — en 1962, en Basse-Autriche et au Burgenland, et les causes de la débâcle de la calamité.L'Arpenteuse du Charme,Himera pennaria L., signalée une seule fois dans la litérature entomologique forestière comme ravageur en masse, s'est manifestée en dimensions calamiteuses en 1962, dans les montagnes du Leitha (600 ha) et au bois de Maria- Ellend, dépouillant — par endroits même de leur feullage eiitier — différentes espèces de bois feuillus, surtout des charmes mais aussi des chênes. La gradation qui s'était manifestée vers la mi-mai, subit une débacle complète dès le début de juin. Le mémoire présente quelques données bionomiques et morphologigues, obtenues au cours de la gradation, sur les différentes phases du développement, tout en discutant à l'aide de climatogrammes quelles pourraient être les causes de la gradation. En conclusion, on traite spécialement les facteurs biotiques de la débâcle, parmi lesquels une maladie à virus (polyédrose cytoplasmique du mésentère) a joué le premier rôle. Em même temps que l'Himera pennaria L., les insectes suivants ont été trouvés dans le territoire en question, le plus fréquemment dans les zones marginales de l'aire de grádation de l'Arpenteuse du Charme:Hibernia defoliaria L.,Hibernia aurantiaria Esp.,Cheimatobia brumata. L., 4 espèces de Noctuides et l espéce d'Arcttides.

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Himera pennaria L. 1962 . . . . ,Himera pennaria L., -- , 1962 . (600 .) , , . , , . , , , . , ( ). H. Pennaria L. Hiberia defoliaria L., Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., Cheimatobia brumata L., 4 Noctuidade 1 Arctiidae, .

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Herrn Prof. Dr. A. Acatay zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.

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Die Untersuchungen erfolgten in Zusammenarbeit mit der Landesforstinspektion für Niederösterreich, speziell mit der Bezirksforstinspektion Wien-Umgebung und der Landesforstinspektion für das Burgenland, wofür an dieser Stelle herzlichst gedankt sei.

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Für Herstellung der mikroskopischen Präparate sei Frl. H. Meldt, für die Freilandaufnahmen und mikroskopischen Aufnahmen Herrn N. Maisner bzw. Herrn O. Baschny der Forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt Mariabrunn, für die Aufnahmen der elektronen-mikroskopischen Präparate Herrn Hayek vom Physikalisch-chemischen Institut der Universität Innsbruck gedankt.     

Effects of stilbenes from bark of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea glehnii</Emphasis> (Sieb. et Zucc) and their related compounds against feeding behaviour of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reticulitermes speratus</Emphasis> (Kolbe)

The effects of stilbene glucosides and related compounds on termite feeding behavior were investigated using paper disc methods against the subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus. The stilbene-rich fraction and isorhapontin (3-methoxy-3,4, 5-trihydroxystilbene-3--d-glucoside) from bark extracts of Picea glehnii showed avoidance by termites in choice tests. In the no-choice tests using compounds purified from the stilbene-rich fraction, the largest feeding deterrent effect was observed for piceid (3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene-3--d-glucoside), followed by isorhapontin, and astringin (3,3,4,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-3--d-glucoside), at the concentrations from 0.63 to 2.5µmol/disc. No change in activity was observed at retentions of more than 5.0µmol/disc. When the activities of isorhapontin and its aglycone derivative (isorhapontigenin: 3-methoxy-3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene) were compared with that of taxifolin (3,3,4,5,7-pentahydroxyflavanone) in the no-choice test, the stilbenes exhibited a larger antifeedant potential. Methylation of isorhapontigenin increased its termiticidal activity.Part of this study was presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 2001     

Absolute configuration of arylglycerol-β-aryl ethers obtained by asymmetric reduction of the correspondingα-ketonic compound with intactFusarium solani cells

When (±)--oxo-guaiacylglycerol--(vanillic acid) ether (1) is degraded byFusarium solani M-13-1, the-ketone is initially reduced to giveerythro andthreo guaiacylglycerol--(vanillic acid) ethers (2), arylglycerol--aryl ethers, both of which are enantiomerically pure. The absolute configuration in each2 was determined by Mosher's method; the products were converted to,-di-(R)--methoxy--trifluoromethylphenylacetates (MTPA esters) (3) oferythro (-)- andthreo (+)-veratrylglycerol--(methyl vanillate) ethers (3), whose¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were examined and compared with those of four di-(R)-MTPA ester (3) diastereomers from chemically synthesizederythro (±)-3 andthreo (±)-3. To assign the- and-MTPA-OCH₃ peaks, the¹H NMR scans of several compounds that have substructures of 3 and their 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl analogues were examined. When a racemic alcohol reacts with (R)-MTPA to give a pair of (R)-MTPA ester diastereomers, the value was defined as the absolute value of the difference in the¹H chemical shifts of the peak between the diastereomers. It was found that the values of-MTPA-OCH₃ were larger than those of-MTPA-OCH₃ owing to a shielding effect of the veratryl ring located on the-MTPA-OCH₃, and that the-MTPA-OCH₃ peaks in the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl compounds shifted downfield relative to those in the veratryl compounds. On the basis of the¹h NMR data of (R)-MTPA esters, the absolute configuration of the four chemically prepared diastereomers (3) were determined. The catabolicerythro 3 [fromerythro (-)-3] andthreo 3 [fromthreo (+)-3] were identical to (R, S, R)-erythro 3 and (R, S, S)- threo 3, respectively. An hydrogen species in the fungal reduction would attack the-ketone fromre-face of both (R)-1 and (S)-1, givingerythro (S, R)-2 andthreo (S, S)-2, respectively.Part of this paper was presented at the 33rd Lignin Symposium, Tsukuba, November 1988     

Genetic variation in minerals,crude protein and structural carbohydrates of foliage in provenances of young plants ofProsopis cineraria (L.) Druce in India

Prosopis cineraria is an important species for aridzone agroforestry in India. Information on the chemical composition and nutritive value of the leaves of young trees that will be useful in screening the provenances, is lacking. Chemical composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na), crude protein, and structural carbohydrates (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) of the foliage of one-year-old plants of 31 provenances ofProsopis cineraria were determined. The seeds were collected from 16°50 N to 29°55 N latitude and 69°49 E to 78°03 E longitude in India, and grown at Hisar (29°10 N latitude, 75°46 E longitude and 215 m altitude). Mineral contents (except N and P), crude protein, and structural carbohydrates varied significantly (p<0.05) between provenances, and the greatest amount of N, P, crude protein, NDF, ADF and lignin contents were found in Hisar provenance. The in vitro dry matter digestibility varied from 18.2% in Gandhinagar provenance to 34.0% in that of Barmer provenance.     

5α-Reductase inhibitory component from leaves ofArtocarpus altilis

The inhibitory effects of 17 samples prepared from Thailand plants on 5-reductase activity were examined. The acetone extract of leaves ofArtocarpus altilis showed potent 5-reductase inhibitory activity. Fractionation guided by 5-reductase inhibition led to the isolation of 2-geranyl-2,3,4,4-tetrahydroxydihydrochalcone from the acetone extract of leaves ofA. altilis. This compound showed more potent inhibitory effect (IC₅₀=38M) than-linolenic acid known as a naturally occurring potent inhibitor.     

Zur Wirkung von Sevin auf Regenwürmer

Zusammenfassung In Freiland- und Laborversuchen wurde die Wirkung des Pflanzenschutzmittels Sevin auf Regenwürmer untersucht. Dieser Stoff ist in Pulverform und als Suspension für diese Organismen außerordentlich gefährlich. Schon der Kontakt mit sehr geringen Mengen bewirkt schwere Lähmungserscheinungen und irreversible histopathologische Schäden.

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Summary Experiments in the field as well as in the laboratory showed up the effect of the pesticide Sevin on rainworms. In the form of powder as well as a suspension this material is extremely toxic for them. Contact with smallest quantities even causes severe paralysis and irreversible histopathologic damages.

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Résumé Aussi bien dans la nature que au laboratoire nous avons étudié l'activité de l'insecticide Sevin sur les vers de terre. Ce produit est en poudre ou en suspension extrémement dangereux pour ces organismes. Le seul contact avec des quantités minimes de ce produit provoquent des phénomènes de paralysie et des troubles histopathologiques irreversibles.

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SEVIN . . .

     

Vertikalbewegungen Rickettsiose-kranker Larven vonAmphimallon solstitiale (LINNAEUS),Anomala dubia aenea (DE GEER) undMaladera brunnea (LINNAEUS)(Col., Lamellicornia)

Zusammenfassung DurchRickettsiella melolonthae (Krieg) PHILIP infizierte Maikäfer-Engerlinge wandern während des Spätherbstes und Winters im Freiland absterbend auf die Erdoberfläche. Als Begleitarten inMelolontha Larvenpopulationen kamen im Gebiet vor:Amphimallon solstitiale (L.),Anomala dubia aenea (DeG.) undMaladera brunnea (L.). MitR. melolonthae künstlich infiziert, zeigten sie im Orientierungsversuch die gleiche Aufwanderungstendenz wie kranke Maikäferengerlinge, am deutlichsten die vonM. brunnea. Auf dem Waldboden fanden sich kranke Larven dieser Art in einigen Fällen.

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Summary Larvae ofMelolontha spp. infested withRickettsiella melolonthae (Krieg) PHILIP move during October– January to the top of the soil where they eventually die. Larvae ofAmphimallon solstitiale (L.),Anomala dubia aenea (DeG.) andMaladera brunnea (L.) are susceptible forR. melolonthae, too. In experiments, artificially infested individuals showed a similar tendency to move upward. This was most pronounced inM. brunnea, of which some infested larvae were found on the forest floor.

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Résumé Larves du hanneton, infectées parRickettsiella melolonthae (Krieg) PHILIP, se rendent à la surface de la terre au fin de l'automme et dans l'hivers. Comme espèces accompagnant les populations larvaires deMelolontha nous avons trouvés:Amphimallon solstitiale (L.),Anomala dubia aenea (DeG.) etMaladera brunnea (L.). Ils out démonstré, après une infection artificielle avecR. melolonthae, la mème tendence dans les essais d'orientation comme les vers blancs malades deMelolontha. Le phé nomène etait le plus prononcé parmi les larves deMaladera. De cette espèce nous avons trouvés plusieurs larves malades à la surface de la terre en plein champs.

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Rickettsiella melolonthae (Krieg) Philip Melolontha- . . Melolontha- :Amphimallon solstitiale (L.),Anomala dubia aenea (De G.) Maladera brunnea (L.). R. melolonthae , Melolontha-, M. brunnea. .

     

Richtungen der angewandten Entomologie in Bulgarien

Summary For protection of agricultural crops, archards, forests and stored products a system of institutes for vegetative protection have been gradually built in Bulgaria within the last fifteen years. Now a leading part in the study of pests and diseases of plants are taking the Academy of Rural Economy Sciences and the Institutes for Plant Protection, for Forest Protection, the Zoological Institute by the Bulgarian Academy of Science, the Higher Rural Economy Institute and the Higher Forest Institute. Specialists of all ranks are working at these institutes: academicians, member correspondents, professors, senior and junior scientific collaborators and a great number of experts and assistants. Parallel with the studies of specific composition of pestilent insects, their biology is being explored and experiments are being made with insecticides. An inquiry is also being undertaken for utilization biologic combat against noxious insects. In aid of scientific institutes a dense network of services for heading the research work and combat on the terrain has been organized.

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Résumé Pour la défense des cultures agricoles, des vergers, des forêts et des produits récoltés, un système d'instituts pour la défense végétale a été successivement dé veloppé en Bulgarie pendant les dernières quinze années. Actuellement l'Academie des sciences de l'economie rurale et les Instituts pour la défense végétale ont le rôle dirigeant dans les recherches de la nocivité et des maladies sur les plantes. Dans ces instituts travaillent des spécialistes de toutes les catégories scientifiques: des académiciens, des membres-correspondants, des professeurs, des travailleurs scientifiques supérieurs et plus jeunes, avec un grand nombre d'aides-spécialistes. Parallèllement à l'étude de composition specifique des insectes nuisibles on étudie sa biologie, de même on fait des expériences avec des insecticides. Aussi on cherche à utiliser la lutte biologique contre les insectes nuisibles. Pour faciliter les instituts scientifiques dans cette lutte et leur recherche sur le terrain, un immense service est organisé dans tous les plus grands emplacements peuplés du pays.

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. , 15 , , , . . - , , , . - , , - . : , , , . , . . , . - , . .

     

Generationszahl der RübenfliegePegomyia hyoscyami betae Curt.

Summary During the years 1959–1961 the number of generations was followed in Spinach Leaf Miner (Pegomyia hyoscyami betae Curt.) in central Bohemia at 310 m above sea level and in the year 1961 in southern Bohemia at 450 m. The larvae and the eggs were studied on the leaves at regular 10–14 days' intervals by controlling each plant and images by means of a sweeping method. There have been acertained two generations in the year 1959 and three generations in the year 1961 in central Bohemia and two generations in the year 1961 in southern Bohemia. The occurence of every generation of larvae on the suggar-beet was separate and the previous and the consecutive generation did not overlop.The origin of the erroneous date on 6–7 generations of this species (Rambousek, Neuwirth, 1931) has been also cleared up in this article. This statement has been taken over by Sorauer (1953) from the Review of Applied Entomology (1931) and has been lately mentioned by many authors. F. Neuwirth gave a personal information, that the statement on 6–7 generations occurence of Spinach Leaf Miner has been found on the basis of theoretical calculation (from the lenght of one generation in spring and not on the basis of the facts found in natural conditions).

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Résumé En 1959–1961 le nombre des générations de la mouche de la betterave a été observé dans la Bohème Centrale á l'altitude de 310 m audessus de la mer et en 1961 dans le Sud de la Bohème á l'altitude de 450 m. Les larves et les oeufs ont été observé sur les feuilles dans les intervalles de 10–14 jours regulierement effectués sur chaque plante et imagines en particulier par le filet fauchior. En 1959 deux générations et en 1960 et 1961 trios géné rations dans la Bohéme Centrale, ainsi que en 1961 deux générations dans le Sud de la Boheme ont été constates. La prence de chaque génération des larves sur la betterave aété separée et les générations consecutives ne malaient pas presque jamais avec les précedents.Dans cet travail l'auteur a clarifié comment une donnée fautive sur 6–7 générations de cette espéce est survenu (Rambousek et Neuwirth, 1931). Cette donnée orginante de Review of Applied Entomology [1931] a été reprise par Sorauer (1953) et elle a été ensuite récemment mentionée par d'autres auteurs. Selon une déclaration personelle de Mr. F. Neuwirth les donées des 6–7 générations de la mouche de la betterave en Tschécoslovaquie ent été acquis par une évaluation théoretique (se basant sur la durée de la génération du printemps et non sur les resultats des observations réelles dans les conditions naturelles.

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1959–61 . (310 . ) 1961 . (450 . ). 10–14 , . 1959 . 2 , 1960 . — 3, 1961 . — 2 . , . , 6–7 (Rambousek, Neuwirth 1931). . . 6–7 , , .

     

Holzangriff durch Larven der AmpferblattwespeAmetastegia glabrata Fall.(Hym., Tenthredinidae)

Zusammenfassung Die Altlarven 2. Generation der AmpferblattwespeAmetastegia glabrata Fall. sind im Obstbau als Schädling bekannt. Die Schäden entstehen bei dem Versuch der Larven, in Früchten Puppenkammern anzulegen.Üblicherweise verpuppen sich die Larven in den trockenen Stengeln der Nährpflanzen(Polygonaceae) oder anderem trockenem oder verholzten Pflanzenmaterial.Es wird über einen gesicherten Fall berichtet, in demAmetastegia glabrata-Larven in verarbeitetem Nutzholz (Plakattafel) schädlich geworden sind. Ein weiterer Fall konnte nicht völlig geklärt werden; jedoch waren auch hier Blaltwespen-Larven in einer Wohnung in verarbeitetes Nutzholz (Türrahmen) eingedrungen.Nach dem geringen Umfang der Schäden, die nur durch die Anlage kurzer Puppenkammern in weichen Holzteilen entstehen, istAmetastegia glabrata in die Gruppe der gelegentlichen Holzzerstörer einzureihen. Allerdings kann durch diese Art völlig gesundes Holz im Freiland angegriffen werden.Holzschutzsalze vom U-Typ genügen zur Vorbeugung nicht. Vorbeugungs- und Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen werden besprochen.

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Summary Attack on wood by larvae of the dock sawfly Ametastegia glabiata Fall. (Hym., Tenthiedinidae) Normally the mature larvae of the last brood of the dock sawfly bore themselves for pupation into dry stems of plants.By the gnawing efforts in certain years of appearance in masses, however, they may attack fruit too, especially apples, and cause considerable damage by numerous gnawing spots.Besides these known injuries on fruitA. glabrata has now been stated in two cases as an occasionally dangerous animal to dry timber too.The damage caused is described by word and picture; preventive and curative measures are discussed.

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Résumé Attaque du bois par des larves de la Tenthrenidé Ametastegia glabrata Fall. (Hym., Tenthredinidae) Normalment les larves adultes de l'A. glabrata se forent dans les tiges sèches des plantes pour la mé tamorphose.Cependant aussi des fruits, surtout des pommes, sont attaqués par le ronger pendant les anées quand ces insectes paraîssent en masse. Des dommages considérables sont provoqués aux points d'attaque nombreux.A côté de ces dommages connus aux fruits l'A. glabrata a été constaté en deux cas comme causeur de dommage par occasion en bois sec de construction.Les dommages sont décrits et figurés; des methodes preventives et curatives sont discutées.

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? Ametastegia glabrata Fall. (Hym., Tenthredinidae) . , , , . Ametastegia glabrata Fall. ( ) . , .

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Mitteilung aus dem Holzschutzlaboratorium der Farbenfabriken Bayer AG., Werb Uerdingen     

Reaktionen der Kiefernrinden-Wanze (Aradus cinnamomeus Panz.) auf die Terpemoide

Zusammenfassung In dem für die Besonderheiten der Kiefernrindenwanze konstruierten Olfaktometer, wurden die Chemotaxie des Schädlings auf die Terpenoide aus ätherischen Ölen der Gemeinen Kiefer untersucht. Es wurden dabei Terpenoide mit vorwiegend anlockender und abschreckender Wirkung isoliert. Einige Terpenoide (-Pinen und Limonen) verwandeln bei einer Änderung ihrer Konzentration ihre anlockenden Eigenschaften in abschreckende. Bei der Verdampfung von der Oberfläche der pflanzlichen Gewebe der Kiefer bilden die Terpenoide eine Schutzwolke — ein äußeres Schutzsystem (R-System). Bei Überwiegen der anlockenden Stoffe wird in den Dä mpfen der wirksamen Stoffe das System lockend (A-System). Es wurde ein Modell des äußeren Systems aufgebaut und ihre ungefähre mathematische Erklärung gebracht, die erlaubt, die Anlockung der pflanzlichen Gewebe der Kiefer für die Rindenwanze nach den Ergebnissen der chromatographischen Analyse der atherischen Öle zu ermitteln. Das äußere Schutzsystem der Kiefer ist eines von den Systemkomplexen, welches als Schutzfunktion die Widerstandfähigkeit der Kiefer gegen Schadinsekten erfüllt und gewährleistet.

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, , .- , . /-, / . , , , /R- /, /A-/. , . .

     

Zum Auftreten einiger Laus- und Käferarfen an Jungkiefern

Summary Larvae ofErnobius spp. and adults ofBrachyderes incanus were serious pests of shoots ofPinus silvestris andP. contorta at several localities of Rhine valley and near Meppen/Ems.In the same areas aphids(Lachninae) and their predators were very abundant.Protolachnus agilis Kltb. became very harmful on young pines in experiment field cages where predators had been excluded.Pineus sp. was frequent in the field cages and in young pine plantations near Meppen.

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Résumé En divers endroits de la vallée du Rhin et près de Meppen/Emsland, des larves d'Ernobius spp. et des adultes deBrachydeles incanus furent observés comme étant de sérieux pour les jeunes pousses dePinus silvestris et deP. contorta.Dans les mêmes régions des pucerons(Lachninae) et leurs prédateurs étaient très abondants.Protolachnus agilis Kltb. divint très nuisible aux jeunes pins placés dans des cages expérimentales où les prédateurs avaient été enfermés.Pineus sp. é tait aussi abondant dans cages expérimentales et dans les plantations de jeunes pins près de Meppen.

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Meppen/Emsland Eronobius spp. Brachyderes incanus, Pinus silvestris P. contorta. (Lachninae) Protolachnus agilis Kltb. , - .Pineus sp. - Meppen.

     

Modelling the long-term strength of timber columns

Summary This paper studies the influence of the used creep function, and the duration of the experimental sustained loading from which the creep function was derived, in modelling the long-term buckling strength of timber columns. The sensitivity of this buckling strength to creep and initial deflection is numerically studied using an energy approach that takes into account the initial deflection. Various creep functions — power laws as well as exponential laws — derived from bending experiments of different durations are used for the numerical simulation. The crucial need for experimental results issued from very long load period experiments is identified. Such experiments may lead to a more credible creep analysis of timber structures.Symbols i radius of giration - s stress level - E_L effective MOE - E₀ instantaneous MOE - I inertia moment - K,K geometrical matrices - L length of beam or column - L_f effective length - N_cr axial force, buckling load - U elastic strain energy - W external forces work - t time variable - u moisture content (m.c.) - v total deflection - v_c, v_e, v₀ creep, instantaneous elastic and initial deflections respectively Greek Letters (t) time function - , _e, ₀ total, instantaneous and initial strains respectively - twist rotation - (t) creep coefficient or fractional creep or relative creep - (x) shape function - load factor - longitudinal shortening - total potential energy - creep factor - relaxation time     

Die Rolle der Terpenoide bei der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Schadinsekten

Zusammenfassung 1. Die Intensität der Harzausscheidung ist kein sicheres Kriterium bei der vergleichenden Diagnose der Widerstandsfähigkeit verschiedener Kiefern-Arten gegen Schadinsekten. In dem Widerstandsmechanismus der Kiefer spielt nicht die Quantität des Harzes, sondern die Qualität eine Rolle und unbedingt seine biologische Aktivität.2. Kiefeinharz ist ein natürliches Schutzmittel des Baumes gegen. Insektenschäden. Verschiedene Kiefern-Arten enthalten Harz von qualitativ verschiedener biologischer Aktivität für Insekten. Das bezieht sich auch auf das Harz ein- und derselben Kiefernart bei unterschiedlichem physiologischen Zustand. Das Harz der geschwächten Kiefernbäume verliert seine Schutzeigenschaften und sein Geruch wirkt auf Insekten als ein Zeichen der Eignung des Baumes für ihre Ernährung und Entwicklung.3. Die biologische Aktivität des Harzes ist durch die in ihm vorhandenen ätherischen Öle, die auis Terpenoiden bestehen, bestimmt. Die Terpenoide besitzen für die Insekten verschiedene biologische Aktivitä t, welche von ihrer Menge, ihren Eigenschaften, den Beziehungen der Komponenten untereinander und optischen Isomeren abhängen, die insgesamt ihre Qualität als natürliche Schutzstoffe des Nadelbaumes bestimmen und den Widerstand gegen Insektenschäden in bestimmtem Maße bewirken.

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Kurzer Beitrag zur Zucht desTribolium destructor

Summary In this paper a new method for rearingTribolium destructor is described. For oviposition the imagines are cultured in a thermostate (27° C, 70% RH) on a mixture of flour and yeast; additional feeding of pieces of fresh apple is necessary. The sifted eggs also must be stored in the thermostate. The newly hatched larvae must be isolated from the mixture of egg shells, particles of yeast, excrements of the beetles and of the remains of flour, and they get fresh food (flour-yeast-mixture). The rearing is performed in the thermostate in glass-vessels of a bigness corresponding to the developmental state of the larvae. Fully grown larvae must be isolated (for getting exactly dated material of pupae) or they are put in Petri-dishes furnished with fluted coardboard. Pupae and imagines which are not used for obtaining eggs are cultured at room temperature in darkness (flour-yeast-mixture with additional feeding of apple pieces).

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Résumé Dans ce travail une nouvelle méthode de l'élevage deTribolium destructor est décrite. Pour la déposition des oeufs les adultes sont tenus dans un thermostat à température constante (27° C et 70% RH) dans une mixture de farine et de levure; en outre il faut un don supplémentaire de pomme fraî che. Les oeufs séparés en criblant sont aussi tenus dans le thermostat. Les larves qui viennent d'é clore sont à séparer de la mixture des coques d'oeuf, des particules de levure, des excréments et des restes de farine, et après elles reçoivent de la nourriture fraîche (mixture de farine et de levure). L'élevage a lieu dans des bocaux dans le thermostat. La grandeure de ces bocaux doit correspondre à l'état du développement des larves. Les larves complétement développées sont à isoler (pour obtenir du materiel des chrysalides bien datées) ou à mettre dans des bocaux »Petri« fournis de carton ondulé. Les chrysalides et les adultes, qui ne sont pas nécessaires pour la déposition des oeufs, sont á tenir à témperature de chambre dans l'obscurité (mixture de farine et de levure, de temps en temps aussi de pomme).

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» «Tribolium destructor Uyttenb.). 27° C 70% PH ; . . , , ; ( ). , . ( « »-, ). , ( — , ).

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Diese Untersuchung wurde im Zusammenhang mit einem größeren Forschungsvorhaben durchgeführt, das durch Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ermöglicht wird.     

Antioxidative activity of tree phenolic constituents 1: Radical-capturing reaction of flavon-3-ols with radical initiator

The present work was undertaken from the standpoint of radical-capturing ability with regard to the antioxidative ability of flavonoids, especially flavonols distributed widely in woody plants. In regard to the flavonols, six methyl derivatives were initially prepared from quercetin and its litinoside. Their radical-capturing constants were determined strictly by the stopped-flow spectroscopic method. It was proved that the radical-capturing ability of quercetin mainly involves the vicinal C₃. and C₄, hydroxyl groups and the C₃ hydroxyl group. To clarify the reaction mechanism begun at the C₃ hydroxyl group of quercetin, 5,7,3,4-tetramethylquercetin (TMQ), flavon-3-ol (F30) and so on were treated with 2,2-azo-bis-(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN). Six products (1–6) containing one depside and its two hydrolytic products, two valeronitrile adducts, and others were isolated from the reaction mixture of TMQ and their structures determined by instrumental analyses. Similarly, F30 gave four products, 7–10, which corresponded to the above products 1–3 and 5 (one depside, its two hydrolytic products, and one adduct), respectively. 3,5,7,3,4-Pentamethylquercetin (PMQ) and flavon-3-O-methylate (F3M) gave no products. The quantitative change of the products with reaction time was determined spectroscopically. An initial reaction pathway for the radical-capturing reaction of flavon-3-ols with AMVN was proposed based on the products and their amounts. The main route — formation of depside and its hydrolytic products via ketohydroperoxide (3) or ketohydroperoxy radical (4) - was similar to that of the oxidation reaction of quercetin with quercetinase and light.Part of this paper was presented at the 46th and 47th annual meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto and Kouchi, April 1996 and 1997