中性盐和碱性盐胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发的影响

对黄瓜种子在Na＋浓度依次为0、25、50、75、100、150mmol/L的中性盐（NaCl）和碱性盐（NaCl＋Na2CO3）溶液中的萌发情况进行了研究,分别观测盐溶液对常用发芽指标及几项生理指标的影响.结果表明,2种盐溶液处理下,Na＋浓度高于50mmol/L时,黄瓜种子发芽率、发芽指数随Na＋浓度的增加而显著下降（p＜0.01）;Na＋浓度高于25 mmol/L时,活力指数随Na＋浓度的增加而显著下降（p＜0.01）;黄瓜种子在中性盐和碱性盐胁迫下萌发的适宜值、临界值和极限值（Na＋浓度）分别为73.57、126.59、179.61 mmol/L和51.94、86.07、120.20mmol/L;经测定,随盐溶液中Na＋浓度的增高,呼吸速率和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,游离氨基酸总量、脯氨酸含量和质膜透性则呈上升趋势,相比之下,碱性盐处理下的上升和下降幅度均大于中性盐处理.经分析,中性盐和碱性盐胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发过程中储藏蛋白质的分解影响较小,而对新蛋白质的合成有明显的抑制作用.碱性盐胁迫效应大于中性盐.中性盐对黄瓜种子胁迫由Na＋造成,碱性盐对黄瓜种子胁迫除主要由Na＋作用外又增加了高pH的作用,即盐碱胁迫有协同作用.     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对盐爪爪种子萌发过程中生理生化变化的研究

以盐生植物盐爪爪种子为材料,比较不同浓度中性盐(NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2 CO3)胁迫对其种子萌发过程中生理指标的影响.结果表明,0～100 mmol/L NaC1处理后盐爪爪萌发种子中丙二醛含量无显著变化,而0～100 mmol/L Na2CO3处理后丙二醛含量显著升高;NaCl处理的萌发种子中可溶性糖变化较平稳且呈现上升趋势,Na2CO3处理的种子可溶性糖先升高后降低;0～ 100 mmol/L NaCl处理后盐爪爪萌发种子中脯氨酸含量基本保持不变,而0～100 mmol/L Na2CO3处理后脯氨酸含量急剧上升;NaCl处理后可溶性蛋白上升幅度大于Na2CO3处理后上升幅度,二者的差异达到极显著水平.研究发现,盐爪爪种子萌发对于低浓度中性盐(NaCl)胁迫具有较强的耐性和抗性,而在碱性盐(Na2CO3)的胁迫下其萌芽受到一定的抑制.     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对内蒙古河套灌区盐地碱蓬种子萌芽生理指标的影响

采用NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫不同时间,研究盐地碱蓬种子在萌发过程中对NaCl和Na2CO3的耐受能力,对比不同胁迫对盐地碱蓬正在萌芽种子的SOD、POD、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸等胁迫相关生理指标的影响.结果显示,盐碱胁迫下可溶性蛋白变化较为平缓,SOD活性呈现“先降后升再降”的变化趋势,POD、MDA、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量呈现上升趋势.研究发现,盐地碱蓬萌发种子萌发对NaCl的耐受能力强于Na2CO3.     

盐碱胁迫对野生地肤种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

将中性盐NaCl、Na2SO4和NaHCO3、Na2CO3两种碱性盐按不同比例混合,模拟出30种与天然盐碱土壤相似的条件,进行野生地肤种子发芽试验和幼苗生长情况检测等7项指标,结果表明:在混合盐碱胁迫作用下,地肤种子发芽受到明显抑制,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等指标呈下降趋势,并随盐碱度递增,下降程度逐渐增大,高盐高碱效应较单独高盐或高碱作用大;幼苗存活率和相对含水量在不同处理组间均呈下降趋势,而MDA和可溶性糖含量则随着盐碱度的升高逐渐上升,其中可溶性糖含量在低盐浓度(50、100 mmol/L)或低pH条件下,增加幅度小于高盐浓度(200、250 mmol/L)或高pH,两者具有明显的协同作用。     

复杂盐碱条件对向日葵胁迫作用主导因素的实验确定

将中性盐NaCl和Na2SO4、碱性盐NaHCO3和Na2CO3按不同比例混合, 模拟出30种盐度、碱度各不相同的复杂盐碱条件, 并对向日葵苗进行盐碱混合胁迫处理. 测定其日相对生长率(RGR)等7项胁变指标, 并分析各种致胁变因素与诸项胁变指标间的相互关系. 结果表明: 用盐度、缓冲量、 pH和[Cl-]即可代表所有胁迫作用因素. 用此四因素与诸     

盐碱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系活力和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的影响

分别采用两种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)和两种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)混合模拟不同浓度的盐碱胁迫条件,对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦幼苗进行7d胁迫处理。分别测定叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和根系活力,以探讨盐、碱两种胁迫下小麦根系对离子交换吸附能力的影响。结果表明:盐碱混合胁迫增强了小麦叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性,增加了根系活跃吸收面积,增大了根系活力。这3个指标受胁迫溶液离子浓度、pH值、碱性盐比例等多重影响,且品种间存在一定差异性。     

混合盐碱胁迫对旱稻种子萌发的影响

分别用不同浓度的NaCl、Na2CO3以及二者的混合溶液处理旱稻种子，模拟中性盐、碱性盐和混合盐碱对种子萌发及一些生理指标的影响。结果表明，除低浓度NaCl促进种子萌发外，其它处理均使种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数下降，丙二醛含量升高，脯氨酸含量上升，α-淀粉酶活性降低，危害程度随着处理浓度的增大而加剧。3种处理对种子萌发的抑制程度为Na2CO3〉混合盐碱〉NaCl。     

盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

分别将两种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)与两种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)均按摩尔比9∶1混合,在模拟出不同强度的盐碱胁迫条件。比较了盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及幼苗中Na+、K+离子含量的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发的抑制作用明显大于盐胁迫,而碱胁迫对萌发的抑制可能是致死的。碱胁迫对早期幼苗生长的抑制作用也明显大于盐胁迫,尤其对幼根的抑制作用。碱胁迫明显破坏根的结构和功能,导致根活力急剧下降。盐碱胁迫均造成芽和幼根Na+含量上升而K+含量下降,Na+/K+也随之升高。但若两种胁迫相比,碱胁迫下Na+含量及Na+/K+比值上升幅度和K+含量下降幅度均大于盐胁迫。小冰麦的Na+、K+含量变化特点表明,碱胁迫造成的高pH干扰了根系选择性吸收K+、Na+的能力,而造成了植物体内Na+、K+不均衡,这可能是碱胁迫对小冰麦的伤害作用大于盐胁迫的原因所在。     

NaCl胁迫对黄花菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为揭示黄花菜NaCl胁迫的生理机制,研究40、80、120、160、200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对黄花菜种子萌发,以及幼苗生长高度、质膜透性等生理指标的影响。结果表明,当增加NaCl胁迫浓度时,黄花菜种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势均相应降低,盐害指数逐渐升高,黄花菜种苗的生长高度也呈现下降趋势。其中NaCl浓度为120 mmol/L时,对黄花菜种子萌发和幼苗生长高度的抑制作用较弱。不同处理质膜透性、MDA含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,且在20 d内处于一直增加的趋势,而不同处理黄花菜叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量先升高后降低。NaCl胁迫对黄花菜种子萌发和幼苗生长具有明显的影响。     

盐分对普通玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

选择4种中性盐(NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4和K2SO4)和4种碱性盐(Na2CO3、NaHCO3、K2CO3和KHCO3),设置Ommol/L(对照)、50mmol/L、100mmol/L、150mmol/L和200mmol/L 5个浓度,借助InfoStat软件中DGC方差分析法,分析了盐类型和浓度对普通玉米种子发芽率和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,盐胁迫延缓了玉米种子的发芽时间,且随着盐浓度增加胁迫作用增强.硫酸盐对幼苗生长的胁迫作用大于氯盐,钠盐大于钾盐,碳酸盐大于硫酸盐,二价盐大于一价盐,碱性盐大于中性盐.     

Creation of an Experimental System for Testing the Dynamic Tensile Stress of Cells Using Membrane Variable Stress Wave

The constitution, design ideas and working principles of the DDC experimental system for testing dynamic tensile stress of outside body cell using membrane variable stress wave are discussed in detail. A new design measure is put forward, i.e. using airtight liquid for transferring pressure, and a space mechanism which is made up of two moveable linking axes and controlled by DDC for producing dynamic tensile stress with variable stress wave. The space mechanism is made up of two moveable linking axes, the first axis is controlled by an alternative current servo system, at the same time it drives the modulating modulating disc, and its rotation velocity is uniform and adjustable, so the rotating velocity of the disc can be controlled. Second, the hydraulic pressure worktable is driven by step electric motor. By dynamically changing the relative position of the modulating disc and the worktable, the journey of the piston in hydraulic pressure vat can be changed accordingly. The resultant motion of the modulating disc rotation and the radial direction relative movement of the piston can create liquid pressure with variable frequency and amplitude range, and the pressure can be changed into membrane tensile stress with variable frequency and pressure amplitude range using pressure fine tuning, and muhi-path disporting pressure. The system is proved to be simple, reliable, economic and controlled expediently by the experiment conducted.     

拟南芥ft-1突变体对非生物胁迫的响应

对植物生存与生长不利的不良环境称逆境。在逆境条件下,植物往往提早开花,快速完成生活史来适应逆境。因此,开花基因与逆境有着密切的关系。本研究以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)开花基因FLOWERING LOCUST(FT)突变体ft-1和野生型Col-0为材料,对在胁迫下生长的幼苗主根长进行了表型分析。结果显示,在正常条件下生长的ft-1突变体与Col-0根长相似。突变体ft-1和野生型Col-0对NaCl处理显示出极显著差异,且只在高浓度渗透胁迫下表现出显著差异。表明ft-1可能参与植株抗盐过程,与渗透胁迫关系不大。磷盐与钾盐处理与渗透处理结果类似。铵盐下生长的突变体ft-1和野生型Col-0的根长无显著差异,表明ft-1可能不参与铵盐胁迫。硝盐和混合氮盐处理下,两者均产生了极显著或显著差异,表明ft-1可能参与硝盐胁迫过程。     

Effect of Heat Stress on the Photosynthetic Characteristics in Flag Leaves at the Grain‐Filling Stage of Different Heat‐Resistant Winter Wheat Varieties

Heat stress has become an increasingly important factor in limiting wheat yields. In northern China, high temperature (>30 °C) during the grain filling is one of the major constraints in increasing wheat productivity. We used two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with different sensitivities to heat stress (Jimai 22 ‘JM22’, low sensitivity and Xinmai 26 ‘XM26’, high sensitivity) to study the various aspects of photosynthetic characteristics during the grain filling stage under heat stress. The results showed that photosynthesis rates (P_n) in flag leaves of XM26 decreased faster than in JM22 under heat stress during the grain‐filling stage. P_n decreased more rapidly under heat stress than without stress, by up to 69.9% and 59.3%, respectively, at 10 days following heat stress (10 DAS). This decline of P_n was not caused by heat‐induced stomatal limitation, but rather by a decline in Rubisco activity and a functional drop in photosystem II (PSII). After heat stress, the grain yield of JM22 decreased by 6.41%, but XM26 decreased by 11.43%, when compared with their respective controls. Heat stress also caused an alteration of mesophyll cell ultrastructure. Injury caused by heat stress to organelles in XM26 was more severe than JM22. Moreover, the JM22 cultivar showed some self‐repair capacity following heat stress injury. These results indicate that declines in photosynthetic performance caused by heat stress were cultivar‐dependent. Compared with XM26, the JM22 cultivar had superior heat stability in terms of PSII function and carboxylation activity, both of which are susceptible to heat stress.     

脱落酸在植物逆境胁迫研究中的进展

脱落酸（ABA）是一种重要的植物激素,在植物对胁迫环境抗逆性中发挥重要作用。本文综述了近些年来国内外有关ABA生理功能抗逆性研究的一些最新进展,重点介绍脱落酸在植物干旱、低温、高盐等逆境胁迫中的作用及其研究进展。     

缺磷对渗透胁迫条件下春小麦根系生长及活力的影响

利用ＰＥＧ－４０００对春小麦根系进行了不同时间和浓度下水分和磷素胁迫处理,结果表明,根系和叶片干重均随胁迫时间的推移而显著下降,叶片的相对含 水量从处理开始到胁迫２４ｈ明显下降,其后变化呈起优现象。根系中无机磷随胁迫时间的推移呈倒“Ｖ”型趋势,其中,以处理２４ｈ根中磷素的浓度较高,不同浓度处理下,峰值出现在１５％。根系活力随胁迫浓度的提高而下降,在５％￣１５％范围,根系过氧化物同功酶带无显著的变化     

高温胁迫对芹菜幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

根据多年夏季露地自然高温下的观察和35℃高温胁迫下的热害指数,通过实验筛选出了不同耐热性的7个品系;进一步在20℃/12℃(d/n)(CK)、26℃/20℃(d/n)、30℃/20℃(d/n)人工模拟高温胁迫条件下,测定了这7个品系的幼苗生长量、游离蛋白质含量、以及可溶性总糖含量。结果表明:在26℃/20℃(d/n)和30℃/20℃(d/n)高温胁迫下,相对生长量、株高相对增长量、游离蛋白质相对含量和可溶性总糖的相对含量品系间差异显著;对热害指数第96小时的值、30/20℃鲜重生长量的相对增加值、26/16℃干重生长量的相对增加值、30/20℃株高的相对增长量、26℃/16℃(d/n)处理下游离蛋白质和26℃/16℃(d/n)可溶性总糖相对含量的试验数据采用隶属函数法对品系的耐热性进行综合评价,与多年田间观察结果比较一致。进一步对各单项指标与隶属函数值进行相关性分析,其中热害指数、26℃/16℃下的干、鲜重相对生长量和30/20℃下干重的相对生长量都和耐热性有显著和极显著相关性,可以作为鉴定芹菜耐热性的指标。     

植物脂氧合酶在逆境胁迫应答中功能研究进展

脂氧合酶(Lipoxygenase, LOX)催化多不饱和脂肪酸加氧反应,进一步通过酶促或非酶促途径生成氧脂素(oxylipins)从而参与调节生长发育、胁迫应答等过程。为了深入了解脂氧合酶在植物应答逆境胁迫中的功能和作用机制,本研究归纳了近期在拟南芥、玉米等模式植物和作物中LOX在生物胁迫和非生物胁迫应答中功能相关研究进展,揭示了LOX家族成员在应答机械伤害、干旱、盐害等非生物胁迫和黄萎病、黄曲霉菌感染、线虫入侵、蚜虫咬食等生物胁迫中的功能,分析了各成员在胁迫应答过程中的分工合作甚至拮抗作用,以及13-LOX途径与9-LOX途径的“对话”,指出LOX活性、转录表达的调节是氧脂素合成和胁迫应答调控的重要组成部分,是潜在的作物遗传改良靶位点。LOX表达调控、作用机制以及脂氧合酶途径下游一系列代谢产物的鉴定和详细研究是未来该领域研究的重点。     

Simulation Study of Water Quality for the Three Gorges Reservoir in Chongqing

In order to survey the degree of stability of dangerous rock slope and get reliable theoretical foundation about the slope restoration, earth stress measuring is performed in the engineering project through drilling on the slope surface. The survey is conducted by means of complete temperature compensation and automatic recording. In terms of experimental data, the computing ram of earth stress works out the magnitude, direction, inclination of the earth stress and their distribution. The result supplies theoretical base for the design and working of slope and dangerous rock control engineering, which has been proved to fine effects in the fields of society, security,environment, and economy in its practice.     

Crop breeding for salt tolerance in the era of molecular markers and marker‐assisted selection

Crop salt tolerance (ST) is a complex trait affected by numerous genetic and non‐genetic factors, and its improvement via conventional breeding has been slow. Recent advancements in biotechnology have led to the development of more efficient selection tools to substitute phenotype‐based selection systems. Molecular markers associated with genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting important traits are identified, which could be used as indirect selection criteria to improve breeding efficiency via marker‐assisted selection (MAS). While the use of MAS for manipulating simple traits has been streamlined in many plant breeding programmes, MAS for improving complex traits seems to be at infancy stage. Numerous QTLs have been reported for ST in different crop species; however, few commercial cultivars or breeding lines with improved ST have been developed via MAS. We review genes and QTLs identified with positive effects on ST in different plant species and discuss the prospects for developing crop ST via MAS. With the current advances in marker technology and a better handling of genotype by environment interaction effects, the utility of MAS for breeding for ST will gain momentum.