2014—2016年华东地区某市活禽市场禽流感流行病学调查与分析

为了解华东地区某市活禽市场中禽流感病毒的污染状况,2014—2016年对该市活禽市场的家禽进行了禽流感流行病学调查。结果显示:该市活禽市场禽流感病毒污染面较广,94.12%的市场存在禽流感病毒污染;H9N2亚型病毒感染率较高,样品总体阳性率为22.66%,场点总阳性率为94.12%;H7N9亚型病毒感染率经历了一个升降过程,2015年上半年达到高峰,之后显著降低;农贸市场中的H7N9亚型病毒分离率显著高于批发市场。本次调查未在活禽市场中检出H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒。这些数据为深入了解活禽市场中禽流感病毒的污染状况和该病防控措施的制定提供了技术支持。     

环洞庭湖区活禽批发市场和水禽场H4亚型禽流感病毒监测

调查2009—2013年洞庭湖地区活禽批发市场和水禽场H4亚型禽流感病毒的分布和流行情况,为该地区H4亚型禽流感的防控提供依据。结果显示:各年度均在环洞庭湖区活禽批发市场上分离到H4亚型禽流感病毒,总的分离率为3.14%;水禽场H4亚型禽流感病毒场间阳性率达到8.72%,拭子的H4亚型病毒分离率为1.12%。提示洞庭湖区活禽批发市场和水禽场H4亚型禽流感病毒带毒率比较高。     

2017—2018年西藏拉萨市养殖场及活禽交易市场禽流感流行病学调查

为了解拉萨市禽流感流行情况,2017年11月—2018年3月,在拉萨市6个养殖场和11个活禽交易市场,随机采集1 394份棉试子进行禽流感病毒分离和分型鉴定。结果显示： H9亚型禽流感病毒阳性率为2.87%,未检出H3、H5、H6、H7等其他亚型病毒;活禽市场H9亚型阳性率（4.64%）显著高于养殖场阳性率（0.35%,P<0.01）。结果表明,拉萨市高致病性禽流感流行风险较小,低致病性禽流感流行以H9亚型为主,且流行率不高,但应进一步加强养殖环节的防疫、检疫,以及活禽市场的清洗、消毒等工作,防止禽流感传入和流行。     

江门部分活禽批发市场休市前中后的禽流感病毒核酸监测与分析

2017年1月11日至17日,江门地区活禽批发市场休市7d,我们通过对辖区内3个活禽批发市场休市前、中、后的禽流感病毒进行监测检测,结果显示,无论是哪种采样环境,还是休市前、中、后的样品,均未检出H7亚型流感病毒核酸,H5亚型也是极少数量,只在休市后的屠宰车间样品中检出1份H5亚型。活禽批发市场实行临时休市活禽零存栏和彻底清理消毒等措施可降低档口环境的禽流感病毒污染,是科学有效的,但是活禽批发市场休市前后的屠宰车间和活禽咽/泄殖腔样品中的A型流感、H9亚型阳性率无统计学差异,说明休市前后活禽屠宰环节也存在禽流感病毒污染与传播的风险,要进一步加强活禽屠宰和养殖等环节的防控措施。防控禽流感特别是防止人感染H7N9亚型流感单单在活禽市场环节采取措施仍不够,应综合多方落实措施,才能实现更好地防控。     

2022年玉溪市禽流感监测与分析

为掌握玉溪市禽流感在养殖场和活禽市场流行情况，2022年采集玉溪市9个县(市、区)32个乡(镇)62个村90个养殖场(户)及21个活禽市场2 280份样品进行监测。采用荧光RT-PCR方法对A型禽流感病毒检测并进行H5/H7/H9亚型禽流感病毒核酸分型。2022年全市共检出A型禽流感病毒核酸阳性240份，样品阳性率为10.53%,其中H9亚型233份、不确定型7份，未检出H5/H7亚型。活禽市场A型禽流感病毒核酸阳性率(31.47%)显著高于养殖场阳性率(0.27%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);秋冬季节样品阳性率较高，差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结果：玉溪市禽流感病毒主要分布于活禽市场，且以H9亚型流行为主，污染面较广，不同季度阳性率差异明显，但季节性差异缩小。结果提示：活禽市场是当前禽流感防控的重点，继续加强活禽市场的监测，同时强化活禽市场的检疫监管，严格执行消毒和休市制度，防止活禽市场禽流感病毒进入养殖环节。     

2022年湘阴县禽流感监测数据与分析

为了更好地了解2022年湘阴县家禽中禽流感抗体水平和活禽批发市场禽流感病毒污染情况，通过春、秋两季免疫效果评估以及每个季度对两个活禽交易市场进行禽流感病毒专项监测，运用血凝抑制试验与实时荧光定量PCR的方法对血清及拭子样本进行禽流感病毒检测。结果显示：1200份禽血清中H5亚型AIV抗体整体合格率达到76.5%,H7亚型AIV抗体整体合格率达到78.8%;320份禽拭子和64份环境拭子中，H5亚型AIV阳性7份，阳性率1.8%,H7亚型AIV阳性数8份，阳性率2.0%。结果表明，家禽交易市场长期处于禽流感病毒污染状态。建议加强活禽市场管理，严格落实“1110”制度，确保禽类及产品的安全性和质量，降低禽流感病毒的传播速度和缩小传播范围。     

新疆乌鲁木齐市某活禽交易市场禽流感流行病学调查

为了解冬季新疆乌鲁木齐市活禽市场交易禽类及市场外环境中禽流感病毒污染情况及其流行规律,对某交易市场内的鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽等活禽,采集85份活禽全血样本和143份棉拭子样本(103份活禽泄殖腔/咽喉棉拭子、40份环境棉拭子),分别采用血清学和实时荧光定量(rRT-PCR)方法,检测禽流感免疫抗体和禽流感病毒核酸,并对核酸阳性样品进行病毒亚型确定。结果显示:85份全血样本中,H5(Re-11)株免疫抗体合格32份,合格率为37.6%;H5(Re-12)株免疫抗体合格34份,合格率为40%;H7(Re-2)株免疫抗体合格46份,合格率为54.2%。143份棉拭子样本中,禽流感病毒核酸阳性36份,阳性率为25.17%。其中:活禽棉拭子阳性29份,阳性率为28.15%;交易区外环境棉拭子阳性7份,阳性率为17.5%。36份禽流感病毒核酸阳性样本中,H5亚型3份,阳性率为8.33%;H9亚型22份,阳性率为61.11%;未定型11份,阳性率为30.56%。结果表明:该市场交易活禽流感病毒感染率较高,且强制免疫的H5、H7亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率较低,存在疫情发生和散播风险。结果提示,应加强活禽交易市场的消毒与管理,降低禽流感病毒通过活禽交易市场传播的风险。     

2017年湖南省永州市活禽市场禽流感污染状况调查

为了解湖南省永州市活禽市场禽流感病毒污染状况,2017年4—12月,永州市动物疫病预防控制中心在冷水滩区采集571份家禽和环境样品,进行了H5、H7亚型禽流感病毒核酸实时荧光定量RT-PCR 检测。结果显示：571份样品中,检出H5亚型禽流感病毒核酸阳性样品44份,阳性检出率为7.7%,未检出H7亚型禽流感病毒阳性样品;除5月份外,每月都能监测到阳性样品,且冬季阳性检出率明显偏高;活禽在摊位中停留时间越长,禽流感病毒阳性率越高;鸭源样品和污水样品中的禽流感病毒检出率最高,城乡农贸市场的病毒阳性检出率高于城区活禽交易市场。调查结果表明,活禽市场中的H5亚型禽流感病毒污染率较高,尤其是水禽和污水以及卫生条件较差的市场。因此,要严把市场休市清洗消毒关,提升市场环境卫生水平,严格活禽调运检疫和监管,禁止陆禽和水禽混合销售。     

2018年岳阳市家禽市场禽流感专项监测结果与分析

为了解湖南省岳阳市活禽批发市场禽流感病毒污染情况,提升禽流感防控针对性,2018年1月~12月岳阳市在岳阳楼区枫桥湖蛋禽批发市场开展了活禽交易市场禽流感专项监测,累计检测600份禽拭子及120份环境拭子。共检测出H5亚型AIV阳性139份、H7亚型AIV阳性25份。结果表明家禽交易市场长期处于禽流感病毒污染状态。为降低疫情发生和人感染风险,建议加强活禽市场管理,特别要做好市场定期休市和清洗消毒工作。     

我国长三角和珠三角地区活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感流行病学调查

为了解目前我国活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)流行和增殖情况,2014年在上海、江苏、安徽和广东随机选取58个活禽市场,采集12 635份活禽拭子样品进行病毒分离、RT-PCR和序列测定分析。结果:15.11%拭子样品和98.28%的活禽市场是H9N2亚型AIV阳性。鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽样品阳性率分别为22.98%(1730/7529)、3.62%(94/2594)、4.08%(67/1643)、2.09%(18/861);上海、江苏、安徽和广东的样品阳性率分别为24.11%(688/2853)、8.43%(284/3368)、15.27%(475/3110)、13.95%(461/3304)。活禽零售市场阳性率(34.40%)显著高于活禽批发市场感染率(12.24%)。随着家禽在批发市场内停留时间的延长,H9N2亚型AIV阳性率从11.45%(停留8 h内)上升到29.13%(停留48 h以上)。遗传进化分析表明:所检出的H9N2亚型AIV均属于2007年以来我国H9亚型AIV主要流行分支,即h9.4.2.5分支。这些流行病学调查结果提示我国长三角和珠三角活禽市场的家禽(尤其是鸡)H9N2亚型AIV感染率很高,并且随着活禽在批发市场内停留时间延长,以及向零售市场转移,H9N2亚型AIV存在一个显著增殖和扩散的过程。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.