发动机燃用生物柴油的可靠性

进行了柴油机燃用B5生物柴油的1 000 h可靠性台架试验,测量了可靠性试验前后发动机的燃油消耗、机油消耗、功率、扭矩、活塞漏气量、排气温度等参数,进行了发动机润滑油的色谱分析以及发动机的主要零部件的拆检和分析。试验结果表明：可靠性试验后发动机的燃油消耗和机油消耗均有所增加,活塞漏气量有所升高,功率、扭矩和排气温度略有下降;B5生物柴油与柴油的CO等气体排放相差不大;发动机喷油器、气门、活塞顶面等主要零件部存在积碳,活塞环与气缸套等零件磨损正常。     

活塞结构参数对柴油机活塞传热与温度场的影响分析

为了降低活塞热负荷,降低活塞热疲劳失效概率,以一款高压共轨柴油机活塞作为研究对象,结合活塞温度试验测试,建立了活塞传热仿真分析模型,采用单因素扫值法和正交试验分析了活塞销座长度、活塞销孔直径、第一环岸厚度以及回油孔距离4个结构参数对活塞温度场分布的影响。研究发现,活塞结构对活塞传热与温度场分布有一定的影响,第一环岸厚度对活塞传热与温度场的影响最大。活塞的最高温度随着第一环岸厚度增加而升高,最多升高13.8℃。第一环槽的温度随着第一环岸厚度增加而降低,最多降低16℃。销座和回油孔结构对活塞温度场影响较小。最优方案是销座长度72.5 mm、销孔直径35 mm、火力岸厚度8 mm、回油孔相距53 mm的活塞,可以使活塞最高温度降低至374.3℃。为优化活塞传热提供参考。     

农用柴油机活塞环组机油消耗和窜气的灰色关联分析与预测

活塞环组的润滑和密封性能直接影响柴油机的动力性、经济性和排放特性，机油消耗量（lube oil consumption,LOC）和窜气量（crankcase blow-by,CB）是评估活塞环组润滑和密封性能优劣的主要指标。为探究影响农用柴油机活塞环组LOC和CB的影响因素及LOC和CB对影响因素的敏感程度，该研究提出农用柴油机活塞环组LOC和CB的多影响因素系统分析及预测方法。以YNF40农用柴油机为对象，首先搭建柴油机LOC和CB测试台架，建立活塞环组运动学与动力学仿真模型并验证模型的精确度和可靠度，然后采用灰色关联分析（grey relation analysis,GRA）得到不同影响因素的灰色关联度（grey relational grade,GRG），并基于此进行影响因素敏感性分析，最后基于BP神经网络建立不同转速工况下LOC和CB瞬态变化的时间序列预测模型。多因素GRG分析结果表明：对活塞环组LOC和CB影响最敏感和最不敏感的因素分别是活塞第一环槽下边缘倒角和活塞第三环槽背隙，其对应的GRG分别为0.892 79和0.583 61，得到目标与影响因素敏感程度的降序排列为：第...     

不同口环间隙离心泵性能及水力激励特性分析及试验

为进一步研究改变口环间隙所产生的影响,该文通过改变口环间隙大小,采用数值计算与试验相结合的方法,研究了离心泵内叶轮所受径向力以及压力脉动的变化。分别采用0.25、0.5以及0.75 mm的口环间隙,进行数值计算和试验。通过对叶轮外表面的压力场求解和分析,得到不同口环间隙对叶轮所受径向力的影响,通过试验测得的各监测点的压力脉动数据进行分析。结果表明:模拟所得扬程与试验结果较为吻合。叶频所对应的压力脉动幅值在前腔进口处,口环间隙为0.5 mm的方案约为0.25 mm方案的3.1倍,在叶轮出口处约为1.3倍;口环一周的平均压力脉动在0.75 mm时最小,此时约为0.5 mm方案的0.81倍;叶轮进口及其上游的压力脉动以0.75 mm方案最小,约为其他2个方案的0.67倍,说明口环间隙为0.5 mm时离心泵前腔及进口处的压力脉动最大。叶轮所受径向力随着口环间隙的改变呈现非线性变化,小流量及设计工况时0.75 mm方案的径向力最小,设计工况时0.25 mm方案的径向力最小。通过研究不同口环间隙所诱导的压力脉动及径向力的变化,对离心泵的传统设计进行了一定的补充,并且对口环的设计提供了参考。     

柴油机活塞二阶运动对内冷油腔机油振荡流动与传热的影响

柴油机活塞的二阶运动不仅影响活塞侧击力、摩擦磨损、机油耗和漏气量,而且还对活塞内冷油腔内机油的振荡流动与传热性能产生影响。在活塞动力学与运动学分析的基础上,结合活塞内冷油腔内的振荡传热性能模拟试验结果,采用计算流体力学仿真方法,建立了包含往复运动与二阶运动的计算流体力学仿真模型,研究了活塞二阶运动对内冷油腔内机油的振荡流动与传热性能的影响规律。研究结果发现,二阶运动的径向运动主要影响内冷油腔中机油的振荡流动,偏摆运动主要影响内冷油腔的瞬时换热性能。二阶运动使内冷油腔的瞬时充油率降低,循环平均降低4.6%。对油腔壁面的瞬时换热性能影响很大,最大的变化幅值为24.9%。对于整个换热过程,虽然充油率降低,但平均换热系数变化不大。因此,二阶运动对内冷油腔综合换热性能的影响可以忽略不计。该研究可为耐高温高强度铝合金活塞的设计提供理论和技术参考。     

转轮下环间隙对混流式水轮机内部流动特性的影响

水轮机转轮间隙内的泄漏涡、泄漏流等复杂的湍流易影响水轮机的性能与稳定性。为了分析下环间隙对混流式水轮机能量特性和内部流态的影响,该文基于N-S方程和SST湍流模型,考虑了0.6 Qd(Qd为设计流量工况)、0.8 Qd、Qd、1.2 Qd共4种流量工况,对5种下环间隙下的混流式水轮机模型机进行三维全流道数值计算。通过对比不同下环间隙方案对混流式水轮机效率与容积损失的影响,结合不同水轮机内部流场特征,分析下环间隙与水轮机性能的关系。计算结果表明:下环间隙由0.4 mm增大到1.3 mm,机组泄漏量增大,水轮机效率整体呈下降趋势。其中,当机组在小流量0.6 Qd工况运行时,间隙对水轮机能量特性影响最为明显,效率下降了4.1个百分点。当机组在小流量0.6 Qd与0.8 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,间隙内部流场与尾水管内部流场呈现小幅度恶化;当机组在大流量1.2 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,转轮叶片吸力面压力分布以及尾水管内部流场均得到改善。该研究可为混流式水轮机结构设计提供有效参考。     

自由活塞发动机进气及压缩终了缸内气体流动特性分析

为组织好自由活塞发动机缸内气体流动,以提高可燃混合气混合质量,进而改善发动机燃烧质量,依据自由活塞运动特点,建立自由活塞发动机系统仿真模型,采用数值模拟方法对进气冲程和压缩冲程缸内流场进行仿真研究。分析结果表明,在进气冲程和压缩冲程时间之和一定情况下,进气冲程活塞运动快慢对进气终了缸内工质运动强度影响不大;快速压缩可提高压缩终了缸内工质运动强度,压缩终了单位质量湍动能在压缩冲程时间占进气冲程时间与压缩冲程时间总和45%时高达4.883 m2/(s2·kg),比压缩冲程时间占进气冲程时间与压缩冲程时间总和55%时高40%。采用慢进气快压缩的活塞运动规律,增大了压缩终了缸内流场运动强度,有利于火焰传播。该研究为组织缸内气体流动提供参考,对提高发动机性能具有重要意义。     

不同叶顶间隙对斜流泵性能影响的数值分析

斜流泵具有高效,启动特性好,运行工况宽等特点。目前斜流泵设计时,无法定量评估叶顶间隙对性能影响的敏感性。为了揭示不同叶顶间隙值对斜流泵内部流场和性能的影响,给定叶顶间隙选取的范围。分别选取无叶顶间隙和叶顶间隙分别为0.5,1.0,1.5 mm共4种设计方案的斜流泵为对象,基于剪切压力传输模型(shear stress transport,SST k-ω)湍流模型,SIMPLEC算法与块结构化网格,对斜流泵内部流场进行数值模拟和试验验证。结果表明,叶顶间隙为0.5 mm时,可以有效抑制斜流泵的扬程-流量正斜率特性,此时斜流泵的效率值最高;无叶顶间隙时,斜流泵扬程-流量正斜率特性较为明显;叶顶间隙为1 mm时,数值模拟与试验结果吻合较好,SST k-ω模型可较好模拟斜流泵叶顶间隙区流动特征,性能预估结果具有一定的可信度。在小流量工况下,叶顶间隙为0.5 mm可有效抑制斜流泵的正斜率不稳定特性。小叶顶间隙0.5mm时,斜流泵水力性能最优;叶顶间隙增大时,叶顶泄漏流动逐渐显著,叶轮出口近壁区轴面流速和涡量分布规律显著变化,表明叶顶间隙直接影响叶轮轴面速度分布规律和叶片负荷分布规律,由于受壁面摩擦阻力和液体黏滞阻力的影响,叶轮轮毂和叶顶间隙侧的叶轮轴面速度较小;叶顶间隙增大时,叶轮轮毂和叶顶间隙侧叶片负荷急剧衰减,影响叶片的做功能力。同时,叶顶泄漏流动区域与叶片主流区域的掺混效应,使叶片轮缘的低速区扩展到叶轮流道内部的主流区域,引起叶轮流道内部主流流动的堵塞效应,产生二次流动、漩涡等流动不稳定现象。上述研究结果,揭示了叶顶间隙对斜流泵内部流场和性能的影响机理,为斜流泵叶顶间隙的选择提供了理论依据。     

多级离心泵轴向力平衡装置的设计与分析

可靠的轴向力平衡装置是高压多级离心泵实现平稳可靠运行的重要机构。针对反渗透海水淡化高压泵对结构和运行可靠性的特殊要求,设计了一种用于节段式多级离心泵的新型轴向力平衡装置。基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法研究了平衡装置内部的流场结构及其轴向力平衡机理,分析了不同轴向间隙、径向间隙以及滑动轴承长径比条件下的轴向力平衡特性。结果表明,不同进出口压差条件下,滑动轴承间隙内流动结构存在明显区别,轴承支撑机理发生变化;平衡力和相对泄漏量随轴向、径向间隙的增大呈非线性增大,平衡力随长径比增大近似呈线性增大,相对泄漏量随长径比增大近似呈线性减小。对径向、轴向间隙和长径比进行各种组合分析计算,得到轴向间隙0.2 mm、径向间隙0.3 mm、长径比为1的结构优化的新型机构,该机构既可以很好地平衡轴向力,又提高了多级泵的可靠性。     

活塞弹性变形对活塞二阶运动及裙部润滑特性的影响

为揭示活塞弹性变形对活塞二阶运动及裙部润滑特性的影响规律,基于有限元法建立活塞和缸套的结构动力学模型,耦合活塞二阶运动方程及裙部流体动力润滑模型,分析活塞弹性对活塞二阶运动和裙部润滑特性的影响。结果表明:不同曲轴转角下活塞主、次推力面的变形不同,做功行程中变形明显,而且最大变形量出现的区域随曲轴转角的变化而改变;考虑活塞弹性变形后,活塞二阶运动一般比不考虑活塞弹性变形有所增加,在压缩和做功行程中增加明显;活塞裙部的最小油膜厚度增加,而总摩擦功耗降低,做功行程中两者变化明显;油膜压力场峰值出现位置及油膜压力分布规律改变,油膜压力场峰值减小。该研究为活塞裙部型线设计及配缸间隙选择提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.