西藏山南地区6种野生牧草营养价值评定

选用6只装有瘘管的西藏澎波半细毛羊,用尼龙袋法对采于西藏山南地区的6种野生禾本科牧草的营养成分含量及其在绵羊瘤胃内的降解特性进行了测定,分析评价其营养利用价值。结果表明:6种牧草的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解消失率和降解特征存在很大差异;随着样品在瘤胃内停留时间的延长,降解消失率也随之提高,在3-48 h时,增加的幅度较快,48h后,增加的速度放缓;到72 h,狗尾草(Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.)的降解消失率最大,其DM、CP和NDF的降解消失率均超过60%;蛋白质较高、纤维含量较低的狗尾草和白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel.),其DM、CP、NDF和ADF的快速降解部分、慢速降解部分及有效降解率均比其他4种牧草高;而白茅(Imperata cylindrical (L.) Beauv.)和沙生针茅(Stipaplareosa P.Smirn.)营养成分表现出比其他4种牧草差的降解特征。综合考虑6种牧草所含营养成分及其在绵羊体内的降解能力,狗尾草和白草利用价值较高,白茅和沙生针茅利用价值较低。     

豆科与禾本科牧草在山羊瘤胃内降解率的动态变化规律

以安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的本地山羊为试验动物，分别测定了豆科牧草红三叶，紫花苜蓿及禾本科牧草冬牧70黑麦（不同生长期）的干物质（DM），粗蛋白（CP），中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的瘤胃降解率，结果表明：（1）不同生长期的冬牧70黑麦在相同培养时间段内，其DM，CP，NDF，ADF的降解率差异显著（P＜0．05），且孕穗期高于抽穗期，经72小时培养后，孕穗期DM，CP，NDF，ADF的降解率分别比抽穗期高17．88％，16．11％，17．10％，21．02％；（2）在相同培养时间段内红三叶的DM降解率均高于紫花苜蓿，但CP的降解率却相反；培养刚开始，紫花苜蓿DNF，ADF的降解率均高于红三叶，随着时间的延长，其降解率均低红于红三叶。（3）经72小时培养后，豆科牧草的DM，CP，NDF，ADF降解率均明显高于抽穗期的冬牧70黑麦，而接近于穗期的冬牧70黑麦，进一步相关分析可知，各种牧草的NDF与CP，ADF与CP的降解率之间均表现出强的正相关关系。     

日粮不同纤维水平和精粗比对绒山羊瘤胃内中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消失率的影响

选用18只、2.5岁、体重25kg左右的安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊,用尼龙袋法测定了3个精粗比(30∶70、20∶80、10∶90)6个中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平(49%、52%、59%、55%、62%和65%)日粮中的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)2、4、6、8、12、24、48和72h的消失率。结果表明:NDF水平为52%时,绒山羊日粮中的NDF和ADF消失率较高。精粗比例为30∶70、20∶80和10∶90时,绒山羊日粮中的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消失率受影响不同,精粗比20∶80日粮组2～72hNDF和ADF消失率较高,其中2h和72h时NDF和ADF消失率明显高于30∶70和10∶90日粮组。由此可以得出,绒山羊配合饲料中纤维素水平为52%,精粗比例为20∶80较适宜。     

云上黑山羊常用粗饲料瘤胃降解特性与常规营养成分的预测

本试验旨在研究云上黑山羊常用16种粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性，并建立不同营养成分有效降解率与营养成分含量间的预测模型。选用5头体重为(65±0.5) kg、装有永久性瘘管的去势云上黑山羊，运用尼龙袋法测定16种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解率及降解参数。结果表明：1)在72 h时，DM降解率最高的为北部地区的苜蓿，达90.54%,并且其在各个时间点的DM降解率均显著高于其他15种粗饲料(P<0.05);DM降解率最低的为北部地区的麦糠，仅为43.95%。在72 h时，CP降解率最高的为北部地区的苜蓿，达96.41%;最低的为北部地区的麦糠，仅为53.50%。北部地区的苜蓿在各个时间点的NDF和ADF降解率均高于其他粗饲料。2)DM有效降解率最高的为南部地区的玉米青贮，CP有效降解率最高的为北部地区的蚕豆糠，ADF和NDF有效降解率最高的均为北部地区的苜蓿。3)DM、CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解率均受饲料常规营养成分含量的影响，DM有效降解率与CP含量呈正相关，与NDF和ADF含量呈负相关；CP有效降解率与CP含量呈正相...     

不同秸秆产品的瘤胃消失率的测定试验

选用装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的6只成年小尾寒羊羯羊,测定不同秸秆产品的瘤胃消失率,在6、12、24、36、48和72h测定干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量,计算相应营养物质的消失率。结果表明:不同秸秆产品的DM、NDF和ADF瘤胃消失率均高于未处理秸秆,其中,秸秆颗粒瘤胃消失率显著高于未处理秸秆,消失率的高低顺序:秸秆颗粒秸秆饲料块秸秆饲料圆柱未处理秸秆。将秸秆制成产品可以有效提高秸秆的瘤胃消失率,提高秸秆的利用率。     

羊常用粗饲料的瘤胃降解率与常规养分的预测模型

为研究羊常用粗饲料粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃降解率与常规养分间的预测模型,本试验采用尼龙袋法,对山羊常用的粗饲料进行了干物质(DM)、CP和NDF的瘤胃降解率的测定,并建立与常规养分间的预测模型。结果表明:粗饲料DM、CP和NDF的瘤胃降解率均受饲料中CP和纤维物质含量的影响,即与CP呈正相关,与NDF、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)呈负相关;粗饲料的CP和NDF瘤胃降解率与DM瘤胃降解率间均存在正相关关系。由此可见,建立粗饲料DM、CP和NDF的瘤胃降解率与常规养分间的预测模型是可行的。     

不同产地对羊草营养价值及其瘤胃降解特性的影响

试验旨在研究不同产地纯羊草的营养价值和瘤胃降解规律。在黑龙江省松嫩平原四大羊草产地(肇东市、安达市、大庆市、齐齐哈尔市)采样,制成样本,进行常规营养成分分析和尼龙袋法测定其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃消失率与瘤胃降解模型参数。结果表明:不同产地羊草常规营养成分存在差异,其中安达纯羊草CP和NDF含量显著高于其他产地纯羊草,肇东纯羊草酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)显著高于其他产地纯羊草,牧草相对饲用价值(RFV)最高为大庆纯羊草。四地区DM的瘤胃快速降解部分a值与有效降解率(ED)的规律一致,且由高到低的顺序为肇东、大庆、齐齐哈尔、安达纯羊草;CP瘤胃消失率在48 h和72 h时由高到低的顺序均为安达、大庆、肇东、齐齐哈尔;肇东纯羊草NDF的72 h瘤胃消失率、a值及ED值最高。产地因素对羊草营养价值及瘤胃降解规律有显著性影响。     

青贮对饲料稻秸秆DM和NDF瘤胃降解特性的影响

选用3头带永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,以直接晒干饲料稻Oryza sativa秸秆(HRS)为对照,鲜湿稻秆青贮(SRS)为试验组,研究了青贮对饲料稻湘早籼24号秸秆干物质(DM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)瘤胃降解特性的影响.结果表明:青贮显著降低了NDF的含量(P<0.05),对粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、无氮浸出物(NFE)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)无显著影响(P>0.05);青贮极显著提高了饲料稻6、12、24 h时间点的DM和NDF的瘤胃消失率(P<0.01),显著提高了48和72 h时间点的DM和NDF的瘤胃消失率(P<0.05),对36 h时间点DM和NDF瘤胃消失率无显著影响(P>0.05);青贮极显著提高了DM和NDF慢速降解部分(b)和其降解速度常数(c)(P<0.01),对快速降解部分(a)无显著影响(P>0.05);极显著提高了DM和NDF瘤胃有效降解率(P<0.01).结论:青贮可改善饲料稻秸秆养分DM和NDF的瘤胃降解特性,是合理利用水稻秸秆,挖掘其饲用价值的有效途径.     

6种牧草在云南黄牛瘤胃中的降解特性

为研究云南黄牛对不同牧草的降解特性,采用尼龙袋法评定了6种牧草的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃动态消失率和有效降解率.结果表明:6种牧草DM的72 h消失率和有效降解率为苜蓿草粉最高,与一年生黑麦草粉相近(P＞0.05),并与依次降低的苜蓿草块、光叶...     

青贮马铃薯渣作为肉羊饲料的营养价值评定

研究旨在探索青贮马铃薯渣的营养成分及其瘤胃降解率,为肉羊养殖饲料的选取提供一定的理论依据。以青贮马铃薯渣为对象通过尼龙袋法研究其瘤胃降解特性。结果表明:青贮马铃薯干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的降解率随着时间的增加逐渐增大,DM、OM、CP、NDF、ADF的瘤胃有效降解率分别为58.58%、62.17%、55.45%、39.67%、41.92%,DM和CP的瘤胃有效降解率显著高于NDF和ADF。说明青贮马铃薯营养成分丰富且降解率较高,可在肉羊养殖中作为较好的粗饲料广泛利用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein