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内蒙古冷蒿草原适宜放牧率及可持续发展的研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
从不同管理角度进行了内蒙古草地畜牧业生产适宜经营模式和适宜放牧率的探讨,并进行了风险-利润权衡分析。在此基础上,提出了草地畜牧业生产可持续发展所应遵循的基本原则;认为内蒙古典型草原暖季放牧率不宜超过2.0 ̄2.7羊/hm^2,适宜始牧时间为5月底或6月初,当年羔应短期育肥出栏。这样,羊草和大针茅草原就不会退化到冷蒿草原,冷蒿草原能得到利用式改良的效果。 相似文献
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内蒙古典型草原草畜系统适宜放牧率的研究Ⅱ.以牧草地上现存量和净初级生产力为管理目标 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文以放牧管理中放牧率与牧草地上现存量及净初级生产力之间的关系,分析和探讨内蒙古典型草原草-畜系统的适宜放牧率。尽管草原地上现存量随着放牧率的增大而降低,采食率随着放牧率的增大而增大,但最大地上净初级生产力则以2.67羊/hm2最大。结果表明,在冷蒿小禾草退化草原,确定最大地上净初级生产力的适宜放牧率,既要考虑地上现存量的大小,又要兼顾采食量,因而将草原状况与放牧率有机结合,综合的判断标准较为适用。此类退化草原最大地上净初级生产力的放牧率约为2.7羊/hm2,此时,个体增重和公顷增重分别为最大个体增重和公顷增重的87%和70%以上。因此,冷蒿退化草原的最大放牧率不应超过该放牧率值。 相似文献
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内蒙古有着大面积的天然草原,畜牧业的发展主要依赖于草原,属于以放牧为主的草原畜牧业经营体系。草原畜牧业既是以草地为基础,就必然会涉及到土—草—畜之间的关系。因此,要搞好草原畜牧业,就要了解和研究放牧草地、土壤及放 相似文献
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内蒙古典型草原草畜系统适宜放牧率的研究:Ⅱ.以牧草地上现存量和净初?… 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文以放牧管理中放牧草与牧草地上现存量及净初级生产力之间的关系,分析和探讨内蒙古典型草原草-畜系统的适宜放牧草,尽管草原地上现存量随着放牧率的增大而降低,采食率随着放牧率的增大而增大,但最大地上净初级生产力则以2.67羊/hm^2最大。结果表明,在冷蒿小禾草退化草原,确定最大地上净初级生产力的适宜放牧率,既要考虑地上现存量的大小,又要瘘顾采食量,因而将草原状况与放牧率有机结合,综合的判断标准较为适 相似文献
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中国北方草原畜牧业限制因素以及管理策略分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据对内蒙古一个有关草地保护和管理项目的调研,分析了影响草原资源可持续利用和草原畜牧业发展的一些限制因素。调研发现,草原地承包及租赁体制、饲草料生产和供给策略、家畜放牧制度等是影响本地区畜牧业生产体系和草原可持续性的主要因素。基于本研究结果,提出了“春季休牧”(或称之为“延迟放牧”)的生产方式。同时,推荐了一些可缓解冬春季节严重饲草料不足的措施。 相似文献
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保护和建设草原生态需要牧户调整放牧强度。草地资源是畜牧业发展的重要载体,数字技术是畜牧业提质增效的内在动力,二者结合导致的草地利用强度变化对畜牧业高质量发展影响重大,故研究数字技术采纳、草地流转对牧户载畜率的影响具有重要价值。本文基于内蒙古322户纯牧户调查数据,采用Tobit模型探讨数字技术对牧户放牧强度的直接效应,选择调节效应模型分析草地流转影响数字技术与放牧强度之间关系的作用机制。结果显示:数字技术采纳可有效降低牧户放牧强度,且在不同收入占比牧户间存在异质性;草地流转对数字技术降低牧户放牧强度具有调节效应,其中草地转入负向调节数字技术对放牧强度的抑制作用;草地转出呈正向调节效应。因此,为可持续利用草地资源,引导牧户调整放牧强度,应推广数字技术,加快草原畜牧业生产经营数字化转型;加强数字技术培训,提高牧户数字素养与技能;完善线上草地流转交易平台,加强转入草地使用情况监督;增加牧户非农生计策略选择,推动草地转出长期化。 相似文献
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草地放牧制度不仅反映畜牧业生产的特征.也决定其性质.草地放牧制度选择的合理与否,直接影响草地资源的可持续利用和草地生态环境质量以及牧户经营收入.在阐述草原牧区草地放牧制度演变的基础上,采用基于随机抽样的人户调查和实地考察的方法,对位于浑善达克沙地的6个苏木290个牧户进行了调查研究,分析了牧户草地放牧制度的不同类型以及草地利用中的经营管理行为. 相似文献
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放牧率对内蒙古典型草原物种分布空间异质性的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
本文应用统计学研究放牧率对内蒙古温带典型草原的羊草、大针茅、冷蒿和星毛委陵菜分布空间异质性的影响。结果表明:1)放牧率对典型草原物种空间分布有明显的影响。随着放牧率的增大,羊草与大针茅空间分布的随机性减小,空间自相关尺度逐渐增大。而在退化过程中入侵的冷蒿和星毛委陵菜,空间分布的随机性逐渐增大,空间自相关尺度亦呈增大趋势。在放牧率胁迫超过一定程度时,冷蒿空间分布的自相关开始下降,而星毛萎陵菜的空间分布则表现出强烈的随机性。2)格局图谱法反应出群落演替的主要矛盾,对于草原,格局图谱不受啃食和小尺度生境变化的影响,适用于不同放牧下群落之间的比较。 相似文献
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草原管理与畜牧业持续发展 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
内蒙古有丰富的天然草地资源,但由于利用和管理不善,畜牧业难以持续发展。草地畜牧业遇到了草原退化、牧草数量和质量下降、畜产品数量少以及畜牧业抗灾能力弱四个问题。畜牧业可持续发展的策略和措施是,走生态牧业、增草增畜的发展道路,并采取草原有偿承包使用制度、核定草地载畜量、合理放牧、增加植被数量以及执行草原法等草原管理措施。只要加强草原管理,草原的生产潜力是较大的。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献