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1.
The present study examined the chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase and antifungal activities of essential oils of Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. from Gundih-Central Java, Indonesia in different plant ages of 5, 10 and 15 years old. The Chemical composition of essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-six components were identified, of which 1,8-cineole (49.22–55.04 %), α-terpineol (8.79–10.70 %), d-limonene (5.58–6.39 %), and β-caryophyllene (5.03–7.64 %) were the main compounds in these oils. The antioxidant assay and anti-hyaluronidase assay showed that M. leucadendron leaf oils possess mild antioxidant activity with IC50 between 7.21 and 9.23 mg/ml and anti-hyaluronidase activity with IC50 between 1.94 and 3.03 mg/ml. The antifungal assay showed the effectiveness of these essential oils against Fomitopsis palustris (IC50 0.12–3.16 mg/ml), Trametes versicolor (IC50 0.01–0.06 mg/ml), Cladosporium cladosporioides (IC50 0.03–0.49 mg/ml), and Chaetomium globosum (IC50 0.06–0.15 mg/ml). 相似文献
2.
The composition and antitermite activities of nine essential oils from two Melaleuca species, gelam and cajuputi, were compared using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and bioassays. Gelam oils
were rich in compounds whose boiling points were high, and they were separated into the elemene-rich type and the γ-terpinene- and terpinolene-rich type. Cajuputi oils in this experiment were categorized into three chemotypes according to
their 1,8-cineole content: high, low, none. In the termiticidal activity test, gelam oils were stronger than most cajuputi
oils in the contact condition. The elemene-rich gelam lost its activity in the noncontact condition, whereas another type
of gelam kept its termiticidal activity. The authentic sample of elemene showed the same result as the elemene-rich gelam,
indicating that the termiticidal activity of gelam was caused by at least two types of compound: elemene and “others.” 1,8-Cineole
exhibited the same tendency as elemene, but it was weak. Hence the 1,8-cineole content of cajuputi was irrelevant to termiticidal
activity of samples that exhibited strong activity under both conditions despite their high content. The appearances of gelam
and cajuputi leaves are easily confused, a problem that has not yet been solved. Other scientific methods, such as genetic
analysis, are required to identify gelam. The difference in the compositions and antitermite activities, however, were charified
in this experiment.
Received: November 30, 2001 / Accepted: June 5, 2002
Correspondence to:M. Yatagai 相似文献
3.
Wei-Wen Cheng Chien-Tsong Lin Fang-Hua Chu Shang-Tzen Chang Sheng-Yang Wang 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(1):27-31
Forest-air bathing and walking (shinrin-yoku) is beneficial to human heath. In this study the phytoncide (volatile compounds) released from Cryptomeria japonica plantation forest was characterized by using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). The main volatile compounds were α-pinene (19.35%), β-myrcene (16.98%), d-limonene (15.21%), and γ-muurolene (7.42%). Furthermore, the neuropharmacological activity of the essential oils from leaves of C. japonica (ECJ) was evaluated by several animal behavior tests. ECJ could prolong the sleeping phase of ICR (imprinting control region)
mice in the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time model. Furthermore, both EJC and one of its monoterpenes, d-limonene, possessed potent anxiolytic and analgesic activities based on the results obtained from elevated plus maze and
writhing tests. The volatile compounds released from C. japonica provide relaxing and stress-relieving effects on mice, and further study on the effect of phytoncide on humans is worthwhile. 相似文献
4.
The antitermitic activities of leaf oils and their constituents, taken from three clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. in Thailand, against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki were investigated in contact and noncontact tests. The termiticidal mechanism was also examined. Antitermitic tests
demonstrated that E. camaldulensis leaf oils were both contact toxicants and fumigants to C. formosanus with LC50 values ranging between 12.68 and 17.50 mg/g by the contact method, and between 12.65 and 17.50 mg/petri dish (100 cm3) by the noncontact method. p-Cymene and γ-terpinene were primarily responsible for the contact toxicity and 1,8-cineole was responsible for fumigation.
From the investigation of termiticidal mechanism, E. camaldulensis leaf oils exhibited the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and showed the common symptoms of a neurotoxic mode of
action against C. formosanus.
Part of this report was presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, March 2008 相似文献
5.
Possibility of improvement in fundamental properties of wood of acacia hybrids by artificial hybridization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nguyen Tu Kim Junji Matsumura Kazuyuki Oda Nguyen Viet Cuong 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(1):8-12
Growth, specific gravity, and wood fiber length of Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, artificial acacia hybrid clones, and combinations, which were planted in a trial forest in Bavi, Vietnam, in July 2001,
were examined. The radial variations from pith to bark were investigated to clarify the effect of genetic factors on these
traits. Superiority of hybrids over their parents ranged from 36.3% to 41.6% for diameter, from 20.0% to 25.3% for height,
from 6.9% to 20.7% for specific gravity, and from 6.1% to 12.8% for wood fiber length. The hybrid possessed heterosis in diameter,
height, specific gravity, and wood fiber length regardless of whether the female parent was A. mangium or A. auriculiformis. The profiles of wood fiber length and specific gravity in the radial direction were similar for all the trees investigated.
Wood fiber length was initially 0.5–0.6 mm near the pith and then increased slowly, finally reaching 1.0–1.2 mm near the bark.
The specific gravity of acacia increased from 0.49–0.58 near the pith to 0.63–0.74 near the bark. From a relative distance
of 30% from the pith, the specific gravity increased slightly and seemed to be stable. The relations among tree diameter,
specific gravity, and wood fiber length were fair and could be represented by positive linear regression formulas. Hybrids
for which A. auriculiformis was the female parent and A. mangium was the male parent had a faster growth rate and longer wood fibers than the inverse hybrids.
Part of this report was presented at the 6th Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference, Kyoto, Japan, December 2005 相似文献
6.
Akram Taghizadeh Saroukolai Saeid Moharramipour Mohammad Hadi Meshkatalsadat 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(1):3-8
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper
alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil
was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the
major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4
and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT50) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT50 values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC50 values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects. 相似文献
7.
The leaf essential oils (six samples) from three clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Radical scavenging and antioxidant properties were investigated
by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the β-carotene bleaching test. It was found that the whole essential oil and its fractions had significant antioxidant effects
when they were tested by each method. In the DPPH assay, the E. camaldulensis leaf oils showed IC50 inhibitory concentrations in the range of 1.75–12.62 mg/ml. In the β-carotene bleaching test, the IC50 valued were in the range of 14.30–118.55 μg/ml.
Part of this report was presented at the 18th meeting of the Chugoku-Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, November
2006 相似文献
8.
Ismail Amri Samia Gargouri Lamia Hamrouni Mohsen Hanana Tarek Fezzani Bassem Jamoussi 《Journal of pest science》2012,85(2):199-207
The chemical composition of essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian Pinus pinea Linn. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-six compounds were identified, representing 98.5% of total oil, which was found
to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.1%) particularly limonene (54.1%), α-pinene (7.7%), and β-pinene (3.4%). The yield
and the physico-chemical properties were determined. Results of the antifungal activity study by in vitro contact assay showed
that P. pinea oil significantly inhibited the growth of ten plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, herbicidal properties of the oil, tested
on Sinapis arvensis L., Lolium rigidum Gaud., and Raphanus raphanistrum L., indicated that the oil completely inhibited the seed germination at a high concentration, while at low doses the oil
acted by decreasing and delaying the germination and inhibiting the seedling growth of all tested weeds unlike the commercial
herbicide. Our results showed that P. pinea essential oil could be valorized as bioproduct for biocontrol of weeds and fungal plant diseases. 相似文献
9.
Thirty-four plant essential oils were screened for their acaricidal and oviposition deterrent activities against two-spotted
spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), in the laboratory using a leaf-dip bioassay. From initial trials, sandalwood and common thyme
oils were observed to be the most effective against TSSM adult females. Subsequent trials confirmed that only sandalwood oil
was significantly active (87.2 ± 2.9% mortality) against TSSM adult females. Sandalwood oil also demonstrated oviposition
deterring effects based on a 89.3% reduction of the total number of eggs on leaf disks treated with the oil. GC–MS analysis
revealed that the main components of the sandalwood oil were α-santalol (45.8%), β-santalol (20.6%), β-sinensal (9.4%), and epi-β-santalol (3.3%). A mixture of α- and β-santalol (51.0:22.9, respectively) produced significantly higher mortality (85.5 ± 2.9%) and oviposition deterrent effects
(94.7% reduction in the number of eggs) than the control. Phytotoxicity was not shown on rose shoots to which a 0.1% solution
of sandalwood oil was applied. 相似文献
10.
Agroforestry systems based on poplar (Populus deltoides) are becoming popular in eastern and northern parts of India. Therefore studies on the structure and function of the systems
are important. The investigations included allometric equations for above- and belowground tree components, crop and plantation
floor biomass and litter fall estimation at Pusa, Bihar, India. Biomass, floor litter mass, litter fall and net primary productivity
(NPP) of plantations increased with an increase in age of trees whereas, crop biomass for any specific crop interplanted with
poplar decreased with the age of the plantation. The total plantation biomass increased from 12.08 to 90.59 Mg ha−1 and NPP varied from 5.69 to 27.9 Mg ha−1 year−1. The biomass accumulation ratio ranged from 2.1 to 3.2. Total annual litter fall was in between 1.95 and 10.00 Mg ha−1 year−1, of which 92–94% was contributed by leaf litter. Compartmental models were developed for dry matter distribution in agroforestry
systems involving young (3-year-old) and mature (9-year-old) poplar trees interplanted with various crops, the crops being
grown in two rotations maize (Zea mays) – wheat (Triticum aestivum) – turmeric (Curcuma domestica) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) – turmeric. This study substantiates the potential of Populus deltoides G3 under agroforestry combinations. 相似文献
11.
Nutrient concentrations in plant and soil and their rates of cycling in poplar (Populus deltoides)-based agroforestry systems were studied at Pusa, Bihar, India. The nutrient concentrations in the standing biomass of the
crop were more than those in tree, whereas the nutrient contents showed the reverse trend. Soil, litter and vegetation accounted
for 80.3–99.5, 0.1–5.0 and 0.4–14.7%, respectively, of the total nutrients in the system. Considerable reduction (40–54%)
in concentration of nutrients in leaves occurred during senescence. The uptake of nutrients by vegetation, and also by different
components with and without adjustment for internal recycling, were calculated separately. Annual transfer of litter nutrient
to the soil by vegetation was 37.3–146.2 N, 5.6–17.9 P and 25.0–66.3 K kg ha−1 year−1 in young (3-year-old) and mature (9-year-old) plantations. Turnover rate and time for different nutrients ranged between
0.86–0.99 year−1 and 1.01–1.16 years, respectively. Compartmental models for nutrient dynamics have been developed to represent the distribution
of nutrient contents and net annual fluxes within the system. This study shows that the poplar-based agroforestry system can
be sustainable in terms of soil nutrient status. 相似文献
12.
Experiments were conducted to study plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis using mature zygotic embryo and
cotyledonary explants from seeds of Melia volkensii stored for <3 and >12 months. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with BAP, NAA and 2,4-D
(0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg l−1) alone, and BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg l−1) in combination with 2,4-D or NAA (0.2 and 0.5 mg l−1). After 4 weeks in culture, up to 60% of cotyledonary explants from the seeds stored for <3 months produced direct somatic
embryos on BAP (0.5–4.0 mg l−1) in combination with 2,4-D (0.2 mg l−1). The number of somatic embryos ranged from 5 to 14 per explant in BAP (0.5 mg l−1) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg l−1) combination. Only 20% of cotyledonary explants from seeds stored for >12 months produced somatic embryos. Mature zygotic
embryos failed to produce any somatic embryos. Subcultures of somatic embryos from cotyledonary explants of seeds stored for
<3 months formed clusters of shootlets on semi solid MS and 1/2 MS media. After 6 weeks of subculture on multiplication MS
media augmented with BAP (0.5 mg l−1) and IAA (0.2 mg l−1), 70% of the shoot tips formed 4–7 shoots per explant. Up to 33% of the multiplied shoots were rooted in MS medium supplemented
with 2.0 mg l−1 IBA. Plantlets developed normally into seedlings in the greenhouse. 相似文献
13.
Kazuyuki Hattori Sota Shikata Ryo Maekawa Masakazu Aoyama 《Journal of Wood Science》2010,56(2):169-171
We examined the dissolution of polystyrene into p-cymene and related substances to develop an alternative method for the recycling of expanded polystyrene. The dissolving
power of p-cymene [212.0 g (100 g solvent)−1] to polystyrene at 50°C compared favorably with those of 2-p-cymenol [156.7 g (100 g solvent)−1], (R)-limonene and its structural isomers [181.7–197.1 g (100 g solvent)−1], and Abies leaf oil [84.7 g (100 g solvent)−1]. The favorable solubility of polystyrene into p-cymene can be explained by the solubility parameter. p-Cymene and polystyrene can be recovered almost quantitatively from the polystyrene solution by simple steam distillation. 相似文献
14.
For the first time during October 2006, the occurrence of Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman 1847) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was recorded on the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Slovakia. During 2007, field surveys were undertaken to determine the distribution of the species and the infestation
ratio at different locations. One year after its first discovery, O. robiniae was found throughout southern Slovakia. The gall midge was observed in 148 out of 161 checked locations. The infestation
ratio of single leaves varied from 4 to 100%. The infestation ratio of the black locust tree was evaluated during May–June,
July–August, and September–October, and accounted for 15–39, 9–53, and 6–49%, respectively. The most frequent infestation
ratio fluctuated from 10 to 30% (115 locations). The highest infestation was recorded during July–August. Greater infestation
was prevalent in the larger settlements than it was in the countryside. The gall midge was also recorded on R. viscosa Vent. Although the results show that O. robiniae is nowadays an usual insect with high potential to become an important pest of ornamental black locust or biological control
agent against weedy black locust in southern Slovakia, the species do not appear to have reached pest status until now. 相似文献
15.
The repetitive and inadequate application of pediculicidal products frequently results in the development of resistance to these compounds. Essential oils are a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides, although their mode of action remains to be explored. It has been proposed that one possible target of the essential oils is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The role of monoterpenoids as possible AChE inhibitors and their relationship with the toxicity was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of electric eel AChE activity showed that the most effective inhibitor was 1,8-cineole with IC(50) 6 x 10(-3) M. The inhibition of AChE activity of head louse homogenate by 1,8-cineole showed IC(50) 7.7 x 10(-2) M. The intoxication symptoms of head lice exposed to vapors of 1,8-cineole was recorded before the in vivo head louse AChE inhibition assay. No correlation was found between neurotoxic symptoms and inhibition of AChE activity. 相似文献
16.
Kazuya Tsuruta Yayoi Yoshida Norihisa Kusumoto Nobuhiro Sekine Tatsuya Ashitani Koetsu Takahashi 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(6):520-525
The growth inhibition activities of essential oils obtained from Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pinus thunbergii were examined against the bacillariophyceae Skeletonema costatum, also known as red tide plankton. The essential oils were extracted from the heartwood, leaves, and bark of these typical
indigenous Japanese conifers. The essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood possessed strong growth inhibition activity. The chemical compositions of these essential oils were analyzed by
gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). α-Terpineol and longifolene were the main components of the essential oil from P. thunbergii heartwood. The C. japonica bark essential oil was mainly composed of α-terpineol, δ-cadinene, isophyllocladene, and ferruginol. Ferruginol and longifolene showed more potent growth inhibition against S. costatum than hinokitiol (β-thujaplicine), which is known to be a strong antifungal compound among wood components. Ferruginol and longifolene were important
factors for the growth inhibition activity of the essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood, respectively. These results suggest the possibility of using C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood for the control of red tide plankton. 相似文献
17.
India is the largest grower of Eucalyptus with an area of 3.943 million hectares under plantations and E. tereticornis is the predominant species in the plains of southern India with an average productivity of 12–25 m3 ha−1 year−1. With the aim to establish seedling seed orchards of the species, seed lots of fifteen provenances were imported from Australia
and a trial was laid. In the present study the genetic diversity existing in the seed orchard was estimated using ISSR–PCR.
Seven ISSR primers amplified 663 amplicons in the size ranging from 255 to 2,711 bp. The total number of polymorphic bands
varied from 59 to 123 with 100% polymorphic banding profiles. The average gene diversity (Hj) of all the provenances ranged from 0.0589 to 0.1109 and the total gene diversity estimated was low (H
T = 0.130) when compared to the earlier reports from other eucalypts species. Analysis of Molecular Variance partitioned the
ISSR variation into inter and intra population components. The inter population component accounted for 55.2% of the variation
and the intra population component accounted for 46.3% (P < 0.001). A neighbour-joining analysis was done using the dissimilarity matrix to determine the aggregation of the individuals
into clusters. Existence of population structure among the populations was revealed in STRUCTURE analysis but geographical
region based clustering was not observed. The assessment of intra and inter genetic variation documented in the present study
suggests that, along with the phenotypic traits, knowledge about genetic diversity measured at the DNA level in individuals
of seed orchards provide an objective guide for selective culling of trees for maintaining optimal diversity for enhanced
genetic gains. 相似文献
18.
K. Black T. Bolger P. Davis M. Nieuwenhuis B. Reidy G. Saiz B. Tobin B. Osborne 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(2):167-178
A comparison was made of annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of a closed canopy Sitka spruce forest over 2 years, using
either eddy covariance or inventory techniques. Estimates for annual net uptake of carbon (C) by the forest varied between
7.30 and 11.44 t C ha−1 year−1 using ecological inventory (NEPeco) measures and 7.69–9.44 t C ha−1 year−1 using eddy covariance-based NEP (-NEE) assessments. These differences were not significant due to uncertainties and errors
associated with estimates of biomass increment (15–21%) and heterotrophic respiration (12–19%). Carbon-stock change inventory
(NEPΔC
) values were significantly higher (27–32%), when compared to both NEPeco- and -NEE-based estimates. Additional analyses of the data obtained from this study, together with published data, suggest
that there was a systematic overestimation of NEPΔC
-based assessments due to unaccounted decomposition processes and uncertainties in the estimation of soil-C stock changes.
In contrast, there was no systematic difference between NEPeco and eddy covariance assessments across a wide range of forest types and geographical locations. 相似文献
19.
A. Itoh T. Yamakura S. Tan J. J. Kendawang H. S. Lee 《Journal of Forest Research》2003,8(2):0117-0121
Cuttings from older trees of the Dipterocarpaceae generally lose their ability to root. However, branches in a canopy of
adult dipterocarps are a possible source of cuttings because they show juvenile characteristics in architecture due to “adaptive
reiteration”, suggesting physiological rejuvenation. Effects of resource plant size on the rooting of cuttings and the possibility
of using cuttings from reiterated branches of adult trees were studied for Dryobalanops lanceolata, an emergent dipterocarp species. A cutting experiment with non-mist propagators was conducted for cuttings collected from
resource plants of four different size classes: <2 m, 2–5 m, 8–15 m, and 70 m in height. The smallest size class included
two different age classes: <2 and >2 years old. Cuttings from the tallest resource plant were collected from reiterated branches.
Rooting percentage was negatively correlated with resource plant size: 77–78% for resource plants <2 m, 63% for 2–5 m, 36%
for 8–15 m, and 0% for 70 m. Rooting percentages of cuttings collected from different individuals were not different for the
2–5 m tall class, while they were significantly different for the 8–15 m tall class. Resource plant size was negatively correlated
with the number of roots for rooted cuttings. No significant relationship was observed between resource plant size and mean
length of each root, total root length or total root dry weight for rooted cuttings. The results suggest the possibility of
collecting cuttings from relatively large resource plants up to 15 m tall and >20 years old if we chose good individuals for
resource plants. The results, however, show the difficulty in using reiterated branches of adult trees as a source of cuttings
for D. lanceolata.
Received: October 15, 2001 / Accepted: November 11, 2002
Acknowledgments We express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. Tamura, Dr. K. Ogino, and Mr. A.A. Hamid for their kind support. The tree tower was
constructed in a cooperative project between Japan and Sarawak supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology, Japan (Grant NP0201). The cutting experiment was partly funded by the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation and
the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS-RFTF96R16001).
Correspondence to:A. Itoh 相似文献
20.
George J. Stathas Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos George Japoshvili Dimitris C. Kontodimas 《Journal of pest science》2009,82(1):33-39
The ecology of the coccid Protopulvinaria pyriformis infesting the laurel Laurus nobilis was studied from October 2003 to September 2005 in SW Greece. The coccid is parthenogenetic and oviparous, producing increased
amounts of honeydew throughout the year. It settles mainly on the lower leaf surface. The scale overwinters as egg, 1st and
2nd instar nymph and adult and completes several overlapping generations every year. The life cycle was estimated to last
in nature ~52 days during winter and 29–33 days during summer. Infestation density ranged between 0.3 and 2.8 live scales
per cm2 of leaf surface. Metaphycus helvolus was the only wasp found to parasitize P. pyriformis. Parasitism rate reached 31.2% during the second year of the study. The scale was able to resist parasitization by encapsulating
the parasitoid’s eggs. Maximum encapsulation rate was estimated up to 23% of the adult scales. Encapsulated eggs ranged from
1 to 5 eggs per adult scale. Predation rate reached 7% and it was attributed to the coccinellid Chilocorus bipustulatus. The above information could be important for planning a sustainable control strategy for this new pest in Greece. 相似文献