Foliar, Physiologial and Growth Responses of Four Maple Species Exposed to Ozone

In order to restore the forest ecosystem in the vicinity of an industrial park, Ulsan, southeastern Korea, which has been heavily acidified by air pollution, a preliminary experiment by applying tolerant plants selected through several procedures, and dolomite and sewage sludge as soil ameliorators was carried out. Furthermore, a restoration based on the results was executed and the effects were evaluated based on the creation of safe sites, where new species can establish: regeneration of the forest with species similar in composition to the natural vegetation of native forests that are distant from the industrial park; increase in species diversity. In a preliminary study, the necessity of soil amelioration was diagnosed. Quercus serrata, Alnus firma and Ligustrum japonicum, which represent for tree, subtree, and shrub layers of vegetation in this region, were used as sample plants. Dolomite, sludge, and a mixture of both materials were applied as soil ameliorators. Bare ground (BG), and two grasslands dominated by forbs (GF) and grass (GG), respectively were designated as experimental plots based on a vegetation map of the corresponding area. BG and GF plots, which have lower organic matter contents, increased the growth of sample plants in response to soil amelioration, whereas that with higher contents, GG plot, did not show this response. The result suggests that necessity of soil amelioration depends on site quality. The effects of soil amelioration depended also on the sample plants. This difference is due to an ecological property of A. firma, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with actinomycetic fungi. This result implies that this alder could be used as a substitute for soil ameliorators in restoration plan of this area. The height and standing crop of undergrowth, which forms dense grass mat and thereby impedes establishment of new plants, decreased in the restored stands. Such a decrease in the height and biomass of undergrowth could be recognized as providing safe sites, in which the other plants can invade, by removing the dense carpet formed by Miscanthus sinensis. The results of stand ordination showed a progression of the former bare grounds to either M. sinensis (GG) or Pueraria thunbergiana (GF) stands, suggesting a natural recovery through succession toward the stands dominated by both plants. But the change was not progressed beyond the grassland stage. Active restoration practice, which was carried out by applying tolerant plants, however, led to a change toward species composition similar to the natural vegetation before devastation. Furthermore, restored stands reflected the restoration effect by showing higher diversity than the stands in the degraded state. These results showed that the restorative treatment carried out by introducing tolerant plants functioned toward increasing both biological integrity and ecological stability and thereby could meet the restoration goal.     

农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——水环境生态修复技术

当前,我国农村水体普遍污染严重,作为农村面源污染治理技术体系中的最后一环,农村水环境生态修复技术的实施具有十分重要的现实意义。本文在自己已有工作的基础上,总结和梳理了国内外适合我国农村的水环境生态修复技术,并分别按技术原理进行了阐述。研究表明,其中的生态浮床技术具有投资少、见效快、管理方便等优点,是一种行之有效的水体原位生态修复技术,尤其是采用水稻等能产生经济效益的植物作为浮床植物,不仅可以改善水质,其收益也能补偿部分投资成本;水生植物恢复技术是提高水体自净能力、恢复水生态系统结构和功能的必然选择,按照目标要求进行水生植物恢复,可以有效降低水体污染物浓度,促进水生态系统良性发展;以土壤生物工程为主的生态护坡技术适合我国农村河道的边坡修复,河岸植被群落能够得到良好恢复,坡岸土壤侵蚀和农业面源污染均能得到有效控制。生态修复技术的应用需与生态拦截技术和养分利用技术相协调,要以不同功能和目标需求为导向,注重采用组合技术工艺进行修复,以提高水环境生态修复的效果。     

Ecological Restoration of Polluted Plain Rivers Within the Haihe River Basin in China

The Haihe River basin is located in the north of China and has an area of 318,000 km². The region is politically important and economically advanced. For example, the Haihe River basin sustains a population of more than 120 million and generates a gross domestic production of approximately 2,600 billion Chinese Yuan. The ecological health of plain rivers within the Haihe River basin of China is questionable because of severe water shortages, considerable water, soil and air pollution, and the destruction of the natural river morphologies. It is therefore necessary to establish a generic and theoretical restoration methodology to guide river ecological restoration efforts in the future. Thirteen methodologies and technologies were selected from an existing suit of ecosystem restoration techniques currently applied to the Haihe River catchment. These technologies were further divided into three types: water quantity adjustment, water purification, and habitat improvement. The most suitable ecological restoration techniques were selected as a function of all three types. However, direct methods of addressing water quantity and quality problems were identified as critical for the success of future restoration efforts. Examples of the application of the conceptual ecological restoration model for the representative plain rivers Beiyunhe, Yongding and Wei, all located within the Haihe River Basin, are also assessed. The conceptual model provides practical solutions to pollution problems, is generic in nature, and could therefore be applied to other polluted watercourses in densely populated regions in the developed and developing world.     

Restoration of Gypsicolous Vegetation on Quarry Slopes: Guidance for Hydroseeding under Contrasting Inclination and Aspect

The establishment of gypsicolous vegetation of high conservation value on land impacted by quarrying requires restoration measures to overcome constraints imposed by the new landforms created in the process. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of three standard hydroseeding methods to restore gypsicolous vegetation on quarry spoil slopes under a dry Mediterranean climate. The treatments were as follows: paper cellulose mulch, paper cellulose mulch + organic blanket, and wood fibre mulch, compared against a control. These treatments were tested on two slopes (10–15% vs 60–65%) and two contrasting aspects (north vs south). We evaluated the cover of all plant species 2·8 years after treatment, assessing both target gypsicolous species and non‐target species. Our results showed strong compositional and cover differences between hydroseeded and control plots. Control plots had a low cover of target species with a vegetation composed of early‐successional species that had the potential to hinder target species establishment over time. All hydroseeding treatments improved target vegetation cover, with wood fibre performing best in most situations studied here, alternatives being the cheaper but less effective paper mulch on shallow slopes, or the more expensive paper mulch + blanket on steep slopes in case of high erosion risk. Shallow and southern‐steep slopes were more suitable for the recovery of gypsum vegetation by hydroseeding, compared to northern‐steep slopes where non‐target species developed more readily outcompeting target species. These results will help to guide management decisions to restore gypsicolous vegetation by hydroseeding in disturbed gypsum habitats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北疆引水干渠边坡生态恢复效果的调查与评价——以新疆克拉玛依市西干渠工程黄旗坝段为例

[目的]分析西干渠黄旗坝段边坡生态恢复效果,为调控植被演替速率和预期植被恢复效果提供依据。[方法]对渠道开挖造成的阴坡、阳坡和渠道边坡坡顶上的自然生境下对照样地的土壤、植被状况进行了调查和分析。[结果](1)经过生态恢复后的阴坡、阳坡植物的多度、盖度、均匀度指数Pielou、多样性指数Shannon-Wiener和丰富度指数Margalef均有所提高,阴坡高于阳坡,但仍低于自然生境下的水平。(2)在土壤氮、磷、钾养分特性方面,阴坡、阳坡的土壤氮、磷、钾养分均有所提高,但仍低于自然生境下的水平,呈现出自然生境阴坡阳坡的分布差异。(3)阴坡、阳坡经过生态恢复后植物群落指数仍偏低,群落演替仍处于灌草植物群落阶段。[结论]边坡生态恢复技术能改善西干渠地区边坡的土壤养分状况,促进边坡植被的生长,但鉴于西干渠地区特殊的环境条件,短时间内生态恢复措施效果尚不明显,需加大长期的修复力度。另外,北疆地区边坡生态恢复中植物的选择应以当地乡土植物为主。     

Effects of hexachlorocyclohexane on rhizosphere fungal propagules and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Plantago lanceolata

Lindane ( γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane or γ‐HCH) is an organochlorine insecticide previously used extensively for the control of agricultural pests. We studied the effects of soil HCH contamination on vegetation and its associated arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). The polluted and unpolluted plots had similar plant cover, with the same species richness and abundance. Plantago lanceolata plants were selected for mycorrhizal analysis because of their presence in both plots and known mycotrophy. The presence of HCH appeared to have no significant effect on the extent of colonization of Plantago roots by AM, suggesting a similar functionality of the fungal symbionts. However, infective AM propagules, the density of AM spores and viable AM hyphae in the rhizosphere were much less in the HCH‐polluted soil than in the unpolluted plot. Pre‐inoculation of four plant species with an isolate of Glomus deserticola obtained from the HCH‐contaminated soil resulted in increased growth and fungal colonization of roots compared with plants pre‐inoculated with the introduced fungus G. macrocarpum or colonized by the consortium of indigenous AM fungal species, when those plants were transplanted to an HCH‐contaminated soil. This suggests that the fungus increases the tolerance of plants to the toxic soil environment. We conclude that herbaceous and woody plants can grow in soil with little P contaminated with <100 mg HCH kg^?1 with the help of tolerant AM, despite the detrimental effect of HCH on AM fungal propagules in soil. The effects of AM fungi on plant growth and soil microbial community structure in HCH‐polluted sites could be important for remediation of the pollutant through the microbial activity in the rhizosphere.     

高速公路边坡植被重建过程中群落组成特征

[目的]对河北省西柏坡高速公路4种不同边坡类型进行调查,旨在选择合适的边坡植被恢复技术。[方法]通过随机取样调查进行不同边坡群落组成结构分析。[结果]4种边坡类型的物种多样性差异显著。自然恢复土质边坡植被盖度最低,自然恢复石质边坡的物种多样性最差,人工恢复生态袋技术边坡的物种多样性和植被盖度最高。[结论]人工恢复生态袋技术和挂网喷播技术对高速公路边坡复绿都有明显的改善,而生态袋技术对边坡复绿改善最为明显。     

人工边坡生态恢复抗侵蚀效果研究

大规模的基础设施建设形成的岩石边坡,严重破坏了原有植被覆盖的地表,从而引发严重的水土流失。对高、陡、破坏严重岩石边坡的人工修复是生态恢复的重点和难点,但人工边坡又具有不稳定性和较强异质性的特点,通常造成边坡生态恢复效果不佳。边坡的抗侵蚀效果是衡量边坡生态恢复成功与否的外在表现,阐述了边坡坡面地质特征、边坡表面形态、坡面平整程度、坡长、坡度等内在因素和降雨、坡面植被、人工土壤、生态防护工程形式等外在因素对人工边坡生态恢复工程抗侵蚀效果的影响。     

干旱荒漠区封育沙地植被群落特征变化研究

以天然植被围栏封育和人工种植+围栏封育措施下沙地植物群落为对象,以无封护的流动沙地做对照,研究了不同恢复措施对沙地群落物种组成及结构变化的影响.结果表明,(1)封育15 a后,人工种植+围栏封育区侵入物种的丰富度随演替的进展已达12种,其中猪毛菜7.562株/m~2,碟果虫实3.233株/m~2,雾冰藜3.017株/m~2,沙米1.615株/m~2,狗尾草1.112株/m~2.种类组成及生活型结构在向天然植被围栏封育区植物群落靠近,但两者间仍表现出较大差异.(2)在类型组成上,两种封育措施区差异主要表现在优势科及各科种类数量上.(3)在综合多样性特征上,两种措施区草被层的Shannon指数和丰富度指数存在显著差异,而其余各指数两者差异均不显著,但天然植被围栏封育区灌木层的生态优势度指数较高.(4)群落的相似性指数表明,两种封育措施间的植物群落差距较大,且2种封育措施下的植物群落与植被呈零星状分布的无封护措施的流动沙地相比,生态差距均十分显著,这表明封育可明显促进沙地植被的多样性恢复,其中人工种植对沙地植物群落物种多样性恢复的作用是相对缓慢而渐进的.     

秦巴山区高速公路生态恢复规划设计研究

通过勉宁高速公路路域生态恢复规划设计及施工实践,总结出秦巴山区同类型高速公路路域生态恢复规划设计的工作程序与一般方法,即在生态本底调查研究、评价的基础上尊重自然、正视自然、保护自然、恢复自然,正确选择植物种类,合理搭配植物并进行种植试验,根据不同的生态恢复类型,采取相应的生态恢复技术措施设计施工,实现在高速公路建设的同时保护和恢复生态环境.     

干旱年澜沧江小湾水库典型消落带植被制图及其空间分布分析

[目的]调查研究干旱年澜沧江小湾库区消落带植被自然恢复现状,为消落带植被恢复和维护等相关研究提供本底资料和参考.[方法]以2019年消落带典型区域固定样地调查为依托,综合运用无人机遥感、GNSS定位和GIS空间分析,于2020年7月进行干旱年复位调查,绘制研究区消落带植被分布图,定量刻画干旱年研究区消落带植被自然恢复的...     

中国北方土石山区植被恢复及其生态效应研究进展

植树造林是建设美丽中国、推进生态文明建设、改善民生福祉的具体行动,是实现绿水青山就是金山银山的具体措施。北方土石山区植被稀少、土壤贫瘠、气候干旱、灾害频发,加之人类不合理的生产活动,使得区域内植被破坏严重,导致一系列生态与环境问题,形成大片岩石裸露地,水土流失严重,植被恢复是此区域生态恢复的关键。本文就目前北方土石山区植被恢复的研究现状及当前研究存在的问题进行了总结与评述,包括植被恢复中植被配置模式及造林技术的选择、影响植被恢复的环境因子、植被恢复的生态效应。讨论了不同树种配置及造林技术对造林成活率的影响,指出树种多样化、合理调控树种水分利用是土石山区植被恢复成功与否的关键。通过对土壤肥力、水分、地形及地带性差异对植被恢复的影响,以及植被恢复的水文、水土保持、土壤环境和生物多样性效应的讨论,发现土石山区植被恢复过程中,植被与环境之间相互影响、相互促进,加快了区域生态系统结构与功能的恢复与提升。同时发现土石山区内植被变化的地形效应研究相对缺乏,土壤养分对植被恢复的影响机制也还未明确。最后针对土石山区植被恢复过程中存在的树种选择不合理、研究时间尺度较短及数据资料有限、植被恢复经济效益研究不足等问题,提出筛选优良乡土树种搭配种植、建立植被演替长期定位监测网络、进行植被恢复综合效益监测与评价、明确植被对极端气候的响应机制,是下一步土石山区植被恢复工作中应重视和解决的重要问题。     

深圳盐田港公路边坡生态恢复土壤特性与植物多样性的研究

以深圳市盐田港高速公路岩质边坡上历经十年的植被恢复边坡为研究对象,在厚层基材喷附边坡、客土喷附边坡、自然复绿边坡不同生态恢复方式下,重点分析和研究了土壤理化性质、酶活性、植物多样性,土壤特性与植物多样性之间的相关性.结果表明:不同生态恢复方式下,①土壤理化性质与酶活性都表现出厚层基材喷附边坡＞客土喷附边坡＞自然复绿边坡的分布规律性;②经过生态恢复,边坡复绿取得了一定的效果,但是效果并不明显,植物多样性指数和丰富度指数都偏低,群落演替还处于初期的灌草植物群落阶段;③土壤特性同植物多样性之间存在明显的正负相关关系.土壤速效氮与均匀度指数有极显著的正面效应,与多样性指数有显著的正面效应;土壤全磷与均匀度指数有显著的负面效应;土壤有效磷与丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数都有极显著的负面效应;土壤全钾与丰富度指数有极显著的负面效应,与草本多样性指数有显著的负面效应;土壤速效钾与均匀度指数有极显著的负面效应;土壤蔗糖酶活性与草本均匀度指数有显著的负面效应.提出了深圳高速公路边坡生态恢复的植物配置、工艺及工法的改进建议.     

西藏高寒地区不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化

[目的] 对西藏DG水电站6种不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化进行对比研究,为西藏水电工程扰动区生态环境的修复提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法] 采用实地测量和室内试验等方法,分析不同边坡生态修复类型的肥力变化特征及植被生长情况,并用相关性分析确定边坡土壤肥力时空变化与植被生长情况之间的相关性,探讨影响边坡植被生长土壤的肥力主控因素。[结果] 在6种边坡生态修复类型土壤中有机质和氮元素波动变化均较大,随季节变化呈现先降低后增加再降低的趋势,而pH值、速效磷、速效钾变化相对较小。从不同边坡对比结果来看,边坡的土壤养分含量从高到低依次均为：弃土弃渣地 > 土质边坡 > 一般施工场地 > 土石混合边坡 > 岩质边坡 > 施工硬化地表,不同边坡的植被恢复生长状况方面,与土壤养分含量呈现相同的排序。各肥力指标中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷与植被生长情况的相关性最高,其次为速效钾、有机质,而与pH值相关性最低,说明氨氮、硝氮、速效磷对边坡植被生长效果的影响较大。[结论] 在不同边坡的土壤肥力状况中,弃土弃渣地表现最佳,而岩质边坡和施工硬化地表均表现较差,且土壤肥力中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷含量与植被生长情况紧密相关。     

SALT TOLERANCE AND SALT ACCUMULATION OF LANDSCAPE PLANTS IRRIGATED BY SPRINKLER AND DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Field trials were conducted to evaluate salt tolerance of landscape plants for recycled-water irrigation. Ten selected landscape plant species exhibited substantial differences in salt tolerance. Plants with more tolerance to salt tend to accumulate less salt than less salt tolerant plants. Plants were more susceptible to salt stress under sprinkler irrigation than under drip irrigation, because leaf direct contact with salt. No apparent salt stress symptom was detected when plants were irrigated by drip irrigation either with 500 mg L^?1 or 1500 mg L^?1 salt (NaCl). Therefore, drip irrigation using recycled water may be accept-able for many landscape plants in California landscape. There was a positive relationship between the salt tolerance revealed by sprinkler irrigation and the salt tolerance revealed by drip irrigation. This positive relationship is a potentially useful character to screen for salt tolerant landscape plants. Selection for salt tolerant landscape plants for recycled water irrigation is a viable approach for landscape management.     

毛乌素沙地典型克隆植物根际AM真菌多样性研究

为阐明毛乌素沙地3种典型克隆植物沙鞭[Psammochloa villosa(Trin.)Bor.]、羊柴(Hedysarum leaveMaxim)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)根际AM真菌多样性,2006年的5月、7月、10月从毛乌素沙地选取东北缘的中国科学院植物研究所鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态研究站和西南缘的陕西榆林珍稀沙生植物保护基地两个样地,按0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm 5个土层采集3种克隆植物根际土壤样品,研究了其根际AM真菌物种多样性和生态分布。在分离出的4属23种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)15种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)2种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种。摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)是沙鞭根际的优势种,黑球囊霉(G.melanosporum)是3种克隆植物共同的常见种;不同属种的AM真菌生态分布亦存在差异。AM真菌孢子密度、种的丰度和物种多样性指数均表现为在研究站样地的羊柴根际最高。该研究结果表明,毛乌素沙地的3种典型克隆植物与AM真菌之间形成良好的共生关系,这对开发漠境AM真菌资源和利用菌根生物技术维护沙地生态系统结构的完整性具有重要意义。     

植物护坡及其生态效应研究

河道生态系统中的河岸侵蚀和滨水缓冲带建设倍受关注。以上海市浦东新区机场镇的生态河道示范工程为例,探讨了以生态修复和稳定坡岸为目标的植物护坡技术在生态河道坡岸修复中的应用及其生态效应。在不同河段分别采用了全系列生态护坡、土壤生物工程护坡和复合式生物稳定等3类植物护坡技术。通过对工程实施后3a(2004年~2006年)来的生态监测发现,护坡植物生长良好,新生枝叶和根系的护坡作用明显,土壤抗剪强度明显增加,河岸土壤侵蚀得到有效控制,坡岸的结构稳定性增强;同时河岸生境得到改善,本地植物快速恢复,生物多样性增加,河岸植物群落结构由单一结构向复杂结构转变,生态稳定性逐渐增强。生态河道的植物坡岸修复技术可以在我国各类岸坡的生态修复和边坡稳定中广泛运用。     

山东省济莱高速公路生态护坡植被恢复过程分析

以山东省中部半干旱地区济青南线济南至莱芜高速公路部分石质边坡客土喷播生态防护试验工程为研究对象,通过应用样方调查法对试验研究区内的路堑岩石边坡原生和次生生态恢复植被进行了随机调查.结果表明,客土喷播和植生带绿化等是实现开挖山体坡面的快速植被恢复的边坡生态防护措施,次生植被恢复演替进程比自然植被恢复明显加快.从植被种群的物种重要值、生态位宽度、生态位重叠等计测结果发现,在次生植被恢复过程中逐渐形成以紫花苜蓿、高羊茅、紫穗槐、多年生黑麦草、马棘等为主的重要值较高的草灌型植被,演替趋势为豆科草向豆禾草演替,多草型向草灌型演替,种间资源竞争不强证明边坡植被恢复1.5a时期的植被仍处于演替的初级阶段.     

植物护坡及其生态效应研究

河道生态系统中的河岸侵蚀和滨水缓冲带建设倍受关注。以上海市浦东新区机场镇的生态河道示范工程为例,探讨了以生态修复和稳定坡岸为目标的植物护坡技术在生态河道坡岸修复中的应用及其生态效应。在不同河段分别采用了全系列生态护坡、土壤生物工程护坡和复合式生物稳定等3类植物护坡技术。通过对工程实施后3a（2004年～2006年）来的生态监测发现,护坡植物生长良好,新生枝叶和根系的护坡作用明显,土壤抗剪强度明显增加,河岸土壤侵蚀得到有效控制,坡岸的结构稳定性增强;同时河岸生境得到改善,本地植物快速恢复,生物多样性增加,河岸植物群落结构由单一结构向复杂结构转变,生态稳定性逐渐增强。生态河道的植物坡岸修复技术可以在我国各类岸坡的生态修复和边坡稳定中广泛运用。     

攀援植物在北方水土保持生态修复中的应用

水土保持生态修复过程中,陡坡和垂直陡壁一直是治理的难题。我国北方地区山多,坡多,坡陡,是生态环境较难修复的原因之一。就攀援植物在坡面、垂直陡壁的绿化方面进行了探讨研究,筛选了5种北方常见的攀援植物,分别对其生长特性、优缺点等方面做出了评价,并根据坡面的不同特性阐述了植物配置的原则和配置的种类,提出了栽植中宜采取的一些辅助措施。