添加保护性脂肪或豆油对奶牛纤维素瘤胃降解率和表观消化率的影响

选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,分别在4个阶段饲喂日粮(I基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪粉400g/d)、日粮I(I基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪酸钙400g/d)、日粮II(I基础日粮+豆油400g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮)4种日粮,研究了棕榈油脂肪粉、棕榈油脂肪酸钙、豆油对纤维素瘤胃降解率和表观消化率的影响。结果表明:各试验组有降低日粮NDF、ADF、CF瘤胃降解率的趋势,添加豆油组72hNDF、CF瘤胃降解率与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01),除个别时间点外添加棕榈油脂肪粉组NDF、ADF、CF瘤胃降解率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪粉组、棕榈油脂肪酸钙组日粮DM、NDF、ADF、CF表观消化率与对照组差异不显著。     

奶牛养殖的脂肪添加量及注意事项

在奶牛的泌乳早期,随着产奶量的不断上升,能量需要量也逐渐增加,而干物质采食量的增加却很有限,处于泌乳高峰期的奶牛,特别是高产奶牛,常常出现能量负平衡.为了增加日粮中的能量浓度,在日粮中添加经过处理的保护性脂肪,使脂肪在瘤胃中不发生解离和水解,直接进入小肠被消化吸收,从而进一步提高奶牛的生产性能,挖掘奶牛的产奶潜力.     

奶牛养殖的脂肪添加量及注意事项

在奶牛的泌乳早期，随着产奶量的不断上升，能量需要量也逐渐增加；而干物质采食量的增加却很有限，处于泌乳高峰期的奶牛，特别是高产奶牛，常常出现能量负平衡。为了增加日粮中的能量浓度，在日粮中添加经过处理的保护性脂肪，使脂肪在瘤胃中不发生解离和水解，直接进人小肠被消化吸收，从而进一步提高奶牛的生产性能，挖掘奶牛的产奶潜力。     

保护性脂肪在奶牛饲养中的应用

保护性脂肪属于过瘤胃脂肪，在奶牛日粮中添加保护性脂肪可以提高奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率和繁殖性能。保护性脂肪适用于高、中产奶牛，在日粮中的添加量一般为3％－5％。     

奶牛养殖的脂肪添加量及注意事项

在奶牛的泌乳早期,随着产奶量的不断上升,能量需要量也逐渐增加,而干物质采食量的增加却很有限,处于泌乳高峰期的奶牛,特别是高产奶牛,常常出现能量负平衡。为了增加日粮中的能量浓度,可以在日粮中添加经过处理的保护性脂肪,使脂肪在瘤胃中不发生解离和水解,直接进入小肠被消化吸收,从而进一步提高奶牛的生产性能,挖掘奶牛的产奶潜力。1奶牛饲喂脂肪的好处保护性脂肪作为一种高能饲料,可以提高日粮能量浓度,而不影响瘤胃发酵,可以满足高产奶牛在泌乳早期对能量的大量需要,从而提高产奶量。同时,保护性脂肪被吸收后,可通过乳腺合成分泌到乳汁…     

瘤胃保护性脂肪在奶牛营养中的研究与应用

保护性脂肪属于过瘤胃脂肪,在奶牛日粮中添加可提高奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率和繁殖性能。本文从高产奶牛泌乳前期存在的能量负平衡问题入手,综述了日粮中添加瘤胃保护性脂肪的意义、保护性脂肪的类型及保护原理、营养作用、影响因素以及使用时的注意事项,为以后的研究提供科学指导。     

瘤胃保护性脂肪在奶牛生产中的研究与应用

保护性脂肪属于过瘤胃脂肪,在奶牛日粮中添加可提高奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率和繁殖性能。综述了日粮中添加瘤胃保护性脂肪的意义、保护性脂肪的类型及保护原理、营养作用、影响因素以及使用时的注意事项。     

奶牛全混合日粮添加过瘤胃脂肪饲养效果对比试验研究

[目的]为了研究日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪能够有效降低奶牛产后负平衡效果.[方法]本试验选用围产期(产前3～4周)健康的奶牛48头,按照年龄、体重、胎次、体况评分、预产期相同或相近的原则,参考上胎产奶量或母亲产奶量等指标随机分为试验组和对照组,在试验组日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪300 g/头·日,试验期145 d.[结果]表明:试验组日产奶量提高1.96 kg,产后初次配种间隔缩短8.86 d,差异极显著(P＜0.01);对奶牛体况的改善也有一定的作用,特别是对头胎牛的体况改善明显.[结论]在奶牛全混合日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪可提高奶牛产奶量、繁殖性能,改善体况.     

添加保护性脂肪或豆油对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白浓度的影响

选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,分别饲喂日粮I(基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪粉400 g/d)、日粮Ⅱ(基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪酸钙400 g/d)、日粮Ⅲ(基础日粮+豆油400 g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮),研究了棕榈油脂肪粉、棕榈油脂肪酸钙、豆油对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度的影响.结果表明:添加豆油可明显降低瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸的浓度(P＜0.05),棕榈油脂肪粉和棕榈油脂肪酸钙对乙酸、丙酸浓度及乙酸/丙酸值均无显著影响(P＞0.05).添加脂肪后减少了菌体蛋白含量.     

水貂饲料的配制

能量是高产奶牛发挥产奶潜力的重要因素,添加脂肪是满足奶牛能量需要,提高产奶量,改善奶牛繁殖性能和健康的重要措施。但添加过少达不到理想效果,过量既造成浪费,又降低奶牛干物质采食量,甚至降低奶牛的生产性能。1确定脂肪添加量奶牛从精粗饲料摄取的脂肪量约占干物质的3%,乳脂产量与精粗饲料脂肪供应量的差值应为日粮脂肪的添加量。随着脂肪添加量增加直至日粮干物质的3%,产奶量相应地显著增加,继续增加脂肪添加量,产奶量仍继续增加,但增加幅度下降,当添加量超过干物质5%时,产奶量明显下降。脂肪添加量受产奶水平、泌乳阶段、日粮配方、青…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …