REDUCING NITRATE CONTENT IN LETTUCE BY PRE-HARVEST CONTINUOUS LIGHT DELIVERED BY RED AND BLUE LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES

Effect of pre-harvest continuous light with different red/blue ratio on photon flux density (R/B ratio) on reducing nitrate accumulation was studied by growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under continuous illumination delivered by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Results show that nitrate concentration decreased by 1648.0–2061.1 mg kg^?1 in leaf blade and 962.9–2090.3 mg kg^?1 in petiole, accompanied by a dramatic increase in soluble sugar content. Compared with monochromatic red light treatment, the decrease in nitrate concentration and increase in soluble sugar content in lettuce under mixed red and blue light were more pronounced. The lowest nitrate concentration was observed in the treatment with R/B ratio of 4. It's concluded that pre-harvest exposure to 48?h continuous LED light could effectively reduce nitrate accumulation in lettuce and this process is strongly affected by R/B ratio of light. This study may provide new perspective for pre-harvest quality management of vegetable, especially in commercial leaf vegetable production under artificial lighting.     

NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN SPINACH AS INFLUENCED BY SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION UNDER INCREASING NITROGEN LEVELS

Nitrate (NO₃) accumulation by spinach was studied under increasing nitrogen (N) levels (60, 120 and 240 kg N ha^?1) along with sulfur (45 kg S ha^?1) and phosphorus (P; 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) application. Plants were harvested at 50 and 65 days after sowing. Plant samples were analyzed for NO₃-N and total N, P, S, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Radio assay of 35S was done to estimate percent sulfur derived from fertilizer and percent fertilizer sulfur utilization. Spinach maintained a very high level of NO₃-N in its tissue throughout the growing period. NO₃-N was increased with increasing nitrogen level and was reduced with phosphorus and sulfur application and also with advancement in growth. Total N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg uptake were increased with increasing nitrogen levels as well as with application of sulfur and phosphorus. Sulfur application caused increase in percent sulfur derived from fertilizer and percent utilization of fertilizer sulfur.     

SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF THE HYDRANDEPTS AND ITS RELATION TO NITRATE ADSORPTION AS AFFECTED BY PROFILE DEPTH AND DEHYDRATION1

The pH₀ and ZPC of two Hydiandepts were determined by potentiomettic titiation in NaCl and by ion adsorption measurements from NH₄NO₃, respectively. The decrease of pH, pH₀, and ZPC due to drying was explained by the hydrolysis reaction. Partial drying, high organic matter content, and low Al₂ O₃ concentration in the surface soil were responsible for its low pH, pH₀ and ZPC. The high pH₀ of subsoils was attributed to the presence of amorphous aluminosilicates and mixed polymeric gels of Fe(III) and A1 with high water content. The significant decrease of nitrate adsorption due to dehydration is discussed in relation to the change in pH, pH₀, ZPC, and surface area on drying.     

NITRATE UPTAKE KINETICS AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN TWO RICE VARIETIES GROWN IN HIGH AND LOW NITRATE

A study was conducted on the effect of nitrate (NO₃) levels on nitrate uptake kinetics and nitrogen (N) metabolism in two rice varieties, Piaui (landrace) and IAC-47 (improved). At 27 days after germination (DAG) N supply was suspended for 72 h, and then restored as 0.2 or 2 mM nitrate. The nitrate uptake kinetics was determined by the depletion method. Plants were harvested at 0, 6, and 24 h. Plants of the Piaui variety under 0.2 mM nitrate showed higher V_max and lower K_M, indicating higher efficiency of nitrate uptake at low supply. In the sheaths of both varieties, there was a greater accumulation of nitrate and lower activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase. The V-H⁺-ATPase activity increased between 0 and 6 h accompanying the nitrate influx, suggesting that the activity of this proton pump is necessary for the antiport activity (H⁺/2NO^? ₃) involved in the accumulation of nitrate into vacuoles.     

双阻离子选择性微电极测定活体不结球小白菜叶片细胞中硝酸根离子的活度

详细介绍了用双阻离子选择性微电极活体测定小白菜叶片活体细胞中硝酸根离子的活度的方法原理及注意事项。微电极与溶液中硝酸根离子的浓度呈对数曲线的关系,斜率为48～58mV,对硝酸根离子浓度有较低的检出限,是一种选择性高、灵敏、经济的测定植物活体细胞中离子活度的方法。小白菜生长至六叶期时,用含有5molm-3NO3-的营养液诱导48h。测定结果表明,叶片细胞中硝酸根离子活度分布在活度高低明显不同的两个区间内,在细胞质中是0.24～10molm-3,液泡中20～110molm-3,且两个区间在细胞跨膜电位上也有差异。液泡占整个细胞体积的90%,所以,植物所吸收的硝酸根离子都集中在液泡中。     

杨梅硝酸还原酶活力研究

用改进的活体法测定了杨梅幼树体内硝酸还原酶(NR)的分布状况。杨梅叶片,枝条、根和根瘤的NR活力分别为404.59,226.40,135.87和45.05 n mol NO_2/30min/gFW。品种、枝梢种类及叶片成熟度不同,其NR活力也不同。介质中氮源的种类和浓度对杨梅叶片的NR活力也有明显影响。对未结瘤的幼苗和离体幼树枝条,硝态氮能提高叶片的NR活力和叶片中的硝态氮含量,两者随硝酸盐浓度的增高而提高;铵态氮抑制叶片的NR活力,浓度愈高,抑制作用愈强。     

城市地下水硝酸盐污染及其成因分析

用N同位素分析方法并结合调查区域土地利用类型的分析 ,对杭州市城区 2 1口水井取样分析以确定杭州城市地下水的水质结果显示 :本地区地下水硝酸盐污染严重 ,杭州城市地下水水质属于Ⅲ类水标准 ,不宜饮用。有 4 0 5 %样品的NO3 N含量超过了世界卫生组织的标准 (N10mgL-1)。我们发现不同的土地利用区有不同的NO3 N水平 (N 0 0 4～ 34 4 1mgL-1)。同时我们引进N同位素方法以辨明NO3 N污染源 :居住区地下水δ15NNO3值为 10 4‰～ 2 2 0‰ ,农业区δ15NNO3值的为 17 5‰～ 19 5‰。生活污水是城市浅层地下水的主要NO3 N污染源。在居住区还存在点源污染 ,如化粪池 ;种植蔬菜施用的有机肥则是农业区的NO3 N污染源。     

双阻离子选择性微电极测定活体不结球小白菜叶片细胞中硝酸根离子的活度

详细介绍了用双阻离子选择性微电极活体测定小白菜叶片活体细胞中硝酸根离子的活度的方法原理及注意事项.微电极与溶液中硝酸根离子的浓度呈对数曲线的关系,斜率为48～58 mV,对硝酸根离子浓度有较低的检出限,是一种选择性高、灵敏、经济的测定植物活体细胞中离子活度的方法.小白菜生长至六叶期时,用含有5mol m-3 NO3-的营养液诱导48h.测定结果表明,叶片细胞中硝酸根离子活度分布在活度高低明显不同的两个区间内,在细胞质中是0.24～10 mol m-3,液泡中20～110 mol m-3, 且两个区间在细胞跨膜电位上也有差异.液泡占整个细胞体积的90%, 所以,植物所吸收的硝酸根离子都集中在液泡中.     

PHYTOTOXICITY OF SALTS IN COMPOSTED SEWAGE SLUDGE AND CORRELATION WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE,CALCIUM NITRATE,AND MAGNESIUM NITRATE

The phytotoxicity of salts in composted sewage sludge (CSS) was evaluated. Concentrations of sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?1), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺) were present at levels that would induce salt stress in plants. Nutrient imbalances were also found that would adversely affect the use of CSS as a growth medium. To further understand the phytotoxic nature of these salts, sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] and magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO₃)₂] solutions were used to simulate the composition of salts found in CSS in an investigation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed germination. High concentrations of Ca²⁺ (92.1 mmol.L^?1) and Mg²⁺ (27.4 mmol.L^?1) inhibited seed germination to an equal extent as did Na⁺ (40.6 mmol.L^?1). The lower concentration of Ca²⁺ (10 mmol.L^?1), however, significantly relieved the stress caused by NaCl. These results indicated that the composition and total amount of Na⁺, Cl^?1, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in CSS should be carefully monitored before it is used as a soil amendment or growth medium.     

EFFECT OF EXTERNAL NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS ON NITRATE EFFLUX FROM ROOTS AND ACCUMULATION IN TWO BRASSICA NAPUS L. CULTIVARS

The nutrient solution was replaced on day 72 after sowing, and then the relationship between nitrate (NO₃)-nitrogen(N) concentration in plants and nitrate efflux from roots of two oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L. cv. ‘Zhongyou 821’ (‘ZY821’) and “D89”) was compared on days 73, 74, and 75, respectively. Nitrate-N concentration in petioles of “ZY821” was significantly greater than in “D89”. Nitrate-N concentrations in the nutrient solution and petioles were high on day 73 and nitrate efflux from roots of “D89” was greater than from “ZY821”. On day 75, as nitrate-N concentrations in the nutrient solution declined, both the maximum cumulative efflux and efflux rate of “ZY821” was higher than “D89.” We hypothesized that “ZY821” could remobilize more nitrate-N from the petioles to meet its N needs. This would result in a decline in translocation of nitrate from roots to shoots and an increase in root cytoplasm nitrate concentrations and root efflux.     

INFLUENCE OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE ON THE UPTAKE OF N BY PLANTS: A REVIEW AND A MODEL FOR ROOTING DEPTH

Published literature is re-examined in an attempt to understand the influence of the spatial distribution of soil nitrate on N uptake in order to devise a simple method for estimating the depth to which nitrate must be leached before it becomes unavailable to the crop. The evidence suggests that most crops can continue normal growth with less than 15% of their roots exposed to nitrate. A simple model of nitrate uptake is constructed in which nitrate is assumed to be totally available above a set depth and totally unavailable below it. This effective rooting depth is assumed to coincide with the depth at which uptake per unit length of root declines to half of the maximum rate. Estimates of effective rooting depth have been made from root distribution data for various vegetable crops grown at Wellesbourne and cereal crops at Rothamsted. The results were found to fit a simple regression equation which can be used to calculate effective rooting depths at any stage of growth from the dry weight and population density of the crop and the mean cross-sectional area of its roots. This equation is used in the succeeding papers to estimate the effects of leaching on the N fertilizer needs of crops.     

不同氮肥用量对蔬菜硝态氮累积的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥用量对蔬菜硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥使蔬菜的生长量提高1.1～6.1倍,但增长并不与氮肥用量同步。氮肥用量较高时,蔬菜生长受到抑制,生长量有降低趋势;硝态氮含量却随氮肥用量增加而不断升高,两者呈显著正相关（r=0.933～0.957）。蔬菜各器官、部位的硝态氮含量存在明显差异。不施氮肥时,根的硝态氮含量大于茎叶,茎又大于叶;施氮后根的含量小于茎叶,茎小于叶;无论施氮与否,叶柄的含量均高于叶片。把蔬菜的生长、硝态氮吸收及还原转化联系起来分析,可以看出,增加氮肥用量虽然提高了硝酸还原酶活性,但硝态氮的还原作用仍小于吸收,从而导致蔬菜体内出现硝态氮累积。而且,随氮肥用量增加,硝态氮累积量的增加远超过了生长量的提高,使硝态氮含量迅速升高。     

EFFECT OF PLOUGHING AND DIRECT DRILLING ON SOIL NITRATE CONTENT

The concentration of nitrate-N at 30 cm depth in a clay soil was 2–5 times greater (p<.05) after ploughing than after direct drilling during the winter and spring of 1972–3. However, by early May no significant differences could be detected between cultivation treatments. It is concluded that decreased mineralization of soil nitrogen in the direct-drilled soil is the main factor responsible for the differences observed.     

我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究 Ⅱ.植株硝酸盐快速诊断方法的研究

本文通过田间试验和实验室分析，研究了植物组织中硝酸盐含量的两种快速测定方法:二苯胺和反射仪法以及它们应用于春小麦、冬小麦和夏玉米氮营养诊断时的相关性。结果表明.两种方法都可以作为氮素快速营养诊断方法在实际生产中应用。其中反射仪法测定结果较二苯胺法准确，与流动分析法和色谱法有较好的相关性，在精度要求不高条件下可以作为一种常规测定方法。而二苯胺法测定结果可以反映作物体内硝态氮含量随施肥量变化情况，并且由于其快速、简便的特性，更适于在生产中推广应用。同时，两种方法测定结果对不同作物有相似的相关性，都符合的函数。     

水稻根际的硝化作用与水稻的硝态氮营养

由于淹水条件下土壤硝化作用被强烈抑制 ,人们对水稻氮素 (N)营养的研究主要侧重在铵(NH 4 )营养而忽略了对硝 (NO-3 )营养的研究。但值得注意的是 ,水稻根系能分泌氧气 (O2 ) ,这些O2 能被硝化微生物利用 ,从而将NH 4 氧化成NO-3 ,在根表形成的NO-3 立即被水稻吸收。但通常情况下从水稻土中采集的土样中较难测到NO-3 或数量极微。事实上 ,即便是完全淹水 ,水稻根系也是处于铵、硝混合营养中。本文首先论述了水稻根际通过硝化作用产生NO-3 的过程 ,然后从吸收速率和根系生物量两方面提出了NO-3 对水稻NH 4 吸收和同化的促进机理 ,并比较了NO-3 对侧根生长发育的局部刺激作用和系统抑制作用 ,其中对于NO3 -对侧根生长发育的局部刺激作用是由于NO3 -的营养作用 (NO-3 对植物体内糖类、氨基酸和内源激素的影响 )还是信号物质作用进行了详细阐述 ,最后提出了今后在水稻硝酸盐营养方面的研究方向。     

缺氧土壤中硝态氮还原菌的生理生化特征

综述国内外有关硝态氮还原菌生理生化方面的研究进展 ,包括同化还原、硝酸异化还原成铵、呼吸反硝化和非呼吸性反硝化 ,侧重于电子传递系统