烯产唑抑制小麦黑胚病及促进黑胚粒发芽出苗作用的研究

试验结果表明，烯效唑对小麦黑胚病菌有强烈的抑制作用，低浓度烯效唑可抑制黑胚病对黑胚粒发芽，出苗的影响，促进黑胚粒的发芽和出苗；高浓度类效唑则抑制黑粒发牙和出苗；用１０－１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ烯效唑浸种可预防和防治小麦黑胚病发生，而且幼苗生长旺盛，根系发达。     

河南小麦黑胚病优势病原菌及其近似种rDNA-ITS序列分析

从河南省具有地域代表性的5个不同地区分离小麦黑胚病原菌Alternaria spp.菌株17株,经形态鉴定主要为链格孢属两个近似种A.alternata和A.tenuissima.通过与GenBank中登录的链格孢属中的9个种的rDNA-ITS序列比较分析,发现所有供分析菌株具有很高的同源性,其中与6个小孢子种A.alternata、A.tenuissima、A.mali、A.gaisen,A.citri、A.arborescens同源性为98%～100%,在聚类图上成为一支,而3个大孢子种A.radicina、A.porri和A.solani聚为另外一支,可明显地与其它小孢子种区分开.通过对Alternaria 58个菌株的rDNA ITS序列分析发现,同一个种或相似种内不分地域范围和寄主都有很高的保守性.与小孢子种相比,3个大孢子种在位点97-171、365-402、443-490处具有各自的特异位点,所以这些序列有可能作为它们分类鉴定、分子标记及系统发育的重要依据.分析结果表明,ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列分析只能验证小麦黑胚病菌形态学鉴定的结果,但不能用于链格孢近似种的分类鉴定.     

烯效唑干拌种对小麦根系生长及吸收功能的影响

采用田间与土柱栽培试验,研究了不同浓度烯效唑干拌种在不同施氮条件下对小麦根系生长和吸收功能的影响。结果表明,烯效唑干拌种促进根系的生长,使后期单株根系鲜重增加,孕穗至灌浆期有较大的根量;孕穗后根系的SOD活性提高,根系MDA含量降低,根系活力增强,从而延缓了根系衰老;处理同时提高了灌浆中期根系吸收32P的能力,使32P分配给穗、根系和叶的比例提高,减少了分配给茎鞘的比例。其中以20mgkg的烯效唑浓度干拌种效果最好。     

基于自适应双阈值的彩色线阵CCD小麦黑胚分割

在粮食质量等级评定中,黑胚粒存在的多少影响小麦的整体等级划分。该文以产自新疆和河南不同品种的710粒有黑胚的小麦、627粒破损小麦和1 167粒正常小麦为研究对象,采用彩色线阵CCD动态获取小麦图像,对原始图像进行多余背景去除、色偏校正、亮度变换以及形态学处理后,再对小麦图像单通道图像进行自适应双阈值分割,能有效的实现对小麦黑胚特征的分割。试验选择三种小麦进行特征提取以及模式识别,得到最佳分辨率分别为95.1%,96.0%和98.3%。结果表明该方法对小麦黑胚的识别具有良好的效果。     

烯效唑对小麦成熟期间叶片光合同化能力及产物分配的影响

小麦齐穗期喷施烯效唑１０～４０ｐｐｍ显提高麦株叶片对＾１４ＣＯ２的同化能力，并增加＾１４ＣＯ２同化物向穗部及根系转移。研究还表明，烯效唑处理，增加了麦株主茎叶片同化的＾１４Ｃ－物质向分蘖株的运移，烯效唑处理延缓了叶片衰老，使穗粒灌浆进程延缓，灌浆时间延长，千粒重增加。     

弱光生态环境下烯效唑干拌种对小麦蛋白质组分及加工品质的影响

在弱光生态环境条件下,研究了烯效唑(S-3307)干拌种对不同密度冬小麦蛋白质组分及加工品质的影响,分析了蛋白质各组分含量与加工品质的关系。发现烯效唑能够提高籽粒蛋白质含量,改变籽粒中的蛋白质组分所占比例,但对各组分含量提高的幅度存在差异:清蛋白、球蛋白及其二者之和的含量均以20 mg/kg拌种处理的效果最好,醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白及其二者之和含量随浓度升高影响更明显。烯效唑提高了小麦面粉的湿面筋含量、沉降值,延长面团形成时间和稳定时间,提高吸水率。面团吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间与麦谷蛋白含量均呈显著或极显著正相关。     

酒泉小麦胚片的营养成分及安全性指标测定

为了解酒泉小麦胚片质量现状和确定酒泉小麦胚片中的优势指标,给当地小麦胚的精深加工和麦胚相关产品的价值提升提供参考。采集了23份酒泉小麦胚片和5份其他产地的小麦胚片,对其脂肪、重金属元素、农药残留等13项指标进行测定分析,从营养成分和安全性两个方面进行量化评价。结果表明,酒泉小麦胚片中各营养成分含量相对稳定,总灰分、钠、钙含量与其他产地持平,脂肪、蛋白质和镁等指标优于其他产地,其中镁的优势最突出。安全性指标中,酒泉小麦胚中的铅、总砷和总汞含量与其他产地持平;镉含量明显低于其他产地,是较有优势的安全指标,脂肪酸值含量低于标准最高限量,但变异性较大。     

黑、紫粒小麦对氮素吸收及同化特性的初步研究

以3个不同类型小麦品种为试材,通过对幼苗期根系氮素吸收Vmax和Km的测定及灌浆期剑叶中NR、GS活性的比较分析,初步探讨了黑、紫粒小麦根系对氮素吸收的动力学和同化特性及其与营养品质间的相互关系。结果表明,同普通的白粒小麦相比,黑、紫粒小麦在对氮素的吸收、转运和同化等方面均具有较强的优势,这可能是其蛋白质等营养成分富积的主要原因之一。     

Germination response in wheat grains to dihydroactinidiolide,a germination inhibitor in wheat husks,and related compounds

On the basis of our recent findings that the germination of intact wheat grains with glumes (husks) belonging to dormant varieties was restrained as compared with that of dehusked grains, we have explored the identities of germination inhibitors in the glumes, resulting in the characterization of dihydroactinidiolide (1) and some aromatic compounds. A related natural product, tetrahydroactinidiolide (2), showed similar activity. The present study has demonstrated that the sensitivity in inhibition response of germination of the grains to 1 and 2 declined during after-ripening, in parallel with changes in germinability; the sprouting of after-ripened seeds on a whole spike was preventable by exogenous application of 2 in laboratory conditions, and germination of after-ripened grains was delayed by more than two weeks by the action of 1 or 2. The term "pseudodormancy" is proposed for the phenomenon of delay of germination caused by the inhibitor. After accumulation of additional evidence on inhibition response of actinidiolide-type natural products, structurally related to inhibitor 1, a mechanism concerning germination inhibition by 1 or 2 is proposed on the basis of the concept of nonbonding interaction with the inhibitors at an active site of an acceptor.     

小麦种子发芽率近红外定量分析模型的优化

The backward interval partial least squares (BiPLS) and the synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) were applied to select the characteristic spectral regions representing the germination rate of 84 wheat seeds and build the near infrared (NIR) quantitative analysis model of wheat seed germination rate.Results from comparison showed that the models built by two variable selection methods had better predictive ability than full-spectral partial least squares(PLS) model.The optimal model was obtained by SiPLS with the calibration and prediction correlation coefficient(R) at 0.902 and 0.967 respectively, and ratio of performance to standard deviate (RPD) at 3.75.Based on this, the physical chemistry significance of characteristic spectral regions was analyzed.The characteristic spectral of wheat seed germination rate contained characteristic peaks of water, protein, starch, fiber, which were the internal nutrients of the seed that influence the germination ability, thus explaining the mechanism of measuring wheat seed germination rate using NIR to a certain extent.     

The effect of aluminum on the germination of wheat seeds 1

The effect of aluminum (Al) ions on the germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds has been investigated using two varieties, one sensitive to Al (Robin) and the other relatively Al‐tolerant (Carazinho). High concentrations of Al (i.e. greater than 1 mM) were required to inhibit the growth of the emerging roots and shoots of germinating seeds of both varieties. Moreover, Al at concentrations up to 10 mM did not affect the mobilization of carbohydrate reserves in the germinating seeds. It was concluded that germinating seeds of both wheat varieties were much less sensitive to the effects of Al than were established seedlings.     

The content and quality of protein in winter wheat grains depending on sulphur fertilization

Abstract

On soils lacking in water-soluble sulphur, the sulphur fertilization of winter wheat, in general, increases the yields. There are not sufficient investigations about the influence of sulphur on the quality of yield. The objective of this work was to investigate the content and quality of protein in wheat grain depending on sulphur fertilization. The present study relies on field trials conducted on two different soils during 2004–2009. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied by a nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1. The rates of N- and NS-fertilizers were divided and applied at the beginning and at the end of tillering. At harvest, the grain samples from trial variants in four replications were taken, and the contents of crude protein, wet gluten, amino acids (lysine, threonine, cysteine, methionine) and gluten index in wheat grain were determined. Besides, the contents of amino acids were recalculated on their concentrations in protein. The protein and wet gluten contents in grain varied significantly depending on weather conditions of the trial years. On break-stony soil, sulphur increased the yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 21.7%. With increasing yields the protein and wet gluten concentrations in grain decreased. Under the influence of sulphur, the gluten index increased significantly – from 58 to 74, i.e. by 27.6%. In 2004 and 2005, sulphur increased the cysteine and methionine content in wheat grain. Although sulphur application in many cases decreased the protein and wet gluten contents in wheat grain, it improved the biological quality of protein because the concentrations of above-mentioned amino acids recalculated on their concentrations in protein increased significantly. The sulphur application in pseudopodzolic soil had a weaker effect on the grain quality than in break-stony soil.     

小麦与油菜种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的反应研究

用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0模拟酸雨处理小麦和油菜种子试验结果表明,pH2.0时小麦和油菜种子不发芽,pH2.5时只有小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时小麦和油菜种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均与pH值显著正相关,小麦异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低。小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率、贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;小麦和油菜的根、芽长抑制指数均与pH值显著负相关,且小麦抗酸雨胁迫能力强于油菜。     

Effect of salicylic acid and salt on wheat seed germination

Abstract

The effects of pretreatment with salicylic acid on wheat seed germination (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Roshan), lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activity were studied under conditions of salt stress. Seeds treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid were used for measuring germination traits. Salt stress was induced by sodium chloride solution. Seeds were soaked in salicylic acid solution for 24 h, dried with sterile paper, transferred to sterile Petri dishes, and treated with 10 ml NaCl solution at different concentrations. After 1 week, the number of germinated seeds, root length, seedling length, and dry weight were recorded. Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation were also assayed. Salinity decreased seed germination. Thus, a high concentration of NaCl (200 mM) decreased germination by 17.6% compared with control treatment. Salicylic acid significantly increased germination in stressed and control seeds. Salicylic acid increased the level of cell division of seedlings and roots, which increased plant growth. Salt stress significantly increased the activity of the antioxidative enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase in wheat seedlings, and salicylic acid reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes as stress signal molecules. Our results indicated that scavenging of reactive oxygen species was effective, especially by salicylic acid, and that membrane damage was limited. The aim of the present work was to study the character of changes in enzymatic systems induced by NaCl and salicylic acid in wheat seedlings under conditions of salt stress. In brief, salicylic acid treatment reduced the damaging action of salinity on embryo growth and accelerated a restoration of growth processes; thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of seed germination in arid and semi-arid regions.     

氮肥用量和喷施锌钾肥对小麦籽粒锌含量及生物有效性的影响

[目的]小麦籽粒锌(Zn)含量普遍较低,在没有外源锌施用措施下难以满足以小麦为主食人群健康所需.探索提升小麦籽粒Zn含量,尤其是其加工产品面粉Zn含量和Zn生物有效性的农艺措施,具有实际重要的意义.[方法]于2013、2014年分别在陕西杨凌示范区和三原试验站进行小麦田间试验,两地均为潜在缺锌石灰性土壤,DTPA-Zn...     

旱地冬小麦覆盖黑色液膜生态效应研究

对旱地冬小麦覆盖黑色液膜的增产效应研究结果表明,枯水年型旱地冬小麦覆盖黑色液膜具有较好的生态效应,冬小麦产量达2188.5kg/hm2,较对照增产17.95%;水分利用效率达0.78kg/m3,较对照提高22.26%。     

Influence of selenium on carbohydrate accumulation in developing wheat grains

The present investigation reports the effects of different doses of sodium selenate and sodium selenite on its uptake, carbohydrate composition, and sucrose and starch metabolizing enzymes in flag leaf and developing grains of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. Selenium (Se) concentration increased significantly in leaves and developing grains of Se-treated plants compared to control at different intervals post-anthesis. Total soluble sugars and sucrose concentrations in developing grains increased due to various Se treatments. Different selenite treatments increased sucrose synthase activity from 10 to 20 days post-anthesis and increased starch accumulation compared to control plants. Lower starch accumulation in selenate than control and selenite treatments was observed. The activities of α, β and total amylase, invertase and sucrose synthase increased whereas sucrose phosphate synthase declined. Results indicated that Se accumulation causes disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism that is dependent on Se concentration, form and the development stage of the plant.     

Effect of germination temperatures on proteolysis of the gluten-free grains sorghum and millet during malting and mashing

Our study showed that sorghum and millet followed a similar pattern of changes when they were malted under similar conditions. When the malt from these cereals was mashed, both cereal types produced wide spectra of substrates (sugars and amino acids) that are required for yeast fermentation when malted at either lower or higher temperatures. At the germination temperatures of 20, 25, and 30 °C used in malting both cereal types, production of reducing sugars and that of free amino nitrogen (FAN) were similar. This is an important quality attribute for both cereals because it implies that variation in temperature during the malting of sorghum and millet, especially when malting temperature is difficult to control, and also reflecting temperature variations, experienced in different countries, will not have an adverse effect on the production and release of amino acids and sugars required by yeast during fermentation. Such consistency in the availability of yeast food (substrates) for metabolism during fermentation when sorghum and millet are malted at various temperatures is likely to reduce processing issues when their malts are used for brewing. Although sorghum has gained wide application in the brewing industry, and has been used extensively in brewing gluten-free beer on industrial scale, this is not the case with millet. The work described here provides novel information regarding the potential of millet for brewing. When both cereals were malted, the results obtained for millet in this study followed patterns similar to those of sorghum. This suggests that millet, in terms of sugars and amino acids, can play a role similar to that of sorghum in the brewing industry. This further suggests that millet, like sorghum, would be a good raw material for brewing gluten-free beer. Inclusion of millet as a brewing raw material will increase the availability of suitable materials (raw material sustainability) for use in the production of gluten-free beer, beverages, and other products. The availability of wider range of raw materials will not only help to reduce costs of beer production, but by extension, the benefit of reduced cost of production can be gained by consumers of gluten-free beer as the product would be cheaper and more widely available.