利用水阻管调压存在的问题及称补措施

滴灌中水阻管的作用是消除支管传给各毛管首端的多余压力,即由支管末端起到第i排毛管进口之间支管的水头损失与地形变差(支管返坡布置为正,顺坡布置为负)的代数和。毛管进口处安装水阻管以后,它所增加的水头损失应等于毛管首端的多余压力H,即     

山丘区滴灌工程设计方法研究

针对山丘区地形地貌的特征,分析了山丘区滴灌工程的设计方法.重点对滴灌系统的加压模式、管网布置方式、轮灌组划分、安全控制装置的设置进行了探讨.将滴灌系统相关原理应用于山丘区滴灌示范区工程实例,对设计成果进行总结,并对今后需要解决的问题进行了展望.本项目的主要结论为:压力模式的选定是决定山丘区滴灌工程总体布局、系统运行的关键因素;采用混压模式应用于山丘区使小水源在时空上得到合理分配、保证了水源的供给;系统压力平稳、节能、节水;工程运行较为方便.     

利用气象资料指导膜下滴灌棉花灌溉的试验研究

利用气象资料指导膜下滴灌棉花灌溉的试验于2007年5~10月份在新疆生产建设兵团灌溉中心试验站的试验基地进行。试验共设置7个处理,分别按生育期ET0的不同比例进行灌水。试验结果表明,为了获得经济合理的产量,膜下滴灌棉花全生育期耗水量应控制在360~405 mm之间。用实时气象资料指导膜下滴灌棉花的灌溉具有很好的可行性,蕾期和花铃后期10 d灌1次水,灌水定额为60%ET0;花铃前期7 d灌1次水,灌水定额为75%ET0,是一种适宜北疆地区膜下滴灌棉花的灌水模式。     

南疆无膜滴灌棉花灌溉制度对土壤水分和产量品质的影响

【目的】通过小区试验,探究南疆地区无膜滴灌不同灌水定额对土壤水分、棉花生长和产量品质的影响。【方法】试验设置3个无膜滴灌灌水定额(I_1、I_2和I_3),即36、45和54 mm,并以膜下滴灌I_4(36 mm)作为对照。【结果】无膜滴灌棉花茎粗和株高随灌水定额的增加而增加,但I_4处理对提高棉花茎粗和株高更显著。无膜滴灌棉花土壤含水率在0～60 cm剖面上随灌水定额的增加整体表现为增大趋势,而膜下滴灌处理的土壤水分波动要小于无膜滴灌处理。无膜滴灌棉花随着灌水定额的增加,籽棉产量显著增加,I_3处理的籽棉产量可达7 195.48 kg/hm~2,较膜下滴灌增加了19.54%,且棉花品质最好,但膜下滴灌的灌溉水利用高效率最高。【结论】从棉花生长、产量品质及灌溉水利用效率综合分析,无膜滴灌灌水定额为54 mm时,棉花生长及产量品质较优。     

环境温度变化对底盘集中润滑系统工作压力的影响

在底盘油脂集中润滑系统油箱内安装了温度传感器,在主油路首末端分别安装了压力变送器。利用虚拟仪器技术,研究环境温度变化对润滑系统工作压力的影响规律。结果表明,主油路首末端压力峰值以及首末端压力峰值差随着油脂温度的增加而增加,首端压力峰值在25 ℃左右达最大值,末端压力峰值在10 ℃左右达最大值。随着温度的继续增加,首末端压力峰值均下降,温度越高,降低越明显。首端残压随温度增加而降低,但温度对末端残压的影响不显著。      

棉花膜下滴灌在包头湖农场的试验推广

介绍了包头湖农场试验推广棉花膜下滴灌的情况,包括滴灌区的设计、系统安装、试验结果,对推广应用进行 了经济分析。     

基于临界氮浓度的滴灌棉花氮素营养诊断模型研究

在新疆滴灌棉田,选择新陆早45号作为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平(0、120、240、360、480 kg/hm2),研究滴灌棉花各器官氮素吸收分配规律及生物量和氮浓度的动态变化,并建立滴灌棉花的临界氮浓度稀释模型,确定临界氮营养指数,实现对滴灌棉花氮素营养丰缺程度的诊断。结果表明,滴灌棉花生物量随施氮量的增加而增加,氮浓度随滴灌棉花的生长进程而降低;滴灌棉花临界氮浓度与地上部生物量间符合幂函数关系,其相关系数为0.906。通过均方根误差RMSE对模型进行验证,验证结果表明,所得模型的模拟性能较好。基于临界氮浓度建立的氮素营养指数模型(NNI)可作为滴灌棉花氮素营养状况的判别指标,由氮营养指数得到滴灌棉花的适宜施氮量为240~360 kg/hm2。     

水阻接头在微喷灌工程中的应用

水阻接头亦称消能管接头,它是滴灌工程中必用的重要部件之一。它与消能管结合,安装在滴灌毛管首端,起到消除支管传递给毛管的多余压力,达到同一条支管中的每条毛管能量平衡,从而提高滴灌均匀度。目前,节水技术不断发展,介于喷灌与滴灌之间的微喷灌工程,近年来得到迅速发展。有的微喷灌工程因支管控制的面积小,支管短,带动的     

滴灌系统设计灌水均匀度问题的分析

根据非补偿式灌水器的水力特性，分析了新疆棉花膜下滴灌工程设计中存在灌水均匀度较低的问题。为了保证系统灌水均匀度指标符合标准，提出了相应的解决措施与方法：安装调压管；安装补偿式流量调节器；选择流道长度变化或多种规格的灌水器。     

灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响

为探究不同灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生理特性及产量的影响,设置4个灌溉水温梯度分别为15.00(正常灌溉水温),20.00,25.00,30.00℃,2个灌溉时段分别为日间、夜间(分别记为DW,NW)进行完全组合设计,共计8个处理.结果表明,增温灌溉提前了棉花生育进程,促进了棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积增长,有利于棉花光合作用的进行,且在夜间进行增温灌溉效果更显著.增温灌溉使棉花产量显著提高2.95%～14.13%,夜间灌溉较日间灌溉棉花产量平均提高3.34%.基于回归分析确定提高棉花产量的最佳灌溉时段为夜间,最佳灌溉水温为26.38℃,对应的产量为7 482.96 kg/hm².该研究可为北疆膜下滴灌棉花实施增温灌溉技术提供理论依据和技术参考.     

不同灌溉形式下玉米全生产期投入产出与效益分析

对内蒙古通辽玉米典型种植区现有的4种灌溉形式全生产期投入、产出和灌溉水量指标进行分析。结果表明:按照投入指标分析(仅考虑一个生产期内投资),由高到低分别为覆膜滴灌、浅埋不覆膜滴灌、低压管道输水灌溉、喷灌机喷灌;按照产出指标分析,由高到低分别为覆膜滴灌、浅埋不覆膜滴灌、喷灌机喷灌、低压管道输水灌溉;按照灌溉水量指标分析,由高到低分别为低压管道输水灌溉、喷灌机喷灌、浅埋不覆膜滴灌、覆膜滴灌。综合环境效益、经济效益和社会效益总体分析,建议内蒙古赤峰市、通辽市和兴安盟部分地区降水量为250~400mm的玉米种植区可适度推广浅埋不覆膜滴灌。     

Farmers’ incentives to save water with new irrigation systems and water taxation—A case study of Serbian potato production

Drip irrigation systems and irrigation strategies like deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root drying (PRD) are potential water saving irrigation systems and strategies. This paper analyses the Serbian farmer's economic incentive to use these water saving systems and strategies instead of the present sprinkler irrigation. The analysis is a partial budgeting analysis, based on irrigation application efficiency from the literature, standard figures for power requirements, pumping efficiency and friction losses for various sources of water and pressure requirements, yields and water use from recent Serbian field experiments, as well as prices and cost structures for potatoes collected in the Belgrade region. The analysis shows that changing the present system and strategy can save a significant amount of water (almost 50%). At the same time, however, irrigation costs are also significantly increased (more than doubled), and the total production costs are increased by 10% (deficit drip irrigation) and 23% (PRD). Increased taxes on water, investment subsidies, increased energy prices, and an increased yield or yield quality may provide incentives for farmers to change to new systems and strategies. The analysis indicates that a 0.80 to 1.97 € m⁻³ water tax is needed to make deficit drip irrigation and PRD profitable. The socioeconomic cost of providing water for irrigation and the alternative value of saved water are probably not that high. Thus, water taxation may not be a socioeconomic efficient means to improve the irrigation water productivity of Serbian potato production. Drip irrigation and PRD may, however, also increase the yield quality, and a 10-23% quality premium (price increase) is needed to make deficit drip irrigation and PRD profitable.     

Economics of drip irrigation of olives in Turkey

Agricultural growers need investment and cost guidelines for drip irrigation to evaluate the economics of getting crops into production as quickly as possible and to minimise economic losses from drought during the productive life of an olive orchard. The benefits of irrigation may include; better olive survival, earlier crop production, greater yields, efficient nutrient distribution, less plant stress, reduced yield variability and improved crop quality.This research was conducted to help olive growers make decisions regarding investments in drip irrigation systems. This analysis was aimed at the farm business level to provide an economic rationale for investing in drip irrigation systems.The net present value (NPV) criterion was used to determine the discounted break-even investment results from published responses to drip irrigation systems. Growers with typical drip irrigation systems can expect investments of US$ 2244 ha⁻¹ with 1.6 ha blocks of olives. Analysis of survey findings indicate that net present value was US$ 3464 ha⁻¹ after an initial investment of US$ 2244 ha⁻¹.     

葡萄滴灌系统中毛管及微管滴头的设计

本文就葡萄滴灌系统中毛管及微管滴头的布置与设计作了部分方案对比,作者在分析了各种方案的优劣后,建议在葡萄滴灌系统规划设计时,尽量采用较短毛管和变径毛管,一般毛管长度控制在60m到90m范围内。文中列出了毛管不同布置形式下田间设备投资及运行费用比较共24种方案,可供读者参考。     

Investment decision model for drip irrigation system

Drip irrigation is becoming popular in India although the decision to shift to drip irrigation from surface irrigation is not backed up by solid economic factors. It is not that the factors do not justify the shift, but that insufficient study has been done to document the conditions under which a change is justified. The investment decision for shifting to drip irrigation will depend upon many factors; including cost of cultivation, productivity, yield gain factor, cost of produce, electricity charges, depth of groundwater and irrigation requirement. These parameters vary from crop to crop, place to place, size of plot, and farmer to farmer. Therefore a sweeping recommendation suitable for all conditions cannot be made. In view of this, a software program has been developed for estimating the threshold economic value of the investment cost of drip irrigation. In addition to the threshold value of investment cost, the software provides information on energy consumption and net return. The software can be used both for annual crops such as sugarcane or seasonal crops such as vegetable rotations (winter–summer). To demonstrate the interdependence of various input parameters, an analysis has been made using local data in this software. The analysis has provided the relationship between the investment cost and the yield gain factor, the returns from the crop, as well as the savings in energy and the size of the prime mover with regard to the size of the farm.     

变频恒压控制系统在日光温室蔬菜滴灌中的应用研究

恒定转速的机电泵无法调节泵的特性与实际变化的运行状况相适应。针对日光温室蔬菜基地的用水特点和加压滴灌技术应用中存在的问题 ,根据电动机的变频调速原理 ,提出了利用变频恒压控制系统调节水泵电机转速来满足管网不同需水量时压力恒定不变的要求 ,并通过工程试验进行了经济效益分析 ,认为该系统应用在日光温室蔬菜滴灌中具有显著的节水节能及增产效益 ,实用性强 ,应用前景广阔     

手动与自动控制滴灌系统管网布置方案比较

针对微灌自动控制系统日益普及的现状，在分析了手动及自动控制微灌系统管网布置、轮灌组划分特点的基础上，以实际工程为例，详细分析了两种系统设计的区别，并经过系统投资比较得出，虽然自动控制微灌系统增加了自动控制设备，但由于轮灌组和灌水小区的分散布置，可以做到两种灌溉系统初始投资相近。     

微灌田间管网布置优化及参数分析

微灌工程是推进农业节水灌溉的重要手段,合理的田间管网参数设计是水利计算中的重要环节.为此,探索了田间灌水单元小区内满足灌溉管道运行安全的田间管网优化布置方案,建立以单位面积管道投入最低为目标函数且满足管道安全运行要求的双向布置田间管网优化设计数学模型,并应用遗传算法对永舒榆灌区典型区域进行优化计算.与原设计相比,单位面...     

不同类型滴灌带灌水均匀度田间试验分析

"十二五"规划中指出发展节水灌溉的同时保证低能耗,为此,低压低能耗的微灌技术将成为未来节水灌溉发展的核心。实验选取了自治区节水灌溉重点县自动化滴灌示范基地中使用较多的两种不同类型滴灌带作为研究对象,分析了不同铺设坡度、铺设长度、入口压力等对滴管带灌水均匀度的影响。结果表明,该自动化滴灌示范基地中采用的两种滴灌带均能满足设计的灌水要求,均匀度良好。从试验结果中还发现A型滴灌带在低压条件下进行灌水均匀度良好,综合分析且在耗能上较B型滴灌带低,能够达到低压低能耗微灌技术的要求。