基于能量平衡的喷灌作物冠层净截留损失估算

为了定量评价喷灌作物冠层截留损失,以地面灌为对照,利用热平衡茎流计对喷灌冬小麦和夏玉米冠层截留水量蒸发产生的蒸腾抑制效应进行了连续两年的田间观测,结果表明：各次灌水,喷灌冠层截留水量的蒸发明显影响田间小气候进而抑制作物蒸腾。喷灌冬小麦和夏玉米蒸腾抑制量变化范围分别为1.65～4.09 mm和0.50～2.75 mm。在此基础上,基于能量平衡原理,结合波文比能量平衡系统,计算出的冬小麦冠层净截留损失不足0.1 mm;夏玉米净截留损失变化范围在1～2 mm之间,占灌水量的4.3%～6.5%。     

植物群体受光结构与光截获研究综述

植物群体受光结构与光截获的研究是冠层小气候研究重要领域之一.较为系统地讨论了植物群体受光结构参数及参数获取的新技术新方法、光截获模型及受光结构参数与光截获的关系.在对已有成果综合分析的基础上,探讨了植物群体受光结构与光截获研究中亟待解决的问题.     

图像拼接重建苹果树冠层器官三维形态

为重建苹果树年生长期冠层器官三维形态,以休眠期、疏花期、成熟期苹果树冠层为研究对象,分别针对基于光合混合探测技术(photonic mixer detector,PMD)的摄像机与彩色摄像机获取的强度图像与彩色图像开展冠层图像拼接技术研究。利用Scale invariant feature transform算法的尺度不变特征,并结合Random sample consensus算法精确确定图像映射模型,避免了果园非结构光及图像尺度变换的影响。以此为基础,应用拉普拉斯金字塔分解与重构算法、分层确定融合规则,实现了不同生长期的冠层图像拼接,有效克服了传统融合算法反映细节信息能力差、拼接痕迹明显等缺点。果园不同环境下(晴天顺光、晴天逆光、阴天)的试验表明:提出的拼接方法适合于苹果树年生长期的冠层器官图像拼接,且算法的鲁棒性、速度及拼接精度均能满足冠层三维重建工作的要求,研究成果对提升剪枝、疏花、测产、采摘等果园管理的信息化水平具有重要意义。     

氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦冠层不同层次光能利用及干物质转运的影响

【目的】研究测墒补灌节水栽培条件下,氮肥基追比例对小麦植株冠层不同层次光能利用和干物质积累转运及分配的影响,为确定合理的氮肥运筹模式提供依据。【方法】以‘济麦22’小麦为试验材料,在总施氮量为240 kg/hm^2条件下,设置5个氮肥基追比例,分别为N1 (0∶10)、N2 (3∶7)、N3 (5∶5)、N4 (7∶3)、N5(10∶0),在拔节期和开花期,土壤相对含水量均补灌至田间持水量的70%。【结果】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的N3处理开花后的叶面积指数、冠层上层和中层的光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率及截获量显著高于其它处理,中层和下层的透射率显著低于其它处理,PAR转化率和利用率较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高13.64%、8.02%、8.70%、14.38%和21.17%、8.50%、10.67%、23.88%。N3处理开花后干物质同化量、成熟期干物质积累量及中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量、转运率显著高于其它处理,籽粒干物质分配量较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高11.37%、5.68%、6.03%和16.25%。相关分析表明,中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量与中层PAR截获率呈显著正相关;籽粒干物质分配量与上层、中层及总PAR截获率呈显著正相关,与下层PAR截获率呈显著负相关。【结论】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的处理显著提高了小麦冠层的光能利用,促进了中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运,获得了最高的籽粒产量,为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

利用3D模型模拟天空与叶面散射对玉米冠层截光率的影响

该文利用并行蒙特卡罗光线跟踪模型定量分析了天空散射与叶片散射对玉米冠层截光率的影响.模拟试验表明:相同辐射强度时,冠层截获的光强与受剑照射的叶片在天空散射时都比直接辐射时多;当太阳高度角小于60°时,冠层在阴大截获的总光强小于晴大,但至少60%的叶片在阴大截获的光强大于晴大时截获的光强;叶片散射对冠层光分布的影响与波长...     

晋南半干旱地区果树渗灌补水效应研究

为了提高旱地果园水分利用效率，研究了渗灌和渗水管道埋深对旱地土壤含水率和苹果树生长发育的影响。在需水关键期渗水300 m³/hm²，垂直下渗深度为130 cm，水平渗幅可达160 cm，其中20～80 cm土层含水率比对照高6.0～7.3个百分点。渗水管道埋深不同，水分在土壤中的分配模式不同，在30～40 cm较合适。渗灌能明显促进果树生长发育，提高苹果产量和果品品质，而且比漫灌省水。渗灌比未渗对照增产45.7%～99.1%，漫灌比对照增产26.6%～101.6%。渗灌效应优于漫灌。     

Automated measurement of canopy stomatal conductance based on infrared temperature

Decreased water uptake closes stomates, which reduces transpiration and increases leaf temperature. The leaf or canopy temperature has long been used to make an empirical estimate of plant water stress. However, with a few supplemental measurements and application of biophysical principles, infrared measurement of canopy temperature can be used to calculate canopy stomatal conductance (g_C), a physiological variable derived from the energy balance for a plant canopy. Calculation of g_C requires an accurate measurement of canopy temperature and an estimate of plant height, but all of the other measurements are available on automated weather stations. Canopy stomatal conductance provides a field-scale measurement of daily and seasonal stomatal response to prevailing soil water and atmospheric conditions, and facilitates a comparison of models that scale conductance from single leaves (measured with porometers) to canopies. A sensitivity analysis of the input measurements/estimates showed g_C is highly sensitive to small changes in canopy and air temperature, and less sensitive to the other required measurements (relative humidity, net radiation, wind speed, and plant canopy height). The measurement of g_C becomes increasingly sensitive to all of the component factors as the conditions become cloudier, cooler, and more humid. We determined g_C for alfalfa and turfgrass by making the necessary environmental measurements and coupling them with a two-source (plant canopy layer and soil layer) energy balance model. We then compared these g_C values to maximum single leaf values scaled-up to the canopy level (g_CP, defined as potential canopy stomatal conductance herein) for the two crops. For both crops, g_C matched g_CP within approximately 10% after irrigation. The turfgrass g_C measurements were also compared to mean single leaf values measured with a porometer. At mid-day, g_C values were typically about double the single leaf values. Because this approach for determining g_C allows continuous, non-contact measurement, it has considerable potential for coupling with measurements of soil moisture to better understand plant–soil water relations. It also has potential for use in precision drought stress and irrigation scheduling.     

我国4种主要苹果树形冠层结构和辐射三维分布比较研究

树体结构和辐射分布是影响果树冠层光合生产力和果实产量品质的主要因素。本文以"富士"苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.‘Fuji’)为试材,采用田间调查方法,系统研究了我国苹果生产中4种主要树形的树体结构参数以及叶面积密度(LAD)和光合有效辐射(PAR)的三维分布特征。结果表明,开心形树冠的枝量(894×103·hm-2)和叶面积指数(LAI,2.53)最小,其他3种树形中小冠疏层形分别为2 280×103·hm-2、4.14,疏散分层形分别为2 119×103·hm-2、3.98,纺锤形分别为2 190×103·hm-2、3.88。不同树形LAD三维分布各不相同,小冠疏层形苹果树的叶片主要分布在树冠的0.5~1.5 m之间,疏散分层形和纺锤形主要分布在0.5~2.0 m之间,开心形主要分布在1.0~2.0 m之间。通过对不同树形LAD和PAR三维分布比较发现,每种树形的PAR都随树冠深度的增加而降低,在树冠中部LAD最大部位辐射消减最快,PAR的三维分布主要与叶片分布有关。其中开心形树冠的平均PAR最高,分布最均匀。4种树冠内叶片得到的平均相对PAR小冠疏层形为24.85%,疏散分层形为28.84%,纺锤形为27.71%,开心形为37.28%。开心形树冠内低光区的叶片所占比例只有35%,其他树形都超过50%。研究表明,不同相对PAR范围内的叶片比例能够更好地反映果树冠层的辐射情况,开心形树冠在辐射分布上优于其他3种树形。     

Estimating the three-dimensional structure of canopy foliage based on the light measurements in a Betula ermanii stand

In order to more accurately evaluate the functional activity of forest stands by canopy production and evapotranspiration, we improved the methods for field measurements and statistical modeling to estimate foliage configuration (spatial distribution of leaves) while simultaneously reconstructing the three-dimensional photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) distribution (PPFD pattern) in a forest canopy. By using a sensor (photodiode) array, a PPFD pattern was observed in summer 2002 under the canopy in an even-aged, pure stand of Japanese mountain birch Betula ermanii Cham. (17-years old) in Hokkaido, northern Japan. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling technique is developed such that a set of foliage configurations generated by the model referred to as the Gibbs foliage canopy (GFC) approximates the field-measured PPFD pattern. The posterior distribution of the foliage configurations is generated by the parallel tempering MCMC of eight independent series of foliage configurations. The GFC model generated the posterior distribution of the LAI estimates (mean 4.56) that appeared to be appropriate in comparison to other LAI estimates of the B. ermanii stand based on the indirect and nondestructive methods by LAI-2000 (LAI = 3.43) and litterfall traps (LAI = 5.56) because they could be under- and overestimated, respectively. Our evaluations of the canopy production and evapotranspiration rates suggest that the relationship between LAI and canopy functions was not very simple because it depended on the nonlinear functional forms of the leaf responses of photosynthesis and transpiration to PPFD. The current study demonstrates an application of MCMC techniques that can generate a set of possible structures of unobserved/unobservable objects based on the high-resolution dataset obtained by some indirect (or remote-sensing) methods.     

基于苹果树冠层计盒维数的光照分布预测

果园精细管理中,苹果树冠层结构决定了叶幕期光照分布情况,而叶幕期光照分布又是关系到果实产量和质量的重要因素之一。该文以纺锤体苹果树为研究对象,提出了基于苹果树冠层计盒维数的光照分布预测方法。在冠层尺度内,按照网格法划分休眠期苹果树冠层三维点云数据,通过分析该数据构成的果树冠层空间结构,提出用计盒维数量化果树冠层结构的方法;通过分析休眠期冠层结构特征和叶幕期冠层相对光照分布特点,研究了休眠期苹果树三维冠层网格空间计盒维数与叶幕期冠层光照空间分布之间的关系,预测了叶幕成形期苹果树冠层光照分布。通过连续3 a的数据分析,叶幕期苹果树冠层阳面光照分布平均预测精度为76.11%,阴面平均光照分布预测精度为74.10%,该方法可为苹果树自动化修剪合理性评判提供技术支持。     

缙云山区影响林冠截留量因素的初步分析

 为探索影响林冠截留量各因素的主次关系,利用灰色系统理论,对重庆市缙云山不同类型天然林地内影响林冠截留量的因素进行了灰关联分析。不同植被类型的林冠截留能力大小依次为:针阔混交林>阔叶林>毛竹林。对于毛竹林,各因素对林冠截留量影响的大小顺序依次为:降雨强度>降雨量>气温>风速>空气湿度;对于针阔混交林,各因素影响大小依次是:降雨量>气温>风速>空气湿度>降雨强度;对于阔叶林,各因素影响大小依次是:降雨强度>降雨量>气温=风速>空气湿度。影响毛竹林、针阔混交林和阔叶林林冠截留量的主要是降雨过程,蒸散过程对针阔混交林林冠截留量起着重要作用。     

Prognosis of the nutritional status of apple trees based on prebloom leaves and flowers

Abstract

The utilization of prebloom tissues to predict nutrition of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the possible use of mineral analyses of the prebloom spur leaves and flowers to forecast the nutrition of ‘Idared’ apple trees in the mid-summer (based on the leaves from current-season shoots). The prebloom leaf concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, boron and manganese were positively correlated with those in the summer leaves. The significant relationships between nitrogen, calcium, boron, and manganese in the flowers and those in the mid-summer leaves were also found. However, only the relationship between boron in the prebloom spur leaves and in the summer leaves was sufficiently strong. The calculated optimal range of boron in the prebloom spur leaves was 20–25?mg kg^?1.     

喷灌对冠层水汽交换的影响

以冬小麦为研究对象,研究了喷灌对冠层内外水汽交换的影响。研究结果表明喷灌影响了冠层内外水汽交换的过程。喷灌对冠层顶部的蒸发力影响不显著,对冠层内的蒸发力影响较大,喷灌冠层内的农田蒸发力小于地面灌冠层内同一高度的农田蒸发力。在地面灌和喷灌同时灌溉的情况下,地面灌农田的土面蒸发量大于喷灌农田;与白天相比,夜间地面灌和喷灌农田的土面蒸发都大大减少。喷灌农田的作物蒸散量通常小于地面灌农田。喷灌小麦晚上出现凝结水的量大于地面灌农田。     

苹果花期冠层反射光谱特征

苹果花期是果树生产与管理的关键阶段,对冠层反射光谱特征研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。该文以山东省栖霞市为研究区,通过实测的120棵苹果花期冠层反射光谱数据,在分析不同累计样本容量冠层反射光谱特征的基础上,用方差分析和相关分析的方法,系统地研究了苹果树有花与无花、不同花量、花期不同阶段、不同树龄及不同品种的冠层反射光谱特征。研究结果表明,随着累计样本容量的增加,冠层反射光谱曲线趋于稳定、平滑。有花与无花冠层光谱反射率在431～500、591～680、761～1 300 nm波段方差分析结果极显著（α=0.01）;不同花量的冠层与391～513、598～687、711～1 193 nm波段的反射率显著相关（p＜0.05）;在670 nm“红谷”附近,反射率随花量的增加而增大,在近红外761～1 300 nm波段,反射率随花量的增加而减小;不同品种之间,除嘎啦外,红富士、金帅和新红星之间不易区分。研究结果揭示了高光谱遥感在苹果花期信息获取方面的巨大潜力,为今后遥感反演模型的构建提供了依据。     

过量灌溉条件下起垄栽培对富士苹果生长和15N-尿素利用、分配的影响

以4 年生富士/SH40/八棱海棠为试材,研究了过量灌溉条件下起垄栽培对富士苹果生长和15N-尿素利用、 分配的影响。结果表明,过量灌溉条件下,与平栽处理相比起垄栽培处理在春梢停长期根系的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性分别提高1.70倍和1.69倍,根系游离脯氨酸含量降低了63.60%,根系活力和细根生长量分别提高1.44倍和1.68倍; 在秋梢停长期也表现出相似规律。起垄栽培与平栽处理在春梢停长期树体的氮素利用率分别为4.40%和3.86%,差异不显著; 到秋梢停长期分别为5.16%和4.02%,差异达显著水平。起垄栽培植株营养器官15N 分配率均高于平栽,其中以细根最为显著,且随物侯期的推移差异越明显。     

根域水分亏缺对涌泉灌苹果幼树产量品质和节水的影响

为了有效提高山地苹果树的水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）以及合理分配灌溉用水,该文以陕北黄土高原地区山地苹果树为研究对象,通过大田试验,研究了涌泉根灌（surge-root irrigation,SRI）条件下水分亏缺对苹果树生长、产量、品质及WUE的影响。试验于2016—2018年分别在萌芽期（I）设置轻度（L）、中度（M）和重度（S）3个水平亏缺处理,在开花坐果期（II）和果实膨大期（III）分别设置L和M 2个水平亏缺处理,另设全生育期充分灌溉（FI）与不灌水（NI）作为对照,共9个处理。结果表明：苹果树各生育期耗水量由大到小依次为III期、II期、I期、果实成熟期（IV）,其中III期耗水量占全生育期耗水总量的59%~71%,远高于其他3个生育阶段。调亏灌溉与FI相比节水效果显著（P<0.05）,且其一定程度上抑制了苹果树新梢生长,苹果树水分调亏程度大的处理在下一个阶段复水后其耗水量越大。水分亏缺可调节苹果的品质,I期进行水分亏缺对果实含水率、可溶性物质含量和可溶性还原糖含量的影响均不显著（P>0.05）,III期进行水分亏缺可增加果实硬度,降低单果质量、优果率和果实含水率,因此不宜在苹果树III期设置水分亏缺;而在苹果树II期进行水分亏缺使果实硬度略有增加,果实含水率略有下降,同时单果质量、优果率、可溶性物质和可溶性还原糖含量提高,使苹果更甜且易存储。其中II-M处理的苹果产量、品质及WUE均达到较高水平,建议最优的水分调亏应是II-M处理。该研究可为陕北山地苹果水分管理、精准灌溉提供理论与技术参考。     

Prognosis of iron chlorosis in apple trees by floral analysis

In populations of apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) affected by iron (Fe) chlorosis, the floral analyses permit to establish relationships between the Fe concentration in flowers and the chlorophyll content in leaves at 60 and 120 days after full bloom. The relationships between both parameters were highly significant with correlation coefficients of 0.603*** and 0.872***, respectively. As from previous research with peach trees, these high correlations permitted us to predict at a very early stage, the appearance of the Fe deficiency and its intensity. In our experimental conditions, the first visual symptoms of the Fe chlorosis appear in apple leaves with floral Fe concentrations below 310 ppm in dry matter.     

Supply of micronutrients to apple trees via the bark

Abstract

Growth regulators, pesticides, herbicides and macroelements applied to tree trunks are often translocated to the foliage. The feasibility of using bark dressings for supplying micronutrients to deficient trees was investigated using new laboratory screening methods and a field trial. Zinc was chosen as a model compound since soil and foliar applications of zinc to apple trees have not proven entirely satisfactory.

Less than one per cent of zinc applied as zinc chloride to the scraped bark of excised apple twig sections could be forced out in the xylem exudate. Translocation of exogenous zinc only occurred during the first six days after application. Zinc was also translocated through the intact bark of apple twigs but the percentage of cases in which translocation was observed was reduced from 100% (in scraped bark) to circa 40%; furthermore, the amount of zinc translocated was reduced tenfold. Significant sinc translocation to the foliage was not observed in field trials consisting of trunk applications of zinc salts to intact and scraped bark of apple trees with first flush foliage. Factors influencing the passage of zinc and other chemicals from bark to foliage are discussed.     

种植苹果树对渭北果园土壤胶结物质分布的影响

本研究通过系统研究种植果树对土壤胶结性物质的演化规律及其与土壤团聚体稳定性之间关系的影响,探索影响果园土壤团聚体状态的因素,以期为果园科学管理提供理论依据。在渭北旱塬苹果主产区分别选取10 a、20 a的苹果园和农田(冬小麦-夏玉米轮作,对照)各4个,在果树冠层投影范围内距树干2/3处逐层采集0~100 cm土层土壤样品和0~50 cm土层原状土壤样品,研究不同植果年限果园及农田土壤剖面黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3等团聚体胶结物质的分布及其与团聚体稳定性之间的关系。结果发现:在0~100 cm土层范围内,各果园土壤黏粒含量基本随土层深度的增加而递增,且在0~40 cm土层表现为农田10 a果园20 a果园,40 cm以下土层则呈现相反的态势;种植果树相比农田可显著增加0~100 cm土层土壤有机质总储量,但随着种植果树年限的增加,土壤有机质总储量呈递减趋势;在0~100 cm土层土壤CaCO_3总储量表现为10 a果园农田20a果园,但在0~40 cm土层CaCO_3含量及储量表现为10 a果园农田20 a果园,而40~100 cm土层则为20 a果园10 a农田。皮尔森相关分析发现(29)0.25 mm土壤团聚体的数量和平均重量直径(MWD)与土壤黏粒、有机质和CaCO_3含量密切相关,其中机械稳定性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中CaCO_3、有机质含量的影响,水稳性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中黏粒和CaCO_3的影响。总之,植果显著改变了土壤中黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3的演化过程和趋势,随植果年限增加,果园土壤黏粒和CaCO_3在土壤较深土层淋溶淀积明显;各果园土壤有机质总储量虽然高于农田,但随植果年限增加,有逐渐减少的趋势。可见植果明显加速了渭北黄土塬地土壤的残积黏化和钙化过程,影响着表层土壤团聚作用和底层土壤的紧实化和坚硬化程度。     

晋西黄土区刺槐人工林林冠截留模拟

为探讨晋西黄土区刺槐人工林生态水文过程和影响机制,以2007和2008年7-10月的19场降雨和气象及林分结构资料,用修正的Gash林冠截留模型,对刺槐人工林林冠截留进行模拟.结果表明:刺槐人工林林冠持水能力和树干持水能力分别为0.55和0.1091 mm,使林冠达到饱和的降雨量为0.75 mm,使树干达到饱和所必需的降雨量为8.70 mm;修正的Gash模型可以较好地模拟晋西黄土区刺槐人工林的林冠累计截留量,林冠累计截留量相对误差最小值为0.76％,最大值为12.60％,平均林冠累计截留量相对误差为6.40％,林冠累计截留量模拟值小于实测值,截流率比实测值低2.64％.