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1.
Yohannes Misskire Tekalign Mamo Abi M. Taddesse Uri Yermiyahu 《Journal of plant nutrition》2019,42(4):307-322
Vertisols are characterized by deficiency of nutrients and recently, potassium (K), a major plant nutrient in crops, is gaining attention because of crop removal, fixation by clay minerals and leaching. A field experiment was conducted during the 2015 and 2016 main cropping seasons to test the effect of potash fertilizer on Vertisols of East Gojjam at Gudalima and Dejen/Tik sites using teff crop. The K rates (applied as muriate of potash) were 0, 50,100, and 150?kg ha?1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in three replications. The results indicated that the plant height, panicle length, number of effective tillers, dry matter and grain yield of teff increased significantly (P?<?0.05) with applied K. The highest dry matter and grain yield (6966.4 and 2418.2 kg ha?1, respectively) were obtained from the application of 100 kg ha?1 KCl. Total uptake of N, P, and K were enhanced significantly with K treated plots than those without and K efficiency was improved due to the rate of K. The present study demonstrated the importance of K application to supplement NPS for optimum dry matter and grain yield of teff on Vertisols of the study sites. 相似文献
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氮肥对非充分灌溉下棉花产量及品质的补偿作用 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
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The effect of sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, and processing conditions (alkali concentration and soaking time) on corn debranning was studied at a temperature of 55°C. Fiber yield, soluble dry matter loss, and total dry matter removed were determined for different alkalies and processing conditions. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide resulted in maximum fiber yields of 3.38 and 3.48%; maximum soluble dry matter loss of 7.63 and 10.96%; and maximum total dry matter removed of 10.52 and 13.26%. Calcium hydroxide at 6% concentration level resulted in negligible fiber yield, soluble dry matter loss, and total dry matter removed with soak times up to 16 hr. Sodium hydroxide has higher debranning action than potassium hydroxide at 3 and 6% concentration levels; whereas, at 9% concentration level, potassium hydroxide has higher debranning action. 相似文献
4.
J. Wahjudi Li Xu Ping Wang V. Singh P. Buriak K. D. Rausch A. J. McAloo M. E. Tumbleson S. R. Eckhoff 《Cereal Chemistry》2000,77(5):640-644
Preliminary calculations showed that recovery of fiber before fermentation in the dry grind ethanol facilities known as the Quick Fiber process increases fermenter capacity and reduces ethanol production cost by as much as 4 ¢/gal. The objective of the current research was to evaluate the effect of mash temperature, dry solids, and residual germ on fiber yield and purity when using the quick fiber process. Fiber was recovered by flotation and skimming, while maintaining a specified temperature, dry solids, and residual germ in the mash. Varying temperature and dry solids in the mash resulted in a statistically significant effect on the fiber yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, and weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. Varying residual germ in the mash resulted in statistically significant differences for NDF through dilution and the weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. The highest fiber yield was 10.9% at 45°C, 23% dry solids, and 15% residual germ; the highest NDF was 50.9% at 30°C, 21% dry solids, and 0% residual germ. The highest weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn was observed at 45°C, 23% dry solids, and 0% residual germ. 相似文献
5.
化肥和生物有机肥配施对鲜食型甘薯块根产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种各器官的干物质和氮素的积累与转运 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
采用大田试验,以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种为供试材料,设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg/hm2),得出各品种在这7个氮肥水平下出现的群体最高生产力,将该最高生产力定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。根据各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力从高到低将50个品种分为4个产量水平,对不同产量水平品种间各器官的干物质和氮素积累转运、分配等特性进行系统地比较研究。结果表明,抽穗期叶片的氮素含量和氮素积累量以及成熟期叶片和穗的干物质与氮素积累量随产量水平递减逐渐降低;拔节至抽穗阶段茎鞘的干物质积累率以及叶片的干物质和氮素积累速率也随产量水平递减逐渐降低;抽穗至成熟阶段产量大于10.50 t/hm2的水稻品种,茎鞘和叶片的干物质和氮素转运贡献率比其他产量水平低,但穗部干物质和氮素增加量却比其他产量水平高。在满足氮肥群体最高生产力的施肥条件下,拔节至抽穗阶段叶片的干物质、氮素积累速率和产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.635,r=0.539),抽穗至成熟阶段叶片的干物质转运量与产量呈显著负相关(r=-0.360),而叶片的氮素转运量与产量呈显著正相关(r=0.333)。产量大于10.50 t/hm2的水稻品种叶片的干物质和氮素积累与转运比其他产量水平品种在抽穗后表现出明显的优势,穗部物质积累与氮素积累量较高。抽穗后在保持茎鞘适宜的物质和氮素积累量的基础上,提高叶片的物质和氮素积累,进一步加大穗部的物质和氮素积累,是获得高产的保障。 相似文献
7.
氮肥运筹对科尔沁地区粮饲兼用玉米金山 10 产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
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为探究每年7-8月(拔节-孕穗期)洪涝淹没对水稻生长的后效影响,该研究以Ⅱ优898为试验对象,在安徽新马桥农水试验站开展为期2 a的水稻淹涝胁迫试验。试验设置了具有不同淹水深度(半淹、3/4淹、全淹)和淹水持续时间(5、7、9 d)组合的9个试验组,以及正常控水的对照组。在淹水胁迫结束后,对后胁迫时期水稻的叶片光合特性、根系生长情况、植株干物质分配和相应产量进行了多次观测。结果表明,淹涝胁迫在一定程度上抑制了叶片气孔导度和光合速率,但在胁迫解除后会逐渐恢复甚至出现补偿现象,其恢复进程受前期淹涝程度影响。淹涝胁迫使水稻的干物质分配更倾向于叶和茎,并随着前期淹涝程度加重而愈发明显;在复水后第20天,半淹组的平均茎叶干物质分配系数相比于对照组增加了7.9%,而全淹组则增加了32.9%。水稻产量与其在后胁迫时期的茎叶干物质分配系数存在显著的相关关系,相关系数为0.875(P=0.023);水稻产量随着茎叶干物质分配系数的增加、叶片气孔导度和光合速率的减小而减少。该研究针对拔节-孕穗期发生的淹涝胁迫,重点对后胁迫时期水稻的光合特性及干物质分配进行了分析,初步探讨了水稻涝害减产的潜在机理,为提出稻田涝后减灾管理措施提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
9.
施氮量和密度互作对玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
10.
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO(2)) was used for the extraction of oil and squalene from Amaranthus grain. Very small amounts of oil could be extracted by SC CO(2) from undisrupted grains, although SC CO(2) possesses higher diffusivity. Grinding increased the extraction rate and oil yield, and smaller particle size gave higher extraction rate. The oil yield and initial extraction rate increased linearly with the increasing SC CO(2) flow rate from 1 to 2 L/min. Increasing the flow rate of SC CO(2) above 2 L/min resulted in only a slight increase of oil yield and extraction rate. In the pressure range of 150-250 bar, extraction decreased with increasing temperature at a constant pressure, whereas at a pressure of 300 bar, the extraction yield increased with increasing temperature. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Effects of temperature and pressure on squalene yield were different from those on oil yield. A good oil yield (4.77 g of oil/100 g of grain) was obtained at 40 degrees C and 250 bar. The highest squalene yield (0.31 g of squalene/100 g of grain) and concentration (15.3% in extract) were obtained at 50 degrees C and 200 bar, although the oil yield under this condition was low (2.07 g of oil/100 g of grain). The moisture content within 0-10% had little influence on yields of oil and squalene at 40 degrees C and 250 bar. Finally, the oil yield and the squalene concentration in the extracts by SC CO(2) were compared to those by solvent extraction. 相似文献
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为探明压砂地西瓜光合作用机理以及水氮条件对压砂地西瓜干物质积累和产量的影响,于2009年进行了桶栽对比试验,用高斯积分法计算冠层每日总光合同化量的方法建立压砂地西瓜光合作用干物质累积模型,并用试验实测值对模型进行验证。同时建立水氮耦合回归模型并进行验证。结果表明:1)光合作用干物质模型均方根误差(root mean square of error,RMSE)为22.5 kg/hm~2,相对均方根误差(normalized RMSE,n RMSE)为14.5%,相关系数(correlation coefficient,r)为0.89;2)当蒸发蒸腾量ET≥213~513.8 mm、可利用氮量N≥172.1~226.9 kg/hm~2时,水氮耦合压砂地西瓜干物质积累模型和产量模型的n RMSE均20%,R2约0.8,说明水氮耦合干物质和产量模型的可靠性。所建立的光合作用干物质累积模型和水氮耦合模型在一定条件下能够准确的预测压砂地西瓜干物质累积和经济产量,但光合作用模型更具有广泛的适用性。 相似文献
13.
以超级杂交晚稻品种五丰优T025为材料,以叶面喷清水作对照(CK),设置叶面喷施0.1%(P1)、0.3%(P3)和0.5%(P5)3个浓度的磷酸二氢钾溶液处理,研究双季晚稻抽穗扬花期遭遇低温条件下提前喷施磷钾肥对水稻叶温、产量和生理特性的影响。结果表明:低温期间,不同叶面肥处理叶片温度较对照均有所提高,其中P3处理增温效果最好。低温胁迫下各处理稻株叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均不同程度降低,以P3处理降幅最小,蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度及气孔导度等也均呈现类似变化特点;低温下各处理MDA含量均不同程度上升,其中以P3处理最低;叶片抗氧化酶活性低温来临后产生不同程度的变化,其中SOD活性、POD活性总体上表现为CK最高,P3最低,而CAT活性则以CK最低,P3最高;低温胁迫下喷施叶面肥处理均能不同程度提高黄熟期植株尤其是穗部干物质量,达到减缓产量降低的效果,其中以P3处理最佳,遭遇低温明显的2015年第二播期(7月1日播种)水稻产量比CK高14.04%;产量结构上,各处理单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数、结实率等均较CK明显改善。说明叶面喷施0.3%磷酸二氢钾是增强双季超级杂交晚稻抽穗扬花期低温抵御能力的有效措施。 相似文献
14.
施氮量对四川盆地小麦生长及灌浆的影响 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
【目的】施氮量对小麦光合产物的积累、转运和分配影响明显,氮肥运筹是调控小麦物质生产的重要手段。为进一步发挥四川盆地小麦的增产潜力,2011~2013年,在四川省江油市开展了施氮量对两个高产小麦品种物质生产及灌浆特性影响的研究。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,品种为主区,施氮量为副区,参数品种为内麦836和川麦104,施氮(N)水平分别为0、90、135、180、225 kg/hm2,在小麦生长期间和收获后分别测试了个体和群体生物量、产量、产量结构和灌浆参数。【结果】施氮量、品种以及年际间气候条件均对产量、产量结构以及干物质积累量、叶面积指数有明显影响,两因素或三因素互作效应因指标不同而异。同一施氮水平下,川麦104的籽粒产量高于内麦836,氮空白区内麦836平均产量6638.9 kg/hm2,川麦104为6717.7 kg/hm2。135 kg/hm2施氮水平下,两个品种的生物产量和籽粒产量分别超过18000和9000 kg/hm2,与180 kg/hm2和225 kg/hm2处理差异不显著。两个品种产量与施氮量之间的关系符合一元二次函数关系(P0.05),川麦104 y=-0.1056x2+44.023x+6724.6,内麦836 y=-0.0934x2+35.991x+6651.5,理论最高产量以及最高产量施氮量川麦104均高于内麦836。增加施氮量利于各生育期干物质积累量的增加,但在135~225 kg/hm2施氮范围变幅较小,且135 kg/hm2处理在花后物质积累量更多。随着施氮量的增加,花前贮存物质对产量的贡献率呈先降低后升高的趋势,135kg/hm2处理的产量形成更多的依靠花后物质生产。增施氮肥虽然可促进公顷穗数和穗粒数的增加,但平均灌浆速率下降,内麦836最大灌浆速率在施氮量达到N 180 kg/hm2,川麦104在施氮量达到N 225 kg/hm2时即有大幅下降,千粒重也随之有不同程度的降低。【结论】花后干物质积累量的差异是两个品种对氮肥响应出现差异的重要原因。在目前生产条件下,稻茬小麦高产施氮量在N 135~150 kg/hm2,即可确保小麦的产量,又可提高花前群体质量和花后物质生产量及转运效率。因此,在土壤肥力高、保水保肥力强的四川盆地,施氮量为135~150 kg/hm2可提升该地小麦的生产效益。 相似文献
15.
Effect of processing of black currant press-residue on polyphenol composition and cell proliferation
The press-residue of black currants provides a good source of phenolic antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds from the press-residue by use of extraction conditions compatible with food use. The effects of temperature, extraction duration, and use of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the juice yield, total phenolics (TP), and anthocyanin content of aqueous extracts were studied. Within the variables and response factors tested, the optimal conditions were a 15 min extraction at 90 °C. No significant effect from ultrasound-assisted extraction was found. The composition of anthocyanins and polyphenols was highly dependent on the extraction temperature. The percentage contribution of delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-rutinoside to TP had a negative linear correlation with temperature, while delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-glucoside had a positive linear correlation with temperature, with a maximum amount obtained at 80 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Furthermore, extracts obtained at higher temperatures showed a stronger inhibition of proliferation of Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT 116 cells than extracts obtained at lower temperatures. This may be due to the decomposition of complex polyphenols at higher temperatures, making them more accessible to the cells. 相似文献
16.
【目的】合理施用氮肥不仅可提高大豆结瘤固氮能力,还可减少农业污染,实现大豆生产的高产优质高效。研究施氮时期和施氮量对大豆结瘤固氮、产量及蛋白质含量的影响,为大豆高产优质提供理论基础及科学依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,供试大豆品种为‘东生35’,试验设2个氮肥施用时期(V2期和R1期)和3个氮肥施用量[N 0、5、100 mg/(kg,土)],表示为N0、N5和N100。在大豆R2期(盛花期)和R5期(鼓粒期)取样分析了地上部干物质积累量、根瘤数量、根瘤干重和固氮酶活性。在R8期(成熟期)调查了大豆籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。【结果】施氮时期和施氮量对大豆地上干物质积累、结瘤和固氮能力均有显著影响。不论是V2期还是R1期施氮,大豆地上部干物质积累量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而根瘤干重、数量则呈降低的趋势。R1期施氮条件下,N100处理的大豆盛花期根瘤数量和根瘤干重比N0分别下降了42.3%和32.8%,而固氮酶活性则均以N5处理最高;V2期施氮条件下,N5处理的大豆固氮酶活性在R2期和R5期较N0处理分别增加15.3%和27.1%。大豆籽粒产量和蛋白质含量均以N5处理最高,籽粒蛋白质含量较N0处... 相似文献
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[目的]基于水肥一体化技术,研究不同水氮组合对机采棉氮素吸收及产量的影响,以期建立和完善与机采棉生产相匹配的水氮管理措施.[方法]本研究通过田间试验,采用灌水和施氮2因素交互设计,按照农田实际蒸散量(ETc),设置3个滴灌量水平:60%ETc、80%ETc、100%ETc,每个灌水量下设置5个施氮量水平:0、150、2... 相似文献
18.
Yu J Dandekar DV Toledo RT Singh RK Patil BS 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(16):6041-6045
Limonoid glucosides (primarily limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside, LG) were extracted from grapefruit molasses by supercritical fluid extraction using a supercritical carbon dioxide-ethanol (SC CO(2)-ethanol) system. Extraction conditions to maximize the yield of LG were determined by varying pressure, temperature, ethanol concentration, and extraction time. The highest yield of LG at 0.61 mg/g molasses was obtained at a pressure 48.3 MPa, a temperature of 50 degrees C, 10% ethanol (X(Eth) = 0.1), and 40 min of extraction time at a flow rate of 5.0 L/min. The results demonstrated that SC CO(2) extraction of limonoid glucosides from grapefruit molasses has practical significance for commercial production. 相似文献
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为探究春玉米(Zea mays L.)干物质积累和产量对播期调控下水热变化的响应,在河北科技师范学院试验基地,于2017—2020 年进行了4年的播期试验,以京农科728和MC812为材料,分析了播期(5月1日、5月10日、5月20日、5月30日)引起的春玉米干物质积累量、产量构成因素、产量以及水分利用率的变化。结果表明,受温度与降水影响,春玉米干物质积累量在生育前、中期随播期的推迟而下降,而灌浆后期至成熟期以5月30日播种春玉米干物质积累量最多。春玉米干物质积累动态符合Logistic模型,5月30日播种春玉米干物质积累的总持续时间和快增期持续时间均最长。有效穗数、穗粗、轴粗、穗行数和出籽率不受温度与降水的影响,但穗粒数、千粒重、穗长、行粒数受其影响显著,各指标随播期延迟先下降再上升,并以5月20日播种的春玉米最低。产量与千粒重呈显著正相关,5月30日播种的春玉米产量最高。另外,随播期的推迟,总耗水量减少,水分利用效率提高。综上可知,合理安排播期,重视降雨对春玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响,是冀东地区春玉米获得高产的重要措施。本研究为冀东地区春玉米播期选择提供了理论依据和技术支持。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Rice is a staple food for more than 50% of the world's population and nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield limiting nutrients in lowland rice ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate dry matter production and grain yield of 12 lowland rice genotypes (BRS Jaçanã, CNAi 8860, BRS Fronteira, CNAi 8879, CNAi 8880, CNAi 8886, CNAi 8885, CNAi 8569, BRSGO Guará, BRS Alvorada, BRS Jaburu, and BRS Biguá) at five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha? 1). Genotypes showed significant variation in grain yield and shoot dry weight. Genotype BRSGO Guará was highest yielding, whereas genotype BRS Jaburu was lowest yielding and the remaining genotypes were intermediate in grain yielding potential. Grain yield and shoot dry weight were having significant quadratic increase with increasing N rates in the range of 0 to 200 kg ha? 1. However, 90% of the maximum yield is often considered as an economical rate, which was 120 kg for shoot dry weight and 136 kg N ha? 1 for grain yield. Shoot dry matter was having significant positive quadratic association with grain yield across 12 genotypes. 相似文献