Photosynthesis,Growth and Antioxidant Metabolism in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Cultivars Differing in Cadmium Tolerance

Two mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss.) cultivars, Pusa Jai Kisan and SS2 differing in cadmium (Cd) tolerance were treated with 0, 25 and 50 μmol L-1 Cd to study the physiological basis of difference in Cd tolerance. Cultivar SS2 (Cd sensitive) accumulated greater Cd in leaves than Pusa Jai Kisan (Cd tolerant). Further, SS2 also exhibited higher contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and H2O2 and electrolyte leakage. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) were higher in Pusa Jai Kisan than those in SS2. Contrarily, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was higher in SS2 than that in Pusa Jai Kisan and was the greatest at 25 μmol L-1 Cd. Treatment of 25 μmol L-1 Cd induced the maximum activity of enzymes. However, the activity of GR increased up to 50 μmol L-1 Cd in both the cultivars. The non-enzymatic antioxidants ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) were higher in Pusa Jai Kisan than that in SS2, whereas dehydroascorbate (DHA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were higher in SS2. Photosynthesis and growth were adversely and maximally decreased by 50 μmol L-1 Cd treatment in both the cultivars, but SS2 exhibited greater reductions. The protection of photosynthesis and growth and lesser reduction in Pusa Jai Kisan were associated with its capacity to restrict accumulation of Cd in leaves resulting in lower level of TBARS and H2O2 and electrolyte leakage. Moreover, Pusa Jai Kisan exhibited efficient antioxidant metabolism for removal of Cd-induced reactive oxygen species.     

Antioxidant Defense System in Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） Seedlings under Heat Stress and Revival Conditions

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of heat stress and revival on some antioxidative enzymes and metabolites in leaves of the wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） seedlings of heat susceptible （cv. WH 147 and HS 277） and heat tolerant （cv. WH 1021 and HW 2045） cultivars. Seven days old seedlings grown at 25 ℃ were exposed to 40 ℃ for 6 h and these seedlings were again brought to 25 ℃. The observations were recorded in the leaves of control, stressed and revived seedlings on 2nd and 4th day of revival. For the selection ofthermo-tolerant cultivars, screening of the thirty-six cultivars was done based on wilting of primary leaf and values of chlorophyll fluorescence. The MDA （malondialdehyde） and H2O2 concentration in leaves of wheat seedlings increased at the high temperature. There was enhancement in the activities of antioxidative enzymes, viz. CAT （catalase）, POX （peroxidase）, GR （glutathione reductase） and APX （ascorbate peroxidase） in leaves of the tolerant and susceptible cultivars under heat stress, however, higher percent increase was observed in tolerant cultivars. Heat stress increased the SOD （superoxide dismutase） activity in tolerant cultivars but activity declined in susceptible cultivars. On revival, the activities of the CAT, POX and GR declined in comparison to stressed seedlings but remained higher as compared to control. Ascorbate peroxidase activity remained higher on 2nd day and 4th day of revival in all the cultivars.     

Effects of Different Cadmium Levels on Active Oxygen Metabolism and H2O2-Scavenging System in Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis

The effects of different Cd (Cadmium) levels on generation of active oxygen speceies (AOS) and H2O2-scavenging system in the leaves of Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis were studied. The results showed that O2 generation rate, and H2O2 content were enhanced and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with the increase of Cd concentrations in the growth medium. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were promoted by the addition of Cd. Exposed to Cd also increased the contents of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) in the leaves.     

Grafting Enhances Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Through Regulating Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidative System

An experiment was carried out to determine plant growth, mineral uptake, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, and antioxidant of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Xintaimici） under copper stress, either ungrafted or grafted onto the rootstock （Cucurbitaficifolia）. Excess Cu inhibited growth, photosynthesis, and pigment synthesis of grafted and ungrafted cucumber seedlings and significantly increased accumulation of Cu in roots besides reducing mineral uptake. Cu concentration in roots of grafted cucumber plants was significantly higher than that of ungrafted plants and obviously lower in leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） significantly increased in cucumber leaves under Cu stress and resulted in lipid peroxidation, and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation were greatly decreased by grafting. Activities of protective enzymes （superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione reductase, GR） and the contents of ascorbate and glutathione in leaves of grafted plants were significantly higher than those of ungrafted plants under Cu stress. Better performance of grafted cucumber plants were attributed to the higher ability of Cu accumulation in their roots, better nutrient status, and the effective scavenging system of ROS.     

Changes of Proline Content, Activity, and Active Isoforms of Antioxidative Enzymes in Two Alfalfa Cultivars Under Salt Stress

The plants of two elfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） cultivars differing in salt tolerance were subjected to three salt treatments, 70, 140, and 210 mM NaCl for 7 days. Root, shoot, and leaf growths were inhibited by increased salt treatments in both cultivars, and at 140 and 210 mM salt treatments, Zhongmu 1 had significantly higher root, shoot, and leaf dry weights per plant than Deft. The malondialdehyde （MDA） accumulation in Deft was considerably greater than in Zhongmu 1, indicating a higher degree of lipid peroxidation at 140 and 210 mM salt treatments. The changes in the activity and active isoforms of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, catalase （CAT, EC 1.11.1.6）, peroxidase （POD, EC 1.11.1.7）, and ascorbate peroxidase （APOX, EC 1.11,1.11）, accumulation of free proline, and rate of lipid peroxidation in leaves of two alfalfa cultivars were also investigated. After stress, the activity and active isoforms of antioxidative enzymes were altered and the extent of alteration varied between the cultivar Deft and Zhongmu 1. The proline accumulation in Deft was considerably greater than in Zhongmu 1 at 210 mM salt treatment. This indicated that proline accumulation may be the result, instead of the cause, of salt tolerance.     

Comparison of Physiological Properties Between Dwarf and Vinetype Cucumbers （Cucumis sativus Linn.）

Dwarfism is one of the most important traits in crop breeding. In this study, a dwarf cucumber D0462 and a vine NA129 were taken as experimental materials. The metabolism of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and superoxide anion radical （O2-·, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the levels of endogenous hormones of the two cultivars were compared. In the whole growth period, D0462 maintained higher H2O2 and O2-· levels than NA129. The activities of SOD （superoxide dismutase）, CAT （catalase）, APX （ascorbate peroxidase） and IAAO （indoleacetic acid oxidase） in D0462 were found higher than those in NA129. The contents of gibberellic acid （GA3）, indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）, zeatin riboside （ZR） and jasmonic acid （JA） in intemode were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The intemode ofD0462 remained lower levels of GA3, IAA, and ZR. In contrast, JA level in internode of D0462 was higher than that of NA129. Compared with NA129, the cell mumbers in intemode of D0462 did not change, but cell size evidently decreased. The chloroplasts in mature mesophyll D0462 exhibited swollen filled with starch grains instead of regular oval ones, and thylakoids of chloroplast swelled and became ambiguous.     

Paraquat Resistance in Leaf Discs of PAAG12-IPTModified Gerbera Is Related to the Activities of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Dehydroascorbate Reductase

In this paper, using in vitro leaf disc culture system, the changes of contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, soluble protein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance （TBARS）, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated during the incubation of leaf discs of PSAG12-IPT modified gerbera in 0, 25, 50 μmol L^-1 paraquat （PQ） under continuous light intensity of 130 0tool m-2 s-1, compared with the control plant （wild type）. The results showed that PQ treatment significantly decreased the contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and soluble protein, therefore, promoted leaf senescence. However, the decreases in the leaf discs of modified gerbera were considerably smaller. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR） were significantly increased by PQ treatment and with the increasing of PQ concentration, particularly in the modified plants. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and guaiacol peroxidase （GPX） could not be detected in the leaf discs of PQ treatments, which suggested that they were labile to the oxidative stress induced by PQ. As a product of lipid peroxidation, TBARS significantly increased in content with the increase of PQ concentration, while its concentration in the modified plants was significantly lower than that of control plants. Therefore, it could be concluded that the chimeric gene PSAG12-IPTtransfonnexi gerbera leaves had higher antioxidative potential, thus causing the delay of senescence under oxidative stress induced by PQ.     

Starch Accumulation and Enzyme Activities Associated with Starch Synthesis in Maize Kernels

The filling rate and the starch accumulation in developing maize kernel were analyzed. The changes of enzyme activities associated with sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis were investigated. The purpose is to discuss the enzymatic mechanisms responsible for starch synthesis. Two types of maize cultivars （Zea mays）, high starch maize （Feiyu 3） and normal maize （Yuyu 22）, were grown in a corn field. The factors involved in starch synthesis were performed during the growth period. The kernel filling rate, the sucrose content, the starch accumulating rates and the activities of SS （sucrose synthase）, GBSS （granule-bound starch synthase）, SBE （starch branching enzyme） of Feiyu 3, which has high starch content, were significantly higher than those of Yuyu 22, which has low starch content, after 10 DAP （days after pollination）. Correlation analysis indicated that ADPGPPase （ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase） and DBE （starch debranching enzyme） were not correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate, but the SS activity at the middle and late period were highly significantly correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate. The GBSS activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylose accumulating rate, but not correlated with the kernel filling rate. The SBE activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylopectin accumulating rate and the kernel filling rate. It was not ADPGPPase and DBE, but SS was the rate-limiting factor of starch biosynthesis in developing maize kernels. GBSS had an important effect on amylose accumulation, and SBE had a significant effect on amylopectin accumulation.     

Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫对番茄幼苗生长及过氧化物酶活性的影响(英文)

The growth situation and peroxidase (POD) of seedlings of two tomato cultivars were investigated under the stress of different concentrations of Cu2+ and Cd2+. The toxicity differences of Cu2+ and Cd2+ to tomato seedlings and the corresponding differences between two tomato cultivars were observed through the stress trial with the above two heavy metal ions. The results showed that low concentration of Cu2+ and Cd2+ could promote the growth and could enhance the POD activity of tomato seedlings,while high concentration Cu2+ and Cd2+ could inhibit seedling growth and POD activity of tomato seedlings. Cd2+ functioned more obviously than that of Cu2+,two tomato cultivars also presented difference in response to heavy metal stress.     

Effects of Exogenous Silicon on Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Chloroplast of Cucumber Seedlings Under Excess Manganese

Effects of silicon on photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant enzymes of chloroplast in cucumber seedlings under excess Mn were studied. Compared with the control, excess Mn significantly inhibited net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, stomatal conductance, as well as the maximum yield of the photosystem II photochemical reactions （Fv/Fm） and the quantum yield of photosysytem II electron transport （Φ PSII）, application of Si reversed the negative effects of excess Mn. In the further investigation, it was obtained that application of Si significantly increased the activities of enzymes related with ascorbate-glutathione cycle including ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR） and glutathione reductase （GR） in cucumber chloroplast under excess Mn, this could be responsible for the lower accumulation of H2O2 and lower lipid peroxidation of chloroplast induced by Mn, and resulted in keeping higher photosynthesis.     

Cd胁迫下绿豆和箭舌豌豆叶片抗氧化系统的变化

研究了Cd胁迫下绿豆(Phaseolus aureus)和箭舌豌豆(Vicia sativa)幼苗的生长,叶片内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、超氧化岐化酶(SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPOD)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的同工酶活性,还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(ASC)以及Cd含量的变化。结果显示,100μmol.L-1Cd胁迫9d期间,随着Cd胁迫时间的延长,绿豆和箭舌豌豆幼苗主根的伸长量和其根系干重显著降低(P<0.05),根表面出现越来越明显的褐色,绿豆叶表面出现可见的褐色斑点;两种植物叶片的CAT、APX和SOD同工酶活性以及绿豆叶片的GR活性呈先升后降的趋势,而两种植物叶的GPOD活性明显增加;在箭舌豌豆叶片中,GR活性随Cd暴露时间的延长而增加,而GSH先降后升;在绿豆叶片中,GSH和ASC随Cd暴露时间的延长而降低;与此同时,两种植物叶片中Cd的含量也随Cd胁迫时间的延长而增加,和箭舌豌豆相比,绿豆叶片中Cd含量增加更多。结果表明,箭舌豌豆有较强的抗氧化能力。     

镉对白菜活性氧代谢及H2O2清除系统的影响

研究不同浓度镉对白菜(Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis)叶片活性氧产生及H2O2清除酶活性影响。结果表明,培养液中加镉增加了白菜叶片中超氧自由基(O2-)的产生速率和H2O2含量,过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量随培养液中镉浓度和镉处理时间增加而增加。在加镉条件下,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高,抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加。     

黑穗醋栗果实生长发育过程中抗坏血酸含量 及相关酶活性的变化

【目的】 研究不同品种不同生长时期黑穗醋栗果实内抗坏血酸（AsA）含量及其合成代谢过程中相关酶活性的变化,以明确果实生长发育过程中AsA含量与代谢合成相关酶之间的关系,为全面揭示黑穗醋栗果实AsA积累规律提供理论依据。【方法】 以3个不同黑穗醋栗品种（‘亚德’‘布劳德’和‘黑丰’）为试材,测定果实在幼果期、膨大期、半转色期、转色期和成熟期时还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）、氧化型抗坏血酸（DHA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量以及AsA合成与代谢相关酶活性。【结果】 不同品种黑穗醋栗果实大小、AsA含量以及AsA相关代谢物水平存在明显的多样性。其中‘亚德’单果重最大,为1.97 g。果实生长发育过程中,总抗坏血酸（T-AsA）和AsA含量在3个品种中变化趋势一致,均在幼果期含量最高,其中‘亚德’幼果期果实中AsA含量最高,为83.17 μmol·g ^-1 FW,随着果实的生长迅速下降,在成熟期降至21.28 μmol·g ^-1 FW;3个品种果实中GSH和T-GSH含量随着果实发育呈升高趋势,但不同品种升高时期或增加幅度不同;GSSG含量在不同品种间存在较大差异,成熟果中‘黑丰’含量最低,为0.008 μmol·g ^-1 FW,仅为‘亚德’的10.2%。AsA-GSH循环再生代谢中,脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）活性在果实膨大期达到最高,成熟期降至最低,其中‘布劳德’果实中DHAR和MDHAR活性略高于‘亚德’和‘黑丰’;谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性在幼果期最高,‘亚德’幼果期果实中GR活性最高（0.06 μmol·min ^-1·g ^-1 FW）,之后随着果实的生长发育不断下降,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性变化与之相似;L-半乳糖途径的关键酶L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶（GalLDH）活性随着果实生长发育的变化趋势与AsA含量变化相一致,且‘亚德’果实中GalLDH活性在幼果期和成熟期均高于其他两个品种。通过相关性分析发现,GalLDH与T-AsA、AsA、DHA、DHAR和MDHAR呈现极显著正相关关系,相关系数可达0.91以上,即果实中GalLDH活性越高,果实中AsA含量也越高;DHAR和MDHAR与T-AsA、AsA间也存在极显著正相关关系,而APX与T-GSH、GSH间相关性较强。【结论】 黑穗醋栗幼果期果实中AsA含量最高,且品种间差异显著;GalLDH、MDHAR和DHAR可能是黑穗醋栗果实中AsA合成代谢的关键酶,黑穗醋栗果实中AsA含量积累主要取决于GalLDH活性,说明合成途径起着更关键的作用,而AsA-GSH循环再生途径相关酶对AsA合成也有一定的贡献,黑穗醋栗高AsA含量的积累是由合成途径与循环途径共同作用的结果。     

SO2对谷子幼苗根系镉胁迫的缓解作用

以谷子幼苗为材料,采用SO_2衍生物(SO_3~(2-)∶HSO_3~-,3∶1,mmol·L~(-1)/mmol·L~(-1))预处理方式,研究外源SO_2对镉(Cd)致根系毒性的影响。研究发现:250、500μmol·L~(-1)Cd胁迫下,谷子幼苗根生长受到明显抑制,根组织中活性氧(ROS)大量产生,膜脂过氧化增加;与Cd单独处理组相比,用500μmol·L~(-1)SO_2衍生物预处理后,Cd对根系生长的抑制作用减弱,根组织中ROS水平降低,膜脂氧化损伤减轻,谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量提高,过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)等酶活性明显增加。结果表明:一定浓度的SO_2衍生物能够通过上调抗氧化酶系统POD和GPX的活性来有效缓解Cd胁迫造成的谷子根系氧化损伤,并很可能通过维持较高的GSH水平和提高GST活性来增强谷子根系的Cd解毒能力。     

硫代腺苷甲硫氨酸促进番茄百菌清降解的生理机制

【目的】 探讨硫代腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAM）对番茄农药代谢调控的生理机制,为蔬菜安全生产奠定理论基础。【方法】 本研究选取鲜食樱桃番茄‘千禧’为供试植物,以生产上广泛应用的广谱性杀菌剂‘百菌清’为供试农药,研究外源SAM对番茄果实喷施百菌清后的农药残留量、活性氧含量和谷胱甘肽代谢系统的影响。【结果】外源喷施0.5—2 μmol·L ^-1的SAM均能显著降低番茄果实的百菌清残留量;但当外源SAM处理浓度达到0.5 μmol·L ^-1后,番茄果实中的百菌清残留量并未随着处理浓度的增加而下降。与对照相比,喷施百菌清后番茄果实的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性显著上升;还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）和总谷胱甘肽含量（GSH+GSSG）变化也呈现上升趋势,谷胱甘肽的还原氧化比（GSH/GSSG）呈先上升后下降趋势;超氧阴离子（$\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量显著上升,而丙二醛（MDA）含量与对照相比差异不显著。外源喷施0.5 μmol·L ^-1的SAM可显著提高百菌清处理下GST、GR和DHAR的活性,增加GSH和GSH+GSSG含量,降低处理10 d后的植株GSSG含量,提高GSH/GSSG;提高处理2—5 d的植株$\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$和H₂O₂含量,但对MDA含量无显著影响。【结论】外源添加0.5 μmol·L ^-1的SAM可激活谷胱甘肽循环系统关键酶GR和DHAR活性,促进GSH再生,依赖GST并协同$\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$和H₂O₂的氧化作用,促进番茄果实中的百菌清降解。     

Effects of Different Cadmium Levels on Active Oxygen Metabolism and H2O2-Scavenging System in Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis

The effects of different Cd (Cadmium) levels on generation of active oxygen speceies(AOS) and H2O2-scavenging system in the leaves of Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensiswere studied. The results showed that O2 generation rate, and H2O2 content were enhancedand malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with the increase of Cd concentrations inthe growth medium. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbatereductase (DR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were promoted by the addition of Cd.Exposed to Cd also increased the contents of ascorbate (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) in theleaves.     

Induction of Glutathione and Glutathione S-transferase in Several Crops with the Treatment of Acetochlor

1　 Introduction　　 Glutathione S- transferases ( GST.EC2 .5 1 .1 8) are a large family of homo- dimeric or hetero- dimericenzyme.They can detoxify a large variety of xenobiotic compounds,including drugs,antibiotics,insecticidesand herbicides.The GST family is ubiquitous and a substantial amountof research is available characteringtheir role in many plants species.The tripeptide glutathione( GSH- 1 - glutamyl- 1 - cysteinyl- glycine) is themajor low- molecular- weight thiol constituent o…     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝型桉树无性系根和叶抗氧化特征的差异

为了阐明不同桉树无性系对铝的抗逆性生理响应机制,采用室内水培法,以广西区2个桉树无性系耐铝型巨尾桉9号Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla No.9（记为G9）和铝敏感型尾叶桉4号E.urophylla No.4（记为G4）为研究对象,在4.4 mmol·L-1铝离子浓度下处理24 h（以pH 4.0,0.5 mmol·L-1氯化钙为对照）,从根系及叶片内细胞膜透性（CMP）,丙二醛（MDA）质量摩尔浓度及过氧化氢酶（CAT）,多酚氧化酶（PPO）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）等抗氧化酶活性方面探讨了铝胁迫下供试苗木的耐铝机制。采用SPSS 21.0软件分别对根和叶中G9和G4的各测定指标进行单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较。根细胞膜透性、丙二醛质量摩尔浓度均显著（P<0.05）高于叶,铝对2个桉树无性系苗木的毒害主要表现在根部。在4.4 mmol·L-1铝离子处理下,G4根相对电导率与丙二醛质量摩尔浓度最高,分别为48.8%,11.5 μmol·g-1,而G9根内过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性极显著（P<0.01）大于G4,且G9根过氧化氢酶活性比相应对照增加145.0%,G4根过氧化氢酶活性比相应对照仅增加43.0%,过氧化氢酶在G9根中对铝毒害的缓解起到了更为重要的作用。G9清除活性氧能力较G4强,表明耐铝型桉树对铝毒害具有较好的适应能力。图7参28     

镉胁迫下稀土镧对蚕豆幼苗根尖细胞分裂和吲哚乙酸氧化酶的影响

重金属胁迫下稀土调节植物细胞分裂与增殖的生理机制至今尚不完全清楚。为此,将蚕豆幼苗分别培养于营养液、6μmol.L-1氯化镉(CdCl2)以及6μmol.L-1CdCl2与2~480μmol.L-1硝酸镧[La(NO3)3]的复合溶液,14 d后检测与根尖细胞分裂和生长相关的部分生理指标。结果表明,添加2~120μmol.L-1外源La减少了根部组织对Cd的吸收,超过此剂量范围则促进了Cd的积累。同时,K、Zn、Fe等矿质元素含量,以及吲哚乙酸氧化酶同功酶及其活性呈现"U"型剂量效应的变化,而根尖细胞分裂指数和根长则呈现类似倒"U"型的剂量效应变化趋势。因此,矿质元素和吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性的失衡和干扰是La调节Cd胁迫下蚕豆幼苗根尖细胞分裂与生长的重要生理机制。     

Ameliorative Effects of Brassinosteroid on Excess Manganese-Induced Oxidative Stress in Zea mays L. Leaves

Manganese （Mn） is becoming an important factor limiting crop growth and yields especially on acid soils. The present study was designed to explore the hypothesis that brassinosteroid application can enhance the tolerance of maize （Zea mays L.） to Mn stress and if so, whether or not the mechanism underlying involves regulation of antioxidative metabolism in leaves. The effects of 24-epibrassinosteroid （EBR） on the growth, photosynthesis, water status, lipid peroxidation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and activities or contents of antioxidant defense system in maize plants under Mn stress were investigated by a pot experiment. At supplemented Mn concentrations of 150-750 mg kg^-1 soil, the growth of plants was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. The semi-lethal concentration was 550 mg Mn kgq soil. Foliage application with 0.1 mg L^-1 EBR significantly reduced the decrease in dry mass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf water content, and water potential of plants grown in the soil spiked with 550 mg kg^-1 Mn. The oxidative stress caused by excess Mn, as reflected by the increase in malondialdehyde （MDA） content and lipoxygenase （LOX, EC 1.13.11.12） activity, accumulation of superoxide radical and H2O2, was greatly decreased by EBR treatment. Further investigations revealed that EBR application enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, peroxidase （POD, EC 1.11.1.7）, catalase （EC 1.11.1.6）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX, EC 1.11. 1.11）, dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1）, and glutathione reductase （GR, EC 1.6.4.2）, and the contents of reduced ascorbate and glutathione, compared with the plants without EBR treatment. It is concluded that the ameliorative effects of EBR on Mn toxicity are due to the upregulation of antioxidative capacity in maize under Mn stress.